Domestication is a well-known example of the relaxation of environmentally-based cognitive selection that leads to reductions in brain size. However, little is known about how brain size evolves after domestication and whether subsequent directional/artificial selection can compensate for domestication effects. The first animal to be domesticated was the dog, and recent directional breeding generated the extensive phenotypic variation among breeds we observe today. Here we use a novel endocranial dataset based on high-resolution CT scans to estimate brain size in 159 dog breeds and analyze how relative brain size varies across breeds in relation to functional selection, longevity, and litter size. In our analyses, we controlled for potential confounding factors such as common descent, gene flow, body size, and skull shape. We found that dogs have consistently smaller relative brain size than wolves supporting the domestication effect, but breeds that are more distantly related to wolves..., We processed the collection of dog skulls that is maintained at the Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University (Budapest, Hungary). This private collection (owned by TC) is composed of specimens that have been obtained mostly in the last 10 years by the appropriate preparation of the heads of deceased dogs (which were donated post-mortem), from which the soft materials have been removed a priori. TC systematically collected the prepared skulls with the aim of having both male and female samples from as many breeds as possible. Breed identity was usually verified upon the collection of cadavers/skulls, given that these materials originate from known dog breeders. Alternatively, we checked the appropriate breed certificates/chips for pedigree. Currently, the collection consists of 383 individual skulls (including males, females and unknown sexes) from 146 breeds. We selected 172 skulls (38 females, 83 males and 50 unknown sexes) across all breeds repre..., Microsoft Excel, RÂ

Dogs come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, just like there are all 362 dog breeds list in the world! If the idea of a fun-loving companion or a faithful protector is what you have in mind, going through all 362 dog breeds list you will uncover how each breed is different and […]

Body size is an important trait in companion animals. Recently, a primitive Japanese dog breed, the Shiba Inu, has experienced artificial selection for smaller body size, resulting in the “Mame Shiba Inu” breed. To identify loci and genes that might explain the difference in the body size of these Shiba Inu dogs, we applied whole genome sequencing of pooled samples (pool-seq) on both Shiba Inu and Mame Shiba Inu. We identified a total of 13,618,261 unique SNPs in the genomes of these two breeds of dog. Using selective sweep approaches, including FST, Hp and XP-CLR with sliding windows, we identified a total of 12 genomic windows that show signatures of selection that overlap with nine genes (PRDM16, ZNF382, ZNF461, ERGIC2, ENSCAFG00000033351, CCDC61, ALDH3A2, ENSCAFG00000011141, and ENSCAFG00000018533). These results provide candidate genes and specific sites that might be associated with body size in dogs. Some of these genes are associated with body size in other mammals, but 8 of the 9 genes are novel candidate genes that need further study.

In 2020, there were approximately **** million large dogs (over ** lbs or over ** kg) in Canadian households as pets. In contrast, small dogs (up to ** lbs or * kg) had a total population of around **** million.

The basic tenets of the evolutionary theories of senescence are well supported. However, there has been little progress in determining the relative influences of mutation accumulation and life history optimisation. The causes of the well-established inverse relationship between lifespan and body size across dog breeds are used here to test these two classes of theories. The lifespan-body size relationship is confirmed for the first time after controlling for breed phylogeny. The lifespan-body size relationship cannot be explained by evolutionary responses to differences in extrinsic mortality, either of contemporary breeds or of breeds at their establishment. The development of breeds larger and smaller than ancestral grey wolves has occurred through changes in early growth rate. This may explain the increase in the minimum age-dependent mortality rate with breed body size and thus higher age-dependent mortality throughout adult life. The main cause of this mortality is cancer. These pa..., Data are from published sources., Data were analysed using R.

Train on Cats and Dogs breeds dataset using fastai v1.0.48. 4 set of weights:

• 224-stage1: trained only model's head with image size 224

• 224-stage2: continued to train the entire model with img size 224

• 300-stage1: continued to train only model's head, upscaling image size to 300

• 300-stage2: continued to train the entire model with img size 300

The other 2 weights are temporary, can be discarded.

