Project Summary This project asks: “How can library assessment be practiced ethically?” It includes data from a survey and a set of individual interviews. The survey targeted library assessment practitioners across North America, asking respondents to share the values that are relevant for their work. The survey data were analyzed via grounded theory to produce a set of codes that describe the values and practices of ethical library assessment. These codes were transformed into a toolkit of value cards, to aid practitioners in working with values. The interviews focused on the design and functionality of the toolkit, which produced discussion about ethical dilemmas and values-in-conflict. Data Collection and Description Overview Survey In order to more fully understand the ethical dilemmas and ethical decision-making of library assessment practitioners, I conducted a survey of assessment practitioners that prompted ethical reflection and response. Respondents were recruited via a number of professional email listservs in November 2020. The survey opened on November 11, 2020, and closed on December 11, 2020. The survey recorded 239 responses; of those responses, 166 were partially complete and 73 were complete. In Part 1, the survey design was based around the ALA Statement on Core Values. In Part 2, the survey focused on practitioner responses to ethical dilemmas presented in the form of six vignettes. This number was chosen as it allowed a full range of dilemmas to be represented across the vignettes; the vignettes were each crafted to reflect the main themes related to ethical dilemmas: Value and Impact, Information Technologies, Data, and Privacy, Learning Analytics and Student Success, Social Responsibility and Neutrality, Information Literacy, and Cataloging and Classification. These ethical topics areas were distributed across the vignettes, with the aim of achieving a balance of topics that could represent a variety of real-world situations. The survey design then prompted participants to produce the values that are relevant to those ethical topics. Interviews Interviewees were 12 survey respondents who expressed interest in further discussion. For the semi-structured intensive interviews, I also applied a visual elicitation method. Interviewees provided feedback on the value and exercise cards (values toolkit) created on the basis of the survey responses. The purpose of incorporating the visual elicitation at this stage of the research was to test the values toolkit, which is itself designed to elicit visual materials, as the toolkit will contain exercises that produce drawings and visual depictions. Selection and Organization of Shared Data This data deposit shares the following documentation and data collected from the project: survey documentation, survey text, summary results, codes, and analysis, interview protocol, recruitment documentation, informed consent, and the value and exercise cards used as stimuli to generate the interview data. This version of the data project does not include the full transcripts of the interviews since no explicit consent for data-sharing was obtained at the time.

Project Summary

This project was developed to contribute military voices to the larger Ebola 100 Project, which was run by a consortium of individuals and institutions and had the goal of creating a public archive of interviews with individuals involved in the West Africa Ebola outbreak of 2014-2015. Data consist of 8 transcripts of semi-structured interviews with military personnel conducted between 2015 and 2017. Also included are a project overview and an explanation of data sharing with the Ebola 100 archive.

The purpose of this study is to identify the most prevalent types of cheating and plagiarism, as well as the elements that contribute to cheating and plagiarism, and to present solutions to this recurring problem.

