The purpose of this study is to identify the most prevalent types of cheating and plagiarism, as well as the elements that contribute to cheating and plagiarism, and to present solutions to this recurring problem.

Project Summary This dataset contains all qualitative and quantitative data collected in the first phase of the Pandemic Journaling Project (PJP). PJP is a combined journaling platform and interdisciplinary, mixed-methods research study developed by two anthropologists, with support from a team of colleagues and students across the social sciences, humanities, and health fields. PJP launched in Spring 2020 as the COVID-19 pandemic was emerging in the United States. PJP was created in order to “pre-design an archive” of COVID-19 narratives and experiences open to anyone around the world. The project is rooted in a commitment to democratizing knowledge production, in the spirit of “archival activism” and using methods of “grassroots collaborative ethnography” (Willen et al. 2022; Wurtz et al. 2022; Zhang et al 2020; see also Carney 2021). The motto on the PJP website encapsulates these commitments: “Usually, history is written only by the powerful. When the history of COVID-19 is written, let’s make sure that doesn’t happen.” (A version of this Project Summary with links to the PJP website and other relevant sites is included in the public documentation of the project at QDR.) In PJP’s first phase (PJP-1), the project provided a digital space where participants could create weekly journals of their COVID-19 experiences using a smartphone or computer. The platform was designed to be accessible to as wide a range of potential participants as possible. Anyone aged 15 or older, living anywhere in the world, could create journal entries using their choice of text, images, and/or audio recordings. The interface was accessible in English and Spanish, but participants could submit text and audio in any language. PJP-1 ran on a weekly basis from May 2020 to May 2022. Data Overview This Qualitative Data Repository (QDR) project contains all journal entries and closed-ended survey responses submitted during PJP-1, along with accompanying descriptive and explanatory materials. The dataset includes individual journal entries and accompanying quantitative survey responses from more than 1,800 participants in 55 countries. Of nearly 27,000 journal entries in total, over 2,700 included images and over 300 are audio files. All data were collected via the Qualtrics survey platform. PJP-1 was approved as a research study by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Connecticut. Participants were introduced to the project in a variety of ways, including through the PJP website as well as professional networks, PJP’s social media accounts (on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter) , and media coverage of the project. Participants provided a single piece of contact information — an email address or mobile phone number — which was used to distribute weekly invitations to participate. This contact information has been stripped from the dataset and will not be accessible to researchers. PJP uses a mixed-methods research approach and a dynamic cohort design. After enrolling in PJP-1 via the project’s website, participants received weekly invitations to contribute to their journals via their choice of email or SMS (text message). Each weekly invitation included a link to that week’s journaling prompts and accompanying survey questions. Participants could join at any point, and they could stop participating at any point as well. They also could stop participating and later restart. Retention was encouraged with a monthly raffle of three $100 gift cards. All individuals who had contributed that month were eligible. Regardless of when they joined, all participants received the project’s narrative prompts and accompanying survey questions in the same order. In Week 1, before contributing their first journal entries, participants were presented with a baseline survey that collected demographic information, including political leanings, as well as self-reported data about COVID-19 exposure and physical and mental health status. Some of these survey questions were repeated at periodic intervals in subsequent weeks, providing quantitative measures of change over time that can be analyzed in conjunction with participants' qualitative entries. Surveys employed validated questions where possible. The core of PJP-1 involved two weekly opportunities to create journal entries in the format of their choice (text, image, and/or audio). Each week, journalers received a link with an invitation to create one entry in response to a recurring narrative prompt (“How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected your life in the past week?”) and a second journal entry in response to their choice of two more tightly focused prompts. Typically the pair of prompts included one focusing on subjective experience (e.g., the impact of the pandemic on relationships, sense of social connectedness, or mental health) and another with an external focus (e.g., key sources of scientific information, trust in government, or COVID-19’s economic impact). Each week,...