Training kernel: https://www.kaggle.com/anhquan0412/pet-breeds-with-densenet/notebook

The dog and pet breeding industry has shown an increasing focus on ethical practices and transparency, driven by public demand for humane treatment of animals. The traditional market dynamics are changing with more people choosing shelters over breeders. High-value purebred breeds still appeal because of their predictable traits, yet the growing popularity of adoption campaigns emphasizes the need for breeders to differentiate their offerings and enhance their reputation. Many businesses adapt through genetic testing, providing health guarantees that build consumer confidence and align with responsible pet ownership trends. This evolution reflects both challenges and opportunities for breeders. Through the end of 2025, industry revenue is expected to drop at an annualized rate of 0.5% to $4.0 billion, including an estimated 1.2% drop in 2025. Over the past five years, profitability in the breeding field has experienced pressure from changing consumer preferences and rising operational costs. Adoption trends have steered potential pet owners away from purebred purchases, impacting revenue streams. Despite this, focusing on high-value breeds with specific desirable traits has allowed breeders to maintain a high profit. Breeders control expenses by minimizing wage outlay in small operations by relying on family labor, while larger breeders invest more in their workforce. Depreciation and purchase costs remain central concerns, particularly with rare breeds demanding higher initial investments and specialized care. Marketing strategies have shifted online, leveraging social media to reach broader audiences without inflating budgets and maintaining an efficient cost-to-revenue ratio. Looking ahead over the next five years, the pet breeding industry is projected to evolve under growing regulatory scrutiny and public awareness. Regulatory bodies are expected to impose stricter standards, pushing breeders to enhance welfare practices and ensure compliance. This shift may encourage breeders to communicate their ethical practices more transparently. Concurrently, demographic changes and urbanization trends influence consumer behavior. Younger generations often favor experiences over long-term commitments, suggesting a potential market for temporary pet ownership models. As urban living constrains traditional pet adoption, there is potential for breeders to adapt with apartment-friendly pets or virtual care services. While profitability might face challenges because of escalating costs in veterinary services and pet essentials, focusing on strategic pricing, community engagement and digital marketing could help sustain growth and align with evolving consumer values. Through the end of 2030, industry revenue is projected to fall at an annualized rate of 1.9% to $3.6 billion.

Age in dogs is associated with the risk of many diseases, and canine size is a major factor in that risk. However, the size patterns are complex. While small size dogs tend to live longer, some diseases are more prevalent among small dogs. In this study we seek to quantify how the pattern of disease history varies across the spectrum of dog size, dog age, and their interaction. Utilizing owner-reported data on disease history from a substantial number of companion dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project, we investigate how body size, as measured by weight, associates with the lifetime prevalence of a reported condition and its pattern across age for various disease categories. We found significant positive associations between dog size and the lifetime prevalence of skin, bone/orthopedic, gastrointestinal, ear/nose/throat, cancer/tumor, brain/neurologic, endocrine, and infectious diseases. Similarly, dog size was negatively associated with lifetime prevalence of ocular, cardiac, liver/pancreas, and respiratory disease categories. Kidney/urinary disease prevalence did not vary by size. We also found that the association between age and lifetime disease prevalence varied by dog size for many conditions including ocular, cardiac, orthopedic, ear/nose/throat, and cancer. Controlling for sex, purebred vs. mixed-breed status, and geographic region made little difference in all disease categories we studied. Our results align with the reduced lifespan in larger dogs for most of the disease categories and suggest potential avenues for further examination.

*********** were the most popular dogs in Japan, as revealed in a survey panel by Rakuten Insight conducted between April and May 2025. The upper ranking was predominantly occupied by dog breeds with small body sizes, while the Japanese breed Shiba Inu ranked fourth, kept by **** percent of respondents.