This is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the Publisher's Website. Data Generation The research project engages a story about perceptions of fairness in criminal justice decisions. The specific focus involves a debate between ProPublica, a news organization, and Northpointe, the owner of a popular risk tool called COMPAS. ProPublica wrote that COMPAS was racist against blacks, while Northpointe posted online a reply rejecting such a finding. These two documents were the obvious foci of the qualitative analysis because of the further media attention they attracted, the confusion their competing conclusions caused readers, and the power both companies wield in public circles. There were no barriers to retrieval as both documents have been publicly available on their corporate websites. This public access was one of the motivators for choosing them as it meant that they were also easily attainable by the general public, thus extending the documents’ reach and impact. Additional materials from ProPublica relating to the main debate were also freely downloadable from its website and a third party, open source platform. Access to secondary source materials comprising additional writings from Northpointe representatives that could assist in understanding Northpointe’s main document, though, was more limited. Because of a claim of trade secrets on its tool and the underlying algorithm, it was more difficult to reach Northpointe’s other reports. Nonetheless, largely because its clients are governmental bodies with transparency and accountability obligations, some of Northpointe-associated reports were retrievable from third parties who had obtained them, largely through Freedom of Information Act queries. Together, the primary and (retrievable) secondary sources allowed for a triangulation of themes, arguments, and conclusions. The quantitative component uses a dataset of over 7,000 individuals with information that was collected and compiled by ProPublica and made available to the public on github. ProPublica’s gathering the data directly from criminal justice officials via Freedom of Information Act requests rendered the dataset in the public domain, and thus no confidentiality issues are present. The dataset was loaded into SPSS v. 25 for data analysis. Data Analysis The qualitative enquiry used critical discourse analysis, which investigates ways in which parties in their communications attempt to create, legitimate, rationalize, and control mutual understandings of important issues. Each of the two main discourse documents was parsed on its own merit. Yet the project was also intertextual in studying how the discourses correspond with each other and to other relevant writings by the same authors. Several more specific types of discursive strategies were of interest in attracting further critical examination: Testing claims and rationalizations that appear to serve the speaker’s self-interest Examining conclusions and determining whether sufficient evidence supported them Revealing contradictions and/or inconsistencies within the same text and intertextually Assessing strategies underlying justifications and rationalizations used to promote a party’s assertions and arguments Noticing strategic deployment of lexical phrasings, syntax, and rhetoric Judging sincerity of voice and the objective consideration of alternative perspectives Of equal importance in a critical discourse analysis is consideration of what is not addressed, that is to uncover facts and/or topics missing from the communication. For this project, this included parsing issues that were either briefly mentioned and then neglected, asserted yet the significance left unstated, or not suggested at all. This task required understanding common practices in the algorithmic data science literature. The paper could have been completed with just the critical discourse analysis. However, because one of the salient findings from it highlighted that the discourses overlooked numerous definitions of algorithmic fairness, the call to fill this gap seemed obvious. Then, the availability of the same dataset used by the parties in conflict, made this opportunity more appealing. Calculating additional algorithmic equity equations would not thereby be troubled by irregularities because of diverse sample sets. New variables were created as relevant to calculate algorithmic fairness equations. In addition to using various SPSS Analyze functions (e.g., regression, crosstabs, means), online statistical calculators were useful to compute z-test comparisons of proportions and t-test comparisons of means. Logic of Annotation Annotations were employed to fulfil a variety of functions, including supplementing the main text with context, observations, counter-points, analysis, and source attributions. These fall under a few categories. Space considerations. Critical discourse analysis offers a rich method...

Project Summary

The present study had two primary aims: (1) identify and explore (from the parents’ own perspective) experiences in a neonatal setting, specifically in a Level II+ unit located in the North Island of New Zealand, and (2) assess the feasibility and usefulness of the Babble app across the neonatal experience.

Data Generation

Project Summary Supplementary data relating to the biographies and patents illustrated from the two books: Patents and Cartographic Inventions: A New Perspective for Map History and A Directory of Cartographic Inventors written by Mark Monmonier. These two titles focus on the cartographic inventors and the devices and technologies they created to making maps easier to use. The Patents book focuses on the patent process between the Patent Office clerks and the inventor exploring the correspondence between them during the description and review process before issuing a patent number. It also explores the patent as a publishing process of both property rights and as a scholarly publication. The Directory has biographical sketches of the inventors organized by genres of invention type.