Project Summary: The purpose of this study was to inform experimental testing of new approaches for measuring abortion in surveys in the United States, by improving our understanding of how women interpret and respond to survey items asking them to report their abortion history. Using cognitive interviews, we developed, tested, and evaluated various question wordings, as well as conducted card sort and vignette activities to further discern how participants’ understand and classify abortion. We aimed to test questions to clarify which experiences to report as an abortion; reduce the stigma and sensitivity of abortion; reduce the sense of intrusiveness of asking about abortion; or increase the motivation to report. Question wordings were newly developed or modified versions of existing survey questions. Results from the cognitive interviews were used to develop an experimental survey to further explore how to improve the accuracy of abortion reporting. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute Of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01HD084473. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Data Overview: We conducted cognitive interviews with 64 cisgender women in suburban Wisconsin (N=35) in January 2020 and urban New Jersey (N=29) in February 2020. We selected the two study states because of differences in abortion climate and to avoid geographically-specific findings. Participants were recruited to participate in an interview on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) by a third-party recruiting agency. Eligible participants were between the ages of 18 and 49, assigned female at birth, identified as women, spoke English, lived in Wisconsin or New Jersey, and had ever had penile-vaginal sex. Additionally, respondents were asked if they ever had an abortion during the screening process. The decision to include women with various abortion histories was deliberate. We sought to include respondents who may not have disclosed their abortion during the screening process and wanted feedback from all women of reproductive age, as that is the target sample of the experimental survey. We included feedback from both groups of respondents and highlighted their differences when applicable. The study was reviewed and approved by the Guttmacher Institute’s Institutional Review Board. Interviews lasted about 60-90 minutes and were conducted in private rooms at conference and market research locations by two members of the research team (AV and JM; see Interviewer Identities document). Interviews were audio recorded. We obtained verbal consent from all study participants, and they completed a short sociodemographic questionnaire at the end of the interview. Participants received $150 cash as a token of appreciation for their time. Sixteen respondents demonstrated accurate understanding of data sharing and consented to having their data be publicly shared; therefore, these are the only transcripts made available here. Data Collection Overview: The cognitive interview included several sections. In the first section, we asked participants to respond to and provide feedback on various versions of questions about their abortion history. In this section, they disclosed their abortion history directly to the interviewer. In the second section, we asked participants to provide feedback on several different introductory text options that might come before a question about their abortion history. In the third section, we asked participants more general questions about how they would prefer to be asked about whether they’d had an abortion on a survey, as well as their definition of abortion and why some people may choose not to disclose their abortion history. In sections 4 and 5, we conducted a card sort activity and went through a series of vignettes to further discern participants’ understanding and classification of abortion. Each interview was digitally audio recorded (.mp3). The audio recordings were uploaded from the devices to a folder on the Guttmacher network. The audio recordings will be uploaded to the secure, password-protected servers of the professional transcription agency, Datalyst LLC., for transcription. The audio recordings were deleted from the Datalyst servers upon completion of transcription and certification by Guttmacher staff that transcription was accurate/complete. Transcripts were cleaned by one of two team members; during this process, they also removed any potentially identifying information. Audio recordings were deleted from the devices at the end of data collection. The interviewer electronically wrote up immediate thoughts and impressions post-interview in memos (.docx) using a predetermined memo shell that mirrored the major sections of the interview guide. At the end...

Project OverviewIn this four-year project called Developing Preservice Elementary Teachers' Ability to Facilitate Goal-Oriented Discussions in Science and Mathematics via the Use of Simulated Classroom Interactions (GO Discuss), Educational Testing Service and Mursion developed, piloted, and validated a set of performance-based tasks delivered within a simulated classroom environment in order to improve preservice elementary teachers’ ability to orchestrate discussions. These tasks provided opportunities for preservice teachers in science and mathematics to facilitate discussions with five upper elementary student avatars (fifth grade) where the focus is on disciplinary argumentation within two content domains: fractions (mathematics) and structure/properties of matter (science). The overall goal of this research was to develop a validity basis for the use of such tools as formative assessment tasks that can be integrated within educator preparation programs to increase the amount, variety, and quality of clinical practice opportunities currently available to preservice elementary teachers. This specific data project includes materials for non-task specific simulation specialist training. A simulation specialist serves as the “human-in-the-loop” during each simulated discussion. The simulation specialist is trained to provide student responses and control the movements of the student avatars in the simulated classroom. The non-task specific training teaches simulation specialists about the five student avatars and their unique vocal and background profiles. We also provided training on specific guidelines, called simulation discussion guidelines, that include information on standard protocols we wanted all simulation specialists to follow during the discussions for how to respond to the teacher’s prompting (or lack of prompting) to engage the students in direct peer-to-peer interactions. The non-task specific training also included instruction on how to set up and use the various technology components, including how to video record the pre-service teachers’ discussion performances and how to use the shared workspace. The task-specific simulation specialist training for each task can be found in that task's respective data project. For a complete description of the broader “Go Discuss” project, including a list of files for each task, as well as to read the detailed Terms of Use, please start by reading the Data Overview file. Some files appear in different formats with identical content. This is intentional. ETS wants to encourage adaptation of the deposited materials (which might be easier to implement in Word documents), but also wants to ensure that images and math notations are rendered correctly for secondary users (best preserved in PDF).

Project Summary Supplementary data relating to the biographies and patents illustrated from the two books: Patents and Cartographic Inventions: A New Perspective for Map History and A Directory of Cartographic Inventors written by Mark Monmonier. These two titles focus on the cartographic inventors and the devices and technologies they created to making maps easier to use. The Patents book focuses on the patent process between the Patent Office clerks and the inventor exploring the correspondence between them during the description and review process before issuing a patent number. It also explores the patent as a publishing process of both property rights and as a scholarly publication. The Directory has biographical sketches of the inventors organized by genres of invention type.