The top dog breed in the UK in 2022, as measured by number of registrations, was the Labrador Retriever breed. Some 44,311 retrievers were newly registered in the UK in 2022. French Bulldogs and Cocker Spaniels rounded out the top three dog breeds in the UK that year.

Surge in UK dog registrations

In 2022, many dog breeds saw a decrease in registrations after large growth in 2021. Over 17 thousand fewer Labrador Retrievers were registered in 2022 than in 2021. Registrations of French Bulldogs and Cocker Spaniels also saw significant decreases in the UK that year.

UK pet food market

Europe and North America produce the most pet food worldwide. In 2022, Europe produced about 11.8 million metric tons of pet food. Though less pet food is produced in North America overall, the United States has the highest pet food revenue worldwide by far. The UK has the second highest revenue, reaching over 6.8 billion U.S. dollars that year.

Maltese dogs are the most common dog breed owned in South Korea, according to a survey conducted in 2023, with around ** percent of respondents answering to own such a dog. The market for pets and pet products in South Korea has continued to grow over the last years in Korea and, according to forecasts, will continue to do so for the next six years. Dog population in South Korea Just as the pet market size has grown, the dog population in South Korea has also experienced an upward trend, with almost *** million dogs owned as pets in 2022. While the number of new dog registrations decreased, it was still an elevated level compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. Dog registrations became mandatory in 2014 and dog owners have to follow up with multiple veterinarian checks. Reasons for this policy were, among others, to reduce the number of stray dogs in cities, such as Seoul, and simplify the recovery of lost dogs. Pet food market According to a survey among pet owners, the preferred type of dog food was dry food. Dry food can be easily imported from other countries and in 2023, South Korea imported most of its pet food from the U.S. The average monthly spending on other pet related items in South Korea amounted to close to **** thousand South Korean won in 2023.

Humans do not respond to the pain of all humans equally; physical appearance and associated group identity affect how people respond to the pain of others. Here we ask if a similar differential response occurs when humans evaluate different individuals of another species. Beliefs about pain in pet dogs (Canis familiaris) provide a powerful test, since dogs vary so much in size, shape, and color, and are often associated with behavioral stereotypes. Using an on-line survey, we asked both the general public and veterinarians to rate pain sensitivity in 28 different dog breeds, identified only by their pictures. We found that both the general public and veterinarians rated smaller dogs (i.e. based on height and weight) as being more sensitive to pain; the general public respondents rated breeds associated with breed specific legislation as having lower pain sensitivity. While there is currently no known physiological basis for such breed-level differences, over 90% of respondents from both groups indicated belief in differences in pain sensitivity among dog breeds. We discuss how these results inform theories of human social discrimination and suggest that the perception of breed-level differences in pain sensitivity may affect the recognition and management of painful conditions in dogs.

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Global Small Breed Dog Clothing market size 2021 was recorded $609.322 Million whereas by the end of 2025 it will reach $778 Million. According to the author, by 2033 Small Breed Dog Clothing market size will become $1268.37. Small Breed Dog Clothing market will be growing at a CAGR of 6.3% during 2025 to 2033.

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The global protection dog market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for personal and property security, alongside a rising awareness of the effectiveness of canine protection. While precise market size figures are unavailable, considering the substantial investment in canine training and the relatively high cost of acquiring and maintaining a protection dog, a reasonable estimation for the market size in 2025 would be around $500 million. This market is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033, indicating significant future expansion. Several factors contribute to this growth, including the rising popularity of personal protection dogs among high-net-worth individuals and businesses, advancements in canine training techniques leading to improved effectiveness, and an increased recognition of the psychological benefits of dog ownership for security personnel. The market is segmented by dog breed, training type (e.g., personal protection, property protection), and service level. Competitive forces include established training facilities and individual trainers offering specialized services. The growth trajectory is influenced by several trends. The increasing adoption of advanced technologies like GPS tracking and specialized training equipment enhances both the efficacy and marketability of protection dogs. However, certain restraints exist, notably the high initial and ongoing costs associated with acquiring, training, and maintaining a protection dog. Strict regulations concerning dog ownership and breeding, and ethical concerns surrounding the welfare of working dogs, pose additional challenges. Market expansion is likely to be geographically diverse, with developed nations exhibiting high demand but growth also occurring in emerging economies as disposable incomes rise and security concerns increase. The sector's expansion is underpinned by a growing reliance on professionally trained protection dogs as a dependable and highly effective security measure.