Constitute is a web application developed for the analysis of the text of written constitutions. At the heart of the application is a set of constitutional excerpts that are encoded with tags derived from a conceptual inventory used in the Comparative Constitutions Project (CCP), a related dataset that records the characteristics of national constitutions since 1789. The data collection deposited with QDR is a complete set of excerpts, together with topical tags, from in-force constitutions, as well as a few draft and historical constitutions, appearing on the site as of December 26, 2017. Data Abstract The data include the constitutions of nearly all independent states, as identified by Ward and Gledistch, in force as of December 26, 2017. Constitute’s conceptual organization was informed by its intended use as a public-facing data product. Since Constitute is intended to be usable for members of the public as well as real-life constitution-writers and academics, the project’s texts, content tags, and conceptual inventory are all organized with an eye towards readability and parsimony. This guiding principle is most noticeable in the dataset’s conceptual inventory, which covers roughly half as many items as the original Comparative Constitutions Project (CCP) variable set. Constitute’s hierarchical variable organization — enabled by the Semantic Web technology underlying the project — is informed by similar concerns. To enhance usability (both visually on the project’s website and in downstream statistical applications), Constitute’s conceptual hierarchy is oriented in a shallow but wide fashion, with few hierarchical layers and many sub-categories at each layer. In compiling data for QDR, we included all information which is available on the Constitute website at the time of submission. These data consist of Semantic Web (.nt) files that include excerpts from nearly all in-force constitutions as of 2017, with accompanying content tags. The data follow a conceptual framework developed by the Principal Investigators in the Comparative Constitutions Project (CCP), a related dataset that records some 600 characteristics of national constitutions enacted since 1789. Documentation and data for that project, including data and texts for older constitutions, are available on the project website, at https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org . Data Model The textual excerpts are derived from the CCP’s core dataset, which records a comprehensive set of characteristics of historical constitutions. The Constitute dataset consists of two main pieces: (1) a set of conceptual tags and a related conceptual ontology; and (2) a collection of cleaned and tagged constitutional texts. Constitute tracks some 300 unique conceptual tags at the paragraph level of each individual constitution, which are organized into a hierarchical, extensible ontology. Example tags might include “Free Expression,” “Head of State Powers,” or “National Motto.” The Constitute conceptual inventory is available in QDR as an OWL file, a graph-based Semantic Web format that allows for formal descriptions of hierarchical classification schemes. In accordance with the general Semantic Web framework, OWL files can be easily expanded to include new categories and relationships, allowing researchers to extend the Constitute coding scheme for their own purposes. Each constitutional text in Constitute is represented in a related hierarchical format. Currently, the QDR sample consists of nearly all in-force national constitutions as of 2017, as well as a few draft and historical texts. Files Description The data collection deposited with QDR is a complete set of excerpts -- together with topical tags – as they appeared on the site as of December 26, 2017. Metadata about each constitution is also provided (as an .nt file), along with the project’s conceptual inventory (as an .owl file) and copyright information (as a spreadsheet).

Project Summary Background: To explore the perception of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) by general practitioners (GPs) in everyday practice in order to identify facilitators and barriers to its implementation in daily practice. Results: The first reasons given by GPs to explain their difficulties with HBPM (Home Blood Pressure Monitoring) implementation were the usual lack of time, material and human resources. However, all of these motives masked other substantial limiting factors including insufficient knowledge regarding HBPM, poor adherence to recommendations on HBPM and fear of losing their medical authority. GPs admitted that HBPM use could enhance patient observance and decrease therapeutic inertia. Despite this observation, most GPs used HBPM only at the time of diagnosis and rarely for follow-up. One explanation for GP reluctance towards HBPM may be, along with guidelines regarding hypertension, HBPM is perceived as being a binding framework and being difficult to implement. This barrier was more predominantly observed among aging GPs than in young GPs and was less frequent when GPs practiced in multidisciplinary health centers because the logistical barrier was no longer present. Discussion: In order to improve HBPM implementation in everyday practice in France, it is necessary to focus on GP training and patient education. We must also end "medical power" in hypertension management and turn to multidisciplinary care including nurses, pharmacists and patients. Data Generation Procedure: Data for this project were generated by a qualitative study comprising the conduct of six focus groups between October 2016 and February 2017, gathering 41 general practitioners in primary care practice in Lorraine (North Eastern France), with thematic and comprehensive analysis. Each meeting was recorded and subsequently fully transcribed to gather all statements. Each focus group was composed of GPs using HBPM more or less regularly. Focus groups were led by a moderator and an observer (GD, LD). The observer’s role was to collect non-verbal behavior, noting silences and hesitations. The role of the moderator was to ensure that each of the GPs could speak on each theme. It was not a questionnaire but a semi-structured open discussion. The duration of the focus groups was about two hours. Recruitment: Sampling was carried out among a population of general practitioners working in a primary care office setting. Variability in age, gender, type and place of practice were taken into consideration for constituting the different GP panels. The first group comprised teachers and GPs trained in the use of HBPM (some GPs had a university degree in hypertension and cardiovascular risk). The second group comprised GPs occasionaly working with one of the authors and known to them as non-user. Consent: All participating GPs gave their agreement to the recording of the interviews. All of the comments expressed during each focus group were meticulously transcribed, preserving the anonymity of those involved. All participants were informed regarding the goal of this study, the modalities of focus group attainment and the processing of collected data.