This is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the Publisher's Website. Data Generation The research project engages a story about perceptions of fairness in criminal justice decisions. The specific focus involves a debate between ProPublica, a news organization, and Northpointe, the owner of a popular risk tool called COMPAS. ProPublica wrote that COMPAS was racist against blacks, while Northpointe posted online a reply rejecting such a finding. These two documents were the obvious foci of the qualitative analysis because of the further media attention they attracted, the confusion their competing conclusions caused readers, and the power both companies wield in public circles. There were no barriers to retrieval as both documents have been publicly available on their corporate websites. This public access was one of the motivators for choosing them as it meant that they were also easily attainable by the general public, thus extending the documents’ reach and impact. Additional materials from ProPublica relating to the main debate were also freely downloadable from its website and a third party, open source platform. Access to secondary source materials comprising additional writings from Northpointe representatives that could assist in understanding Northpointe’s main document, though, was more limited. Because of a claim of trade secrets on its tool and the underlying algorithm, it was more difficult to reach Northpointe’s other reports. Nonetheless, largely because its clients are governmental bodies with transparency and accountability obligations, some of Northpointe-associated reports were retrievable from third parties who had obtained them, largely through Freedom of Information Act queries. Together, the primary and (retrievable) secondary sources allowed for a triangulation of themes, arguments, and conclusions. The quantitative component uses a dataset of over 7,000 individuals with information that was collected and compiled by ProPublica and made available to the public on github. ProPublica’s gathering the data directly from criminal justice officials via Freedom of Information Act requests rendered the dataset in the public domain, and thus no confidentiality issues are present. The dataset was loaded into SPSS v. 25 for data analysis. Data Analysis The qualitative enquiry used critical discourse analysis, which investigates ways in which parties in their communications attempt to create, legitimate, rationalize, and control mutual understandings of important issues. Each of the two main discourse documents was parsed on its own merit. Yet the project was also intertextual in studying how the discourses correspond with each other and to other relevant writings by the same authors. Several more specific types of discursive strategies were of interest in attracting further critical examination: Testing claims and rationalizations that appear to serve the speaker’s self-interest Examining conclusions and determining whether sufficient evidence supported them Revealing contradictions and/or inconsistencies within the same text and intertextually Assessing strategies underlying justifications and rationalizations used to promote a party’s assertions and arguments Noticing strategic deployment of lexical phrasings, syntax, and rhetoric Judging sincerity of voice and the objective consideration of alternative perspectives Of equal importance in a critical discourse analysis is consideration of what is not addressed, that is to uncover facts and/or topics missing from the communication. For this project, this included parsing issues that were either briefly mentioned and then neglected, asserted yet the significance left unstated, or not suggested at all. This task required understanding common practices in the algorithmic data science literature. The paper could have been completed with just the critical discourse analysis. However, because one of the salient findings from it highlighted that the discourses overlooked numerous definitions of algorithmic fairness, the call to fill this gap seemed obvious. Then, the availability of the same dataset used by the parties in conflict, made this opportunity more appealing. Calculating additional algorithmic equity equations would not thereby be troubled by irregularities because of diverse sample sets. New variables were created as relevant to calculate algorithmic fairness equations. In addition to using various SPSS Analyze functions (e.g., regression, crosstabs, means), online statistical calculators were useful to compute z-test comparisons of proportions and t-test comparisons of means. Logic of Annotation Annotations were employed to fulfil a variety of functions, including supplementing the main text with context, observations, counter-points, analysis, and source attributions. These fall under a few categories. Space considerations. Critical discourse analysis offers a rich method for studying speech and text. The discourse analyst wishes not simply to describe, but to critically assess, explain, and offer insights about the underlying discourses. In practice, this often means the researcher generates far more material than can comfortably be included in the final paper. As a result, many draft passages, evaluations, and issues typically need to be excised. Annotation offered opportunities to incorporate dozens of findings, explanations, and supporting materials that otherwise would have been redacted. Readers wishing to learn more than within the four corners of the official, published article can review these supplementary offerings through the links. Visuals. The annotations use multiple data sources to provide visuals to explain, illuminate, or otherwise contextualize particular points in the main body of the paper and/or in the analytic notes. For example, a conclusion that the tool was not calibrated the same for blacks and whites could be better understand with reference to a graph to observe the differences in the range of risk scores comparing these two groups. Overall, the visuals deployed here include graphs, screenshots, page extracts, diagrams, and statistical software output. Context. The data for the qualitative segment involved long discourses. Thus, annotations were employed to embed longer portions of quotations from the source material than was justified in the main text. This allows the reader to confirm whether quotations were taken in proper context, and thus hold the author accountable for potential errors in this regard. Sources. Annotations incorporated extra source materials, along with quotations from them to aid the discussion. Sources that carried some indication that they may not be permanently available in the same form and in available formats were more likely to be archived and activated. This practice helps ensure that readers continue to have access to third party materials as relied upon in the research for transparency and authentication purposes.

