IntroductionOvulatory dysfunction is usually caused by an endocrine disorder, of which polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause. PCOS is usually associated with estrogen levels within the normal range and can be characterized by oligo-/anovulation resulting in decreased progesterone levels. It is suggested that decreased progesterone levels may lead to more autoimmune diseases in women with PCOS. In addition, it is often claimed that there is an association between hyperprolactinemia and PCOS. In this large well-phenotyped cohort of women with PCOS, we have studied the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia compared to controls, and compared this between the four PCOS phenotypes.MethodsThis retrospective cross-sectional study contains data of 1429 women with PCOS and 299 women without PCOS. Main outcome measures included thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Free Thyroxine (FT4), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOab) levels in serum, the prevalence of thyroid diseases and hyperprolactinemia.ResultsThe prevalence of thyroid disease in PCOS women was similar to that of controls (1.9% versus 2.7%; P = 0.39 for hypothyroidism and 0.5% versus 0%; P = 0.99 for hyperthyroidism). TSH levels were also similar (1.55 mIU/L versus 1.48 mIU/L; P = 0.54). FT4 levels were slightly elevated in the PCOS group, although within the normal range (18.1 pmol/L versus 17.7 pmol/L; P < 0.05). The prevalence of positive TPOab was similar in both groups (5.7% versus 8.7%; P = 0.12). The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was similarly not increased in women with PCOS (1.3%% versus 3%; P = 0.05). In a subanalysis of 235 women with PCOS and 235 age- and BMI-matched controls, we found no differences in thyroid dysfunction or hyperprolactinemia. In according to differences between PCOS phenotypes, only the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher in phenotype B (6.3%, n = 6) compared to the other phenotypes.ConclusionWomen with PCOS do not suffer from thyroid dysfunction more often than controls. Also, the prevalence of positive TPOab, being a marker for future risk of thyroid pathology, was similar in both groups. Furthermore, the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was similar in women with PCOS compared to controls.

BackgroundObservational studies have reported an association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk and thyroid dysfunction, but without a clear causal relationship. We attempted to evaluate the association between thyroid function and COVID-19 risk using a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.MethodsSummary statistics on the characteristics of thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism) were obtained from the ThyroidOmics Consortium. Genome-wide association study statistics for COVID-19 susceptibility and its severity were obtained from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, and severity phenotypes included hospitalization and very severe disease in COVID-19 participants. The inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary analysis method, supplemented by the weighted-median (WM), MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO methods. Results were adjusted for Bonferroni correction thresholds.ResultsThe forward MR estimates show no effect of thyroid dysfunction on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. The reverse MR found that COVID-19 susceptibility was the suggestive risk factor for hypothyroidism (IVW: OR = 1.577, 95% CI = 1.065–2.333, P = 0.022; WM: OR = 1.527, 95% CI = 1.042–2.240, P = 0.029), and there was lightly association between COVID-19 hospitalized and hypothyroidism (IVW: OR = 1.151, 95% CI = 1.004–1.319, P = 0.042; WM: OR = 1.197, 95% CI = 1.023-1.401, P = 0.023). There was no evidence supporting the association between any phenotype of COVID-19 and hyperthyroidism.ConclusionOur results identified that COVID-19 might be the potential risk factor for hypothyroidism. Therefore, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 should strengthen the monitoring of thyroid function.

Thyroid Function Testing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global thyroid function testing market size reached USD 1.89 billion in 2024, reflecting robust growth driven by increasing awareness and prevalence of thyroid disorders worldwide. The market is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 3.13 billion by 2033. This upward trajectory is primarily fueled by the rising incidence of thyroid-related diseases, technological advancements in diagnostic techniques, and the expanding geriatric population susceptible to thyroid dysfunction.

One of the primary growth factors propelling the thyroid function testing market is the increasing prevalence of thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, and autoimmune thyroid diseases. According to the American Thyroid Association, over 20 million Americans have some form of thyroid disease, and similar trends are observed globally, particularly in regions with iodine deficiency. Early diagnosis and regular screening have become critical, especially as thyroid dysfunction can significantly impact metabolic health, cardiovascular function, and overall quality of life. This growing burden of thyroid diseases has led to a surge in demand for reliable and accurate thyroid function tests, including TSH, T3, and T4 assays, thus driving market expansion.

Technological advancements in diagnostic techniques represent another significant driver for the thyroid function testing market. The emergence of sensitive immunoassays, automated analyzers, and point-of-care testing solutions has revolutionized the detection and monitoring of thyroid disorders. These innovations have improved assay specificity, reduced turnaround times, and minimized manual errors, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of thyroid function testing. Additionally, the integration of digital health platforms and electronic medical records has enabled seamless data management and remote monitoring, further supporting market growth by facilitating timely diagnosis and personalized patient care.

Another crucial growth factor is the increasing awareness among healthcare professionals and the general population regarding the importance of thyroid health. Government initiatives, public health campaigns, and educational programs have played a vital role in promoting early screening and diagnosis, particularly in high-risk populations such as pregnant women and the elderly. The rising accessibility of diagnostic laboratories and the expansion of healthcare infrastructure in emerging