Researcher-completed surveys and responses: This survey is used by the researcher to organize and collect data on each organization or program selected as an Energy Democracy Initiatives (EDI). The survey allows the researcher to identify and organize features or attributes for each selected EDI. This survey is not intended for use with non-researcher respondents. At this stage, the researcher completes the survey using publicly available sources as described in the Methods and Data Management Plan (EDI_NENA.MethodsDMP). Future use as a survey instrument would require approval of appropriate research ethics board. To use this survey, the researcher finds sources to identify a response to each question drawing from publicly available sources such as the EDI website. For each question, the researcher enters or selects the response, provides evidence of this response, and provides information on the source of the evidence. If no evidence is available, researcher responds as “unspecified.” Once compiled, the responses are entered into the database of Energy Democracy Initiatives for this research project (EDI_NENA.initiatives). Survey questions: EDI identifier (researcher-assigned); Name of organization or program; Location of organization or program (postal address of main office); Year of initiation; Organization type GS5 (public, private, nongovernmental/nonprofit, community-based, cooperative, hybrid); Initiation/management or leadership A5 (top-down, bottom-up or hybrid); Social performance measures O1 (e.g., efficiency, equity, accountability, sustainability); Ecological performance measures O2 (e.g., overharvested, resilience, biodiversity, sustainability); Social-ecological emphasis or norms A6 (social, ecological, social-ecological); Breadth of focus or mental models A7 (holistic or specific issues); Geographic range or spatial scale GS2 (local, regional, national, global, cross-scalar); Available technologies TS4 (e.g., solar, wind, hydroelectric, all renewables). One survey per selected EDI. Text and numeric data. Revisable (new data may be added and old data may be changed or deleted). Completed researcher surveys are created as text documents using Microsoft Word 2016 (.doc) and converted to Rich Text Format (.rtf) as well as PDF (.pdf) file format using PDF version 1.7 (Acrobat 8.x). EDI_NENA.[two-letter identifier for province/state][three-digit numeric identifier for each unique EDI].ResearcherSurvey.yyyy.mm.dd

S1 calibration 1 transcript

Task-specific webinar PowerPoint with embedded audio

These data include excerpts from interviews that were part of an initial "baseline" interview as part of the HealthyVOICES study (http://healthyvoices.web.unc.edu). The study examined the risk perceptions (among other things) of healthy people who enroll for financial compensation in Phase I pharmaceutical drug trials. All the excerpts were coded with the parent code "Risk Perception." These include their initial perceptions of risk, their current general perceptions, and study-specific perceptions. Where information contained in the excerpt might have been identifying to the participant or clinic at which they participated, we redacted potentially compromising words. For our use of these data, we analyzed these risk perceptions in the article which this dataset supplements. Detailed information in our study methods can be found in that article as well as in the following published articles: - Edelblute, H. B., & Fisher, J. A. (2015). Using "Clinical Trial Diaries" to Track Patterns of Participation for Serial Healthy Volunteers in U.S. Phase I Studies. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 10(1), 65-75. - Cottingham, M. D., & Fisher, J. A. (2016). Risk and Emotion among Healthy Volunteers in Clinical Trials. Social Psychology Quarterly, 79(3), 222–242. The data are organized by participant ID so that all quotes from a single participant are grouped together. However, they might not appear in the order in which they were spoken during the interview. Some excerpts have time stamps that can provide a sense of where they occurred in the interview.