Project Overview West and Central Africa have the highest fertility rates in the world. These high birthrates are largely a function of desired fertility and continued allegiance to large families. Recent survey data on the desired number of children for 41 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) shows a median value of 4.8 children, with only one-quarter of the countries characterized by a mean value under 4.0 and more than one-quarter with a mean value above 5.0. From survey data we know nothing about what satisfactions and returns men and women seek in childbearing, and how they assess the costs and benefits of large versus small families. Despite the high demand for children, unintended pregnancy is common in SSA. Between two and three pregnancies per woman on average (including induced abortions) over the entire reproductive career are unintended. The unintended pregnancy rate is twice as high in SSA as it is in Europe, North America, and Asia. The advantages of using modern contraception are recognized, but perceptions of the advantages of use co-exist with uncertainties about whether taking this step is prudent, all things considered. There are competing rationales, in tension with one another. Moreover, there are multiple actors – both the woman and her male partner, and possibly other near-kin, as well as influential community leaders – whose views figure into contraception decision-making. By comparison with the large volume of research on how to strengthen family planning services in this region, there has been relatively little probing research on the demand for modern contraception. This qualitative data collection conducted as part of a larger program of research aimed to correct this imbalance through a multi-faceted investigation of fertility desires and their bearing on the demand for modern contraception. The objective of the qualitative data collection was to explore men’s and women’s fertility desires and demand for modern contraception through in-depth investigation of the complex set of factors that argue for and against avoiding pregnancy in the Nigerian context, and the social, psychological and dyadic processes that translate the desire to avoid pregnancy into decisions to use (or not use) modern contraception. Data and Data Collection Overview The qualitative data in this research project were collected in two phases: • Phase I: Semi-structured in-depth interviews with Nigerian men and women, which included one-on-one individual interviews (IDI), as well as joint couple interviews (JI) with a subset of participants, in six states • Phase II: Cognitive interviews (CI) with Nigerian women in Lagos State Phase I: This component involved 166 adult Nigerian men and women (74 men and 92 women) of reproductive age who had been in stable unions (i.e., married, consensual unions) for at least two years. Participants were recruited from six states across Nigeria–Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Gombe, Lagos, Nasarawa, and Sokoto–representing each of Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones, with two sites in each state (one urban and one rural). The study sample was stratified along three dimensions: state, community of residence (urban/rural), and gender. Within each stratum, we used purposive sampling to ensure diversity of participants in terms of socioeconomic status, age, parity (number of children), union type (monogamous, polygynous), union duration, and religion. The sample consisted of both matched couples (the husband and wife/wives were all recruited and interviewed) and unmatched individuals (only the husband or wife was recruited and interviewed). Each of the 166 participants completed a one-on-one semi-structured in-depth interview (IDI) conducted by a gender-matched interviewer. In addition, a subset of 27 couples completed a joint couple interview (JI). In the case of matched polygynous unions, one wife was selected for the joint interview with the husband (although all wives were interviewed individually). All interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were conducted in one of four languages (English, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba) or a combination of the languages based on participants’ preferences. Interviews lasted from about 30 minutes to over 2 hours. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed (and translated as appropriate) verbatim, after which they were de-identified. Phase II: The cognitive interviews for the second component were conducted as part of an exploratory research project testing four variants of a survey question on the wanted status of the most recent birth. This phase involved 40 women ages 18-44 years who had had a live birth in the preceding 3-year period, recruited from the immunization or family planning clinics of three public primary health care facilities in Lagos, Nigeria. All interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. There were four interview guides – one for each variant of the ‘wanted status of recent...

Project Summary Background: To explore the perception of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) by general practitioners (GPs) in everyday practice in order to identify facilitators and barriers to its implementation in daily practice. Results: The first reasons given by GPs to explain their difficulties with HBPM (Home Blood Pressure Monitoring) implementation were the usual lack of time, material and human resources. However, all of these motives masked other substantial limiting factors including insufficient knowledge regarding HBPM, poor adherence to recommendations on HBPM and fear of losing their medical authority. GPs admitted that HBPM use could enhance patient observance and decrease therapeutic inertia. Despite this observation, most GPs used HBPM only at the time of diagnosis and rarely for follow-up. One explanation for GP reluctance towards HBPM may be, along with guidelines regarding hypertension, HBPM is perceived as being a binding framework and being difficult to implement. This barrier was more predominantly observed among aging GPs than in young GPs and was less frequent when GPs practiced in multidisciplinary health centers because the logistical barrier was no longer present. Discussion: In order to improve HBPM implementation in everyday practice in France, it is necessary to focus on GP training and patient education. We must also end "medical power" in hypertension management and turn to multidisciplinary care including nurses, pharmacists and patients. Data Generation Procedure: Data for this project were generated by a qualitative study comprising the conduct of six focus groups between October 2016 and February 2017, gathering 41 general practitioners in primary care practice in Lorraine (North Eastern France), with thematic and comprehensive analysis. Each meeting was recorded and subsequently fully transcribed to gather all statements. Each focus group was composed of GPs using HBPM more or less regularly. Focus groups were led by a moderator and an observer (GD, LD). The observer’s role was to collect non-verbal behavior, noting silences and hesitations. The role of the moderator was to ensure that each of the GPs could speak on each theme. It was not a questionnaire but a semi-structured open discussion. The duration of the focus groups was about two hours. Recruitment: Sampling was carried out among a population of general practitioners working in a primary care office setting. Variability in age, gender, type and place of practice were taken into consideration for constituting the different GP panels. The first group comprised teachers and GPs trained in the use of HBPM (some GPs had a university degree in hypertension and cardiovascular risk). The second group comprised GPs occasionaly working with one of the authors and known to them as non-user. Consent: All participating GPs gave their agreement to the recording of the interviews. All of the comments expressed during each focus group were meticulously transcribed, preserving the anonymity of those involved. All participants were informed regarding the goal of this study, the modalities of focus group attainment and the processing of collected data.