The Global Small Breed Dog Food Market Report is Segmented by Product Type (Dry Pet Food, and More), Ingredient Source (Animal-Based Protein, and More), Life Stage (Puppy, and More), Health Functionality (Weight Management, and More), Distribution Channel (Supermarkets and Hypermarkets, and More) and Geography (North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and More). The Market Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value (USD).

Dog Food for Small Breeds Market Outlook

The global market size for dog food catered towards small breeds was estimated at USD 8.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 12.5 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 4.6% over the forecast period. This growth is driven by several factors, including increasing pet ownership, rising disposable incomes, and a growing awareness of the dietary needs specific to small breeds.

One of the primary growth factors in this market is the increasing number of pet owners around the world. According to various surveys, millennials are leading the charge in pet adoption, with a significant number of these new pet owners opting for smaller dog breeds due to their suitability for urban living conditions. This surge in adoption rates directly translates into a higher demand for specialized dog food products tailored specifically for small breed dogs, driving market growth.

Another critical factor contributing to the market's expansion is the rising disposable incomes across both developed and developing nations. As pet owners increasingly view their pets as family members, they are more willing to spend on premium and specialized food products. This trend is particularly evident in urban areas where higher disposable incomes allow pet owners to opt for higher-priced, nutritionally optimized dog food options that cater to the specific dietary needs of small breeds.

Growing awareness about the unique dietary requirements of small breed dogs is also propelling market growth. Nutritionists and veterinarians emphasize that small breeds have faster metabolisms and specific health needs that can be addressed through specialized diets. Consequently, pet food manufacturers are focusing on producing dog foods that offer balanced nutrition, improved palatability, and targeted health benefits, further boosting market demand.

Regionally, North America remains a dominant player in the global dog food market for small breeds, driven by high pet ownership rates and significant consumer spending on pet care. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period due to increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and a growing trend of pet adoption. Countries like China and India are particularly noteworthy for their burgeoning pet care markets.

Product Type Analysis

The dog food market for small breeds can be segmented into various product types, including dry dog food, wet dog food, semi-moist dog food, and others. Each of these segments has its unique advantages and market appeal, which contribute to their respective growth trajectories. Dry dog food holds the largest market share due to its convenience, longer shelf life, and cost-effectiveness. Pet owners find dry dog food easier to store and serve, making it a popular choice for those with busy lifestyles.

Wet dog food, on the other hand, is gaining traction for its high palatability and moisture content, which is particularly beneficial for small breeds that may have difficulties in chewing dry kibble. Wet dog food is often enriched with essential nutrients and offers a more varied texture, making it an attractive option for picky eaters. Increased consumer awareness about the importance of hydration in small breeds also drives the growth of this segment.

Semi-moist dog food represents a smaller share of the market but is appreciated for its balance between the convenience of dry food and the palatability of wet food. It is often formulated to be chewy and appealing, which can be particularly beneficial for small breed dogs with dental issues or those transitioning from wet to dry food. This segment is expected to grow steadily as manufacturers innovate to improve the nutritional profile and shelf life of semi-moist products.

Other product types in this market include specialty formulas designed for specific health conditions or dietary preferences, such as grain-free or hypoallergenic options. These niche products cater to the growing segment of health-conscious pet owners who are willing to invest in premium dog food to ensure the well-being of their small breed pets. As awareness of pet health continues to rise, the demand for these specialized products is expected to grow.

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