Highlighting the role of individual leaders, the broader study explores when and why great powers seek to transform foreign institutions and societies through military interventions. The shared data were collected primarily during trips to the Kennedy Library in 2006 and 2008 and cover the Cold War period. Kennedy’s pre-presidential papers, which include travel diaries, personal letters, and speech drafts, are used as a rich source for measuring his foreign policy beliefs and attitudes.

This is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project.

The annotated article can be viewed on the publisher's website.

Nepal's constitution-making process took several years and two constituent assemblies to achieve. It was the result of a series of crises and transformations, including a "People's War" and mass mobilization in the southern part of the country. The iterated set of negotiations led eventually to the adoption of a new kind of federalism, desiginated as "Proportionate Inclusive Federalism" to provide a new basis for the state going forward.

Project Summary Objective: Advance care planning (ACP) is a core quality measure in caring for individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) and there are no best practice standards for how to incorporate ACP into PD care. This study describes patient and care partner perspectives on ACP to inform a patient- and care partner-centered framework for clinical care. Methods: This is a qualitative descriptive study of 30 patients with PD and 30 care partners within a multisite, randomized clinical trial of neuropalliative care compared to standard care. Participants were individually interviewed about perspectives on ACP, including prior and current experiences, barriers to ACP, and suggestions for integration into care. Interviews were analyzed using theme analysis to identify key themes. Data Overview Sixty-seven interview transcripts from 60 participants including individuals with Parkinson Disease (n=30) or care partners of individuals with PD (n=30). Interviews were conducted at the 12-month follow up after Dr. Benzi Kluger's PCORI-funded three-site RCT of outpatient palliative care compared to usual care. Interviews specifically probed on patient-care-partner-palliative care/usual neurological care communication and advance care planning. Three sites are: University of California San Francisco (UCSF); University of Alberta (Alberta); University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus (UCD) Interviews were conducted by trained qualitative research assistants (not involved in the intervention) between September 2017 and March 2018. During this period, 137 participants (81 patients and 56 care partners) had reached the 12-month visit. The study planned a goal of 60 interviews to allow sufficient opportunity to sample across trial sites and across participant type (patient or care partner). Patients and care partners were purposefully selected for interviews from each site, study arm, and sex to ensure representation across these populations. Other efforts to maximize the variance in the sample included specifically including individuals with cognitive impairment, high disease severity (based on Hoehn & Yahr score), or lacking a care partner. All participants, whether a patient or care partner, were interviewed separately. In some cases, multiple interviews were conducted due to a) participant preference, or b) additional probing related to advance care planning or other palliative care topics.

This data collection - The Trachtenberg Papers - broadly concerns Cold War policy from the end of WWII to 1964. The data was accumulated in order to write several books and articles relating to Cold War relations during this pivotal period, most notably A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945-1963 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, February 1999). This particular data project encompasses Cold War documents from the United Kingdom. Data between 1945 and 1959 are organized in three folders, each folder including data for a five year period. Data for the years 1960, 1961, 1962, and 1963, are organized in four folders, one for each year.