Project Overview Trends toward open science practices, along with advances in technology, have promoted increased data archiving in recent years, thus bringing new attention to the reuse of archived qualitative data. Qualitative data reuse can increase efficiency and reduce the burden on research subjects, since new studies can be conducted without collecting new data. Qualitative data reuse also supports larger-scale, longitudinal research by combining datasets to analyze more participants. At the same time, qualitative research data can increasingly be collected from online sources. Social scientists can access and analyze personal narratives and social interactions through social media such as blogs, vlogs, online forums, and posts and interactions from social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. These big social data have been celebrated as an unprecedented source of data analytics, able to produce insights about human behavior on a massive scale. However, both types of research also present key epistemological, ethical, and legal issues. This study explores the issues of context, data quality and trustworthiness, data comparability, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, and intellectual property and data ownership, with a focus on data curation strategies. The research suggests that connecting qualitative researchers, big social researchers, and curators can enhance responsible practices for qualitative data reuse and big social research. This study addressed the following research questions: RQ1: How is big social data curation similar to and different from qualitative data curation? RQ1a: How are epistemological, ethical, and legal issues different or similar for qualitative data reuse and big social research? RQ1b: How can data curation practices such as metadata and archiving support and resolve some of these epistemological and ethical issues? RQ2: What are the implications of these similarities and differences for big social data curation and qualitative data curation, and what can we learn from combining these two conversations? Data Description and Collection Overview The data in this study was collected using semi-structured interviews that centered around specific incidents of qualitative data archiving or reuse, big social research, or data curation. The participants for the interviews were therefore drawn from three categories: researchers who have used big social data, qualitative researchers who have published or reused qualitative data, and data curators who have worked with one or both types of data. Six key issues were identified in a literature review, and were then used to structure three interview guides for the semi-structured interviews. The six issues are context, data quality and trustworthiness, data comparability, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, and intellectual property and data ownership. Participants were limited to those working in the United States. Ten participants from each of the three target populations—big social researchers, qualitative researchers who had published or reused data, and data curators were interviewed. The interviews were conducted between March 11 and October 6, 2021. When scheduling the interviews, participants received an email asking them to identify a critical incident prior to the interview. The “incident” in critical incident interviewing technique is a specific example that focuses a participant’s answers to the interview questions. The participants were asked their permission to have the interviews recorded, which was completed using the built-in recording technology of Zoom videoconferencing software. The author also took notes during the interviews. Otter.ai speech-to-text software was used to create initial transcriptions of the interview recordings. A hired undergraduate student hand-edited the transcripts for accuracy. The transcripts were manually de-identified. The author analyzed the interview transcripts using a qualitative content analysis approach. This involved using a combination of inductive and deductive coding approaches. After reviewing the research questions, the author used NVivo software to identify chunks of text in the interview transcripts that represented key themes of the research. Because the interviews were structured around each of the six key issues that had been identified in the literature review, the author deductively created a parent code for each of the six key issues. These parent codes were context, data quality and trustworthiness, data comparability, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, and intellectual property and data ownership. The author then used inductive coding to create sub-codes beneath each of the parent codes for these key issues. Selection and Organization of Shared Data The data files consist of 28 of the interview transcripts themselves – transcripts from Big Science Researchers (BSR), Data Curators (DC), and Qualitative Researchers (QR)...