Data consists of interview excerpts utilized for the analysis of a paper submitted for publication entitled "Exploring sources of insecurity for Ethiopian Oromo and Somali women who have given birth in Kakuma Refugee Camp: A Qualitative Study." Project Summary Background: According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 44,000 people are forced to flee their homes everyday due to conflict or persecution. Although refugee camps are designed to provide a safe temporary location for displaced persons, increasing evidence demonstrates that the camps themselves have become stressful and dangerous long-term places—especially for women. However, there is limited literature focused on the refugee women’s perspective on their insecurity. This qualitative study sought to better understand the ways in which women experienced insecurity at one refugee camp in Kenya. Methods and Findings: Between May 2017 and June 2017, ethnographic semi-structured interviews accompanied by observations were conducted with a snowball sampling of 20 Somali (n=10) and Oromo Ethiopian (n=10) women, 18 years and older, who have had at least one pregnancy while living in Kakuma Refugee Camp. The interviews were orally translated, transcribed, entered into Dedoose software for coding, and analyzed utilizing an ethnographic approach. Four sources of insecurity became evident: Tension between refugees and the host community, intra/intercultural conflicts between the refugee community, direct abuse and/or neglect by camp staff and security, and unsafe situations in accessing healthcare both in transportation and in mistreatment in facilities. Potential limitations include nonrandom sampling, focus on a specific population, inability to record interviews and possible subtle errors in translation. Conclusion:In this study, we observed women felt insecure in almost every area of the camp, with no place in the camp where the women felt safe. As it is well documented that insecure and stressful settings may have deleterious effects on health, understanding the sources of insecurity that are faced by women in refugee camps can help to guide services for health care in displaced settings. By creating a safer environment for these women in private, in public, and in the process of accessing care in refugee camps, we can improve health for them and their babies. Data Generation Sampling:The population of the study was limited to Somali and Oromo women over the age of 18 with no upper age limit who had given birth at least once in Kakuma Refugee Camp. Due to both the infeasibility of collecting a random sample within the camp and the sensitivity of the topic, participants of interviews were selected through a snowball sampling approach through contacts used in previous research, including a hired mobilizer with previous experience in similar research. The mobilizer was responsible for recruiting women fitting the criteria outlined above who were willing to talk about their pregnancy experiences and stressors. Interviews:The interviews lasted between 30-60 minutes each. They were conducted in a place of each participant’s choosing, typically their own homes, with the assistance of a translator. The interviews were all carried out by the same female researcher (AL) and the same female translator. The researcher was a trained interviewer with previous interview experience in rural settings and was enrolled in the Master of Science in Global Health Program at the University of Notre Dame during the time of study. The translator was a refugee of Oromo Ethiopian descent living in Kakuma Refugee Camp herself. Twenty interviews were conducted in total. After the initial interviews, twelve of the twenty interviews were identified that required further clarification. These twelve interviews were repeated with the corresponding interviewee to cross-verify that the relevant meaning had been captured and to expand details within the respondents’ interviews. Children were usually present during the interviews, and at times, men were also present during the interviews. The researcher asked the questions in English and the translator translated the question as close to verbatim as possible for the participant. Due to IRB constraints and in order to maintain rapport with the participants, interviews were not recorded; however, detailed and verbatim notes from the translator were taken during the interview and typed up within twenty-four hours. Data Analysis Analysis: One researcher (AL) developed a codebook organically through reading over interviews and notes. Typed and de-identified interview notes were uploaded to Dedoose a qualitative analysis program, and given codes and sub-codes from the aforementioned codebook. Codes included insecurity, health, pregnancy experiences, healthcare facilities, stressors, income, coping, and support. The subcodes of insecurity include general insecurity, host community, refugee community, healthcare facilities,...

Data Overview All data and documents contained in this entry were collected for a project that sought to measure and understand a particular phenomenon of decision-making on collegial courts, with a focus on the United States Supreme Court. What happens when a high court, composed of several justices or judges, issues a ruling on the merits without also issuing a clear precedent for lower courts to follow? Why does this happen? How frequently does it happen? What are the consequences of this phenomenon for American law and society? This inquiry led to two publications: Hitt, Matthew P. 2019. Inconsistency and Indecision in the United States Supreme Court. Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan Press. Hitt, Matthew P. 2016. “Measuring Precedent in a Judicial Hierarchy.” Law & Society Review 50(1): 57-81. The main argument advanced in these works is: The Supreme Court historically emphasized the goal of dispute resolution, evolving into a Court that now prioritizes an alternative goal of logically consistent legal doctrine. As a result, the Court today fails to resolve more underlying questions in law and society, in part in order to minimize criticism of its output from other elites. In so doing, the modern Court often fails to live up to its Constitutional obligation. Data Organization There are two main forms of data available in this entry. Archival materials of the justices’ deliberations in cases that resulted in unreasoned judgments in the modern era. These materials are organized by case and justice. Materials were collected from the various justices’ papers, archived at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Materials include draft opinions with marginalia, formal memos between justices, informal, private memos between justices and clerks, and letters from justices to external third parties. These materials can be used to replicate the analysis found in the 2019 book, in particular the theory expounded in Chapter 1. Files explicitly featured in the book include their respective chapter number in the filename and are stored in a separate ‘Book’ folder; supplemental files include ‘Sup’ in the filename and are stored in separate folders organized by case names. Quantitative datasets and code in Stata 15.0 format to replicate the statistical analyses found in the 2019, organized by chapter. The details of these statistical analyses are found in the Technical Appendix B in the 2019 book.