This is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the publisher's website. We have concentrated on a number of key stages of sociolinguistic research, with specific reference to collection, processing and statistical analysis of data. Recordings of speech data: we are linguists working on speech data, yet we rely on written data to convey the core materials we work with. We thus include examples of actual speech recordings to provide concrete support for our claim that the data we are working with diverges significantly from mainstream norms. Data preparation and coding Transcription – example of protocol in action: the transcription of speech data must satisfy two, often competing, criteria: it has to be 1) an accurate reflection of what was actually said and 2) transparent and accessible for analysis. How this is achieved is no easy feat, thus we include the full transcription protocol here in order to highlight the complexities in representing speech data in written format: what changes, what does not, and why. Coding and annotation – from sound file to transcript to coded data: this phase of the research is often relegated to one or two lines in a journal article. This is highlighted by our own paper which states that ‘we extracted approx. 100 tokens per speaker per insider/outsider interview’. In this annotation we show how this is actually done, demonstrating how we isolate the linguistic variable in the original text to sound-aligned transcribed data, and how this annotation prepares for eventual extraction of the variable context under analysis. Coding schema: the coding schema arises from two different sources: 1) what has been found in previous research; 2) observation of the current data. As such, there are multiple possibilities for what governs the observed variability. The initial coding schema sets out to test these multiple possibilities. Occam’s Razor is then applied to these multiple categories in sifting the data for the best fit, resulting in a leaner, more interpretable coda schema as presented in the final article. We have included in this annotation the original more elaborated categories to highlight the behind the scenes work that takes place in making sense of the data. We also include sound files of the actual variants used. This allows the user to hear the different environments set out in the final coding schema as used in the object of study: spontaneous speech data. Statistical analysis – the program used: a challenge of statistical analysis is that field constantly evolves. This annotation is a case in point where the version of the program we used is now deprecated and no longer supported. The new version is more than a superficial change to the graphical interface and represents a completely different approach in the way the models are built (stepping-up based on p-values as opposed to stepping-down from fully saturated models). The wider implication is that this can mean that analyses are not fully replicable, particularly as the software becomes obsolete, thus we provide further information on the program used to highlight this potential problem. Statistical analysis – procedure: the description of the statistical analysis which appears in the final journal article is usually a ‘final model’ outlined in a linear fashion but the reality is a model that results from many different iterations where many different models are run and cross-referenced. The final model is a pay off between accuracy and elegance; we are aiming for the ‘best-fit’ but also the simplest or most straightforward computation. As we outline, in this case we decided to model each generation separately as this provided a clearer route to answer our research questions. However, other analysts may argue that a fully saturated model which represents all the interactions together is more accurate. Including this annotation provides further rationale for the model(s) we eventually used in the article.

Project OverviewThe United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Act to End Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) | West (Act | West) program is a five-year USAID-funded cooperative agreement that seeks to eliminate or control five NTDs (lymphatic filariasis, trachoma, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths) in 11 West African countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leona and Togo. The program – managed as a consortium of partners, with FHI 360 as the overall lead – supports national governments to roll out mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns to treat all eligible individuals in an affected community with drugs that both treat the disease in those who are infected, as well as protect those who aren’t from future infection. These campaigns are primarily carried out by community drug distributors (CDDs) who are trained by government health teams to raise awareness of NTDs and the drugs used to treat them, as well as ensure all eligible individuals participate in the MDA campaigns.As a way to ensure the program is equitably addressing the needs of men, women, boys and girls with NTD control and elimination activities, Act | West conducted a gender and social inclusion (GESI) analysis study in 2019 to determine how NTDs differentially impact various populations and how gender and social norms and power differentials between men and women might impact results, with a view to informing future NTD programming, integrating elements to explicitly advance gender equality and social inclusion. The GESI analysis took an intersectional approach, looking not just at how gender norms and roles impact various components of NTD programming, but also looking at ethnicity, geographic context, urban vs. rural, and disability.The objectives of the gender and social inclusion analysis were to identify the following:How neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) might differentially impact women, men, and school-aged children 6-15 years old, recognizing intersectionality such as disability, ethnicity, etc.;How gender norms, roles, and power dynamics, including social exclusion of people with disabilities, might affect the attainment of program results; andHow program activities might advance gender equality and social inclusion and promote sustainable health outcomes in the context of NTD control and elimination programming. Data Collection OverviewFor country-level data collection, we purposively selected three countries (Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Ghana) to be as representative as possible of the 11 West African Act to End NTDs | West program countries, including demographic data such as religious and ethnic make-up. We also selected countries based on percentage of women trained as CDDs, types of MDA present, length of NTD program implementation, and security considerations.The key informant interviews and focus group discussions totaled 477 individuals across the three study countries. Seventeen KIIs were conducted across the three countries, including with in-country Act to End NTDs | West program staff, government officials involved in NTD programming, members of international organizations involved in NTD programming, including disabled persons groups, and members of local community-based or civil society organizations involved in NTD programming.Twenty-one FGDs were conducted in each country. Each FGD consisted of 6−8 participants from each of the following groups:3 groups of community leaders (mixed male and female)6 groups of community drug distributors (CDDs) (3 females and 3 males in each country)3 groups of health providers (mixed male and female)3 groups of mothers of school aged children (6-15 years old)3 groups of fathers of school aged children (6-15 years old)3 groups of grandmothers of school-age children (6-15 years old)These participant groups were selected based on their role in decision-making and participation in both community-based and school-based MDA campaigns.Prior to fieldwork, research team members underwent training on best practices in human subject research ethics, gender analysis data collection, data entry and cleaning, and qualitative analysis prior to data collection. All individuals who participated were provided informed consent prior to the start of the interview, and written consent was obtained from all participants who were able to sign their name. Verbal consent was obtained for any participants who were not able to sign their name. The protocol for this study, data collection instruments, and consent forms were approved by FHI 360’s Protection of Human Subjects Committee and local research ethics boards in each of the three study countries (Comite National d’Ethique des Sciences de la Vie et de la Sante in Côte d’Ivoire; Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects in Ghana; and the Office of the Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee in...

This is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the Publisher's website. You will need to use the Chrome browser with the Hypothesis extension installed to view the ATI annotations The annotations contain data to support the four main thematic claims made in the “Results” section of the published article, organized here in the order they appear in the article. Included are the Spanish transcriptions of qualitative interview extracts and my (KY) English translations of the transcriptions.

Data consists of interview excerpts utilized for the analysis of a paper submitted for publication entitled "Exploring sources of insecurity for Ethiopian Oromo and Somali women who have given birth in Kakuma Refugee Camp: A Qualitative Study." Project Summary Background: According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 44,000 people are forced to flee their homes everyday due to conflict or persecution. Although refugee camps are designed to provide a safe temporary location for displaced persons, increasing evidence demonstrates that the camps themselves have become stressful and dangerous long-term places—especially for women. However, there is limited literature focused on the refugee women’s perspective on their insecurity. This qualitative study sought to better understand the ways in which women experienced insecurity at one refugee camp in Kenya. Methods and Findings: Between May 2017 and June 2017, ethnographic semi-structured interviews accompanied by observations were conducted with a snowball sampling of 20 Somali (n=10) and Oromo Ethiopian (n=10) women, 18 years and older, who have had at least one pregnancy while living in Kakuma Refugee Camp. The interviews were orally translated, transcribed, entered into Dedoose software for coding, and analyzed utilizing an ethnographic approach. Four sources of insecurity became evident: Tension between refugees and the host community, intra/intercultural conflicts between the refugee community, direct abuse and/or neglect by camp staff and security, and unsafe situations in accessing healthcare both in transportation and in mistreatment in facilities. Potential limitations include nonrandom sampling, focus on a specific population, inability to record interviews and possible subtle errors in translation. Conclusion:In this study, we observed women felt insecure in almost every area of the camp, with no place in the camp where the women felt safe. As it is well documented that insecure and stressful settings may have deleterious effects on health, understanding the sources of insecurity that are faced by women in refugee camps can help to guide services for health care in displaced settings. By creating a safer environment for these women in private, in public, and in the process of accessing care in refugee camps, we can improve health for them and their babies. Data Generation Sampling:The population of the study was limited to Somali and Oromo women over the age of 18 with no upper age limit who had given birth at least once in Kakuma Refugee Camp. Due to both the infeasibility of collecting a random sample within the camp and the sensitivity of the topic, participants of interviews were selected through a snowball sampling approach through contacts used in previous research, including a hired mobilizer with previous experience in similar research. The mobilizer was responsible for recruiting women fitting the criteria outlined above who were willing to talk about their pregnancy experiences and stressors. Interviews:The interviews lasted between 30-60 minutes each. They were conducted in a place of each participant’s choosing, typically their own homes, with the assistance of a translator. The interviews were all carried out by the same female researcher (AL) and the same female translator. The researcher was a trained interviewer with previous interview experience in rural settings and was enrolled in the Master of Science in Global Health Program at the University of Notre Dame during the time of study. The translator was a refugee of Oromo Ethiopian descent living in Kakuma Refugee Camp herself. Twenty interviews were conducted in total. After the initial interviews, twelve of the twenty interviews were identified that required further clarification. These twelve interviews were repeated with the corresponding interviewee to cross-verify that the relevant meaning had been captured and to expand details within the respondents’ interviews. Children were usually present during the interviews, and at times, men were also present during the interviews. The researcher asked the questions in English and the translator translated the question as close to verbatim as possible for the participant. Due to IRB constraints and in order to maintain rapport with the participants, interviews were not recorded; however, detailed and verbatim notes from the translator were taken during the interview and typed up within twenty-four hours. Data Analysis Analysis: One researcher (AL) developed a codebook organically through reading over interviews and notes. Typed and de-identified interview notes were uploaded to Dedoose a qualitative analysis program, and given codes and sub-codes from the aforementioned codebook. Codes included insecurity, health, pregnancy experiences, healthcare facilities, stressors, income, coping, and support. The subcodes of insecurity include general insecurity, host community, refugee community, healthcare facilities,...