Project Overview West and Central Africa have the highest fertility rates in the world. These high birthrates are largely a function of desired fertility and continued allegiance to large families. Recent survey data on the desired number of children for 41 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) shows a median value of 4.8 children, with only one-quarter of the countries characterized by a mean value under 4.0 and more than one-quarter with a mean value above 5.0. From survey data we know nothing about what satisfactions and returns men and women seek in childbearing, and how they assess the costs and benefits of large versus small families. Despite the high demand for children, unintended pregnancy is common in SSA. Between two and three pregnancies per woman on average (including induced abortions) over the entire reproductive career are unintended. The unintended pregnancy rate is twice as high in SSA as it is in Europe, North America, and Asia. The advantages of using modern contraception are recognized, but perceptions of the advantages of use co-exist with uncertainties about whether taking this step is prudent, all things considered. There are competing rationales, in tension with one another. Moreover, there are multiple actors – both the woman and her male partner, and possibly other near-kin, as well as influential community leaders – whose views figure into contraception decision-making. By comparison with the large volume of research on how to strengthen family planning services in this region, there has been relatively little probing research on the demand for modern contraception. This qualitative data collection conducted as part of a larger program of research aimed to correct this imbalance through a multi-faceted investigation of fertility desires and their bearing on the demand for modern contraception. The objective of the qualitative data collection was to explore men’s and women’s fertility desires and demand for modern contraception through in-depth investigation of the complex set of factors that argue for and against avoiding pregnancy in the Nigerian context, and the social, psychological and dyadic processes that translate the desire to avoid pregnancy into decisions to use (or not use) modern contraception. Data and Data Collection Overview The qualitative data in this research project were collected in two phases: • Phase I: Semi-structured in-depth interviews with Nigerian men and women, which included one-on-one individual interviews (IDI), as well as joint couple interviews (JI) with a subset of participants, in six states • Phase II: Cognitive interviews (CI) with Nigerian women in Lagos State Phase I: This component involved 166 adult Nigerian men and women (74 men and 92 women) of reproductive age who had been in stable unions (i.e., married, consensual unions) for at least two years. Participants were recruited from six states across Nigeria–Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Gombe, Lagos, Nasarawa, and Sokoto–representing each of Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones, with two sites in each state (one urban and one rural). The study sample was stratified along three dimensions: state, community of residence (urban/rural), and gender. Within each stratum, we used purposive sampling to ensure diversity of participants in terms of socioeconomic status, age, parity (number of children), union type (monogamous, polygynous), union duration, and religion. The sample consisted of both matched couples (the husband and wife/wives were all recruited and interviewed) and unmatched individuals (only the husband or wife was recruited and interviewed). Each of the 166 participants completed a one-on-one semi-structured in-depth interview (IDI) conducted by a gender-matched interviewer. In addition, a subset of 27 couples completed a joint couple interview (JI). In the case of matched polygynous unions, one wife was selected for the joint interview with the husband (although all wives were interviewed individually). All interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were conducted in one of four languages (English, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba) or a combination of the languages based on participants’ preferences. Interviews lasted from about 30 minutes to over 2 hours. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed (and translated as appropriate) verbatim, after which they were de-identified. Phase II: The cognitive interviews for the second component were conducted as part of an exploratory research project testing four variants of a survey question on the wanted status of the most recent birth. This phase involved 40 women ages 18-44 years who had had a live birth in the preceding 3-year period, recruited from the immunization or family planning clinics of three public primary health care facilities in Lagos, Nigeria. All interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. There were four interview guides – one for each variant of the ‘wanted status of recent...