Project Overview The 2018 Common Rule revision intended to improve informed consent by recommending a concise key information (KI) section, yet it provided little guidance about how to describe KI. We developed innovative, visual KI templates with attention to health literacy and visual design principles. We explored end users’ attitudes, beliefs, and institutional policies that could affect implementing visual KI pages. Participants discussed potential benefits including improving information processing and understanding of study procedures, diversity in research, trust in research, and study workflow. They also described potential challenges to consider before widespread implementation: IRBs’ interpretations of federal guidelines, possible impact on the IRB submission processes, the effort/skill required to develop visuals, and difficulty succinctly communicating study risks. There was no consensus about when to use visual KI during consent, and some wondered if they were feasible for all study types. Visual KI offers a promising solution to long-standing informed consent challenges. Future work can explore resources and training to address challenges and promote widespread use. Data and Data Collection Overview From October 2023-April 2024, we conducted semi-structured interviews with principal investigators, research staff, institutional review board (IRB) personnel, including those in oversight/management, and community partners. 40 participants from three U.S. academic institutions (in the Midwest, Southeast, and Mountain West) viewed example KI pages and completed interviews. The visuals interviewees were responding to are published in the accompanying article. We coded written transcripts inductively and deductively based on the capability, opportunity, and motivation to change behavior (COM-B) framework. Data were analyzed using content analysis and organized thematically. Selection and Organization of Shared Data The data files shared here encompass the 40 de-identified interview transcripts with principal investigators, research staff, institutional review board (IRB) personnel, including those in oversight/management, and community partners. The documentation files shared consist of the informed consent used in the study, a basic demographic questionnaire and the interview guide used with all participants, as well as this Data Narrative and an administrative README file.

This appendix contains images for all archival documents from the Jimmy Carter Library cited in “The Ratification Premium.” All document images are included courtesy of the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum administered by the National Archives and Records Administration. We are grateful to Sara Mitchell, Brittany Paris, and Charles Stokley for their assistance at the Carter Library, and to Brendan Green for sharing additional images.

This data collection - The Trachtenberg Papers - broadly concerns Cold War policy from the end of WWII to 1964. The data was accumulated in order to write several books and articles relating to Cold War relations during this pivotal period, most notably A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945-1963 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, February 1999). This particular data project encompasses Cold War documents from the United Kingdom. Data between 1945 and 1959 are organized in three folders, each folder including data for a five year period. Data for the years 1960, 1961, 1962, and 1963, are organized in four folders, one for each year.

We investigated adverse psychological effects and coping mechanisms following HIV-positive and HIV-discordant test results amongst self-tested individuals living in couples in urban Blantyre, Malawi. 35 qualitative in-depth interviews with self-tested individuals living in couples were conducted.

Project Summary The present study had two primary aims: (1) identify and explore (from the parents’ own perspective) experiences in a neonatal setting, specifically in a Level II+ unit located in the North Island of New Zealand, and (2) assess the feasibility and usefulness of the Babble app across the neonatal experience. Data Generation Any parent with an infant admitted to the neonatal unit of interest where the Babble app originated from, for any reason and any length of time, in the previous twelve months was invited to take part. Recruitment occurred between March 2019 to June 2019, through various avenues including posters and letters to parents in the neonatal unit. Additionally, an invitation to participate was presented in a nationwide, online survey, which was part of an overarching study looking at parental experiences of the neonatal unit and the role of the Babble app across New Zealand. Deidentified data collected in that survey pertaining to the broader research question can be found at osf.io/28sn6.. Interview took place from April to June 2019 depending on availability of participants through both face-to-face and Skype. Eight mothers participated in an interview exploring their experiences of their admission, discharge, and the Babble app. Admission typically lasted for 15 days on average. Interviews were around 53 minutes on average and took place between 1 to 12 months post-discharge. A semi-structured interview schedule, with an inductive orientation, was utilised to ensure there was scope to cover information pertaining to the research question as well as allow for new information, and information pertinent to each person, to arise naturally. Questions focused on parents’ experiences of the birth (e.g. how was your pregnancy and birth experience?), the admission (e.g. what was the experience of neonatal admission like for you?), information access (e.g. how did you learn about your baby and the care they were provided?), the Babble app (e.g. how did you find the app to use?) and the discharge process (e.g. how was the discharge process for you?).

Project Summary: This research, which was eventually published in a 2012 book by Cambridge University Press entitled The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America, focused on the emergence of indigenous parties in Latin America. Specifically, it sought to explain why some parties based in the indigenous population succeeded while others failed. The study focused on the three South American countries with the largest indigenous populations--Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru--but a comparative chapter examined the fate of indigenous parties in the rest of Latin America as well. The central argument of this study is that indigenous-based parties have succeeded in recent years by using inclusive ethnic and populist appeals to reach out to whites and mestizo as well as indigenous people. Indigenous parties, unlike many other ethnic parties, have managed to win support across ethnic lines because the long history of racial mixing in Latin America blurred ethnic boundaries and reduced ethnic polarization. Data Abstract: This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative data, including interviews, party documents, journalistic accounts, surveys of public opinion and municipal-level census and electoral data. The data consist of notes in Spanish from interviews with prominent party leaders, legislators, interest group representatives, government officials, and pollsters. I selected interviewees who were deemed to have extensive knowledge of the elections and the parties involved in them and the interest groups that supported them. I was particularly interested in interviewees who were knowledgeable about or involved with the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) in Bolivia, Pachakutik in Ecuador, the Partido Nacionalista Peruano (PNP) in Peru, and Winaq in Guatemala. The interviews were conducted in 10 summer research trips to Latin America between 2002 and 2008. The interviews were unstructured in nature and were conducted by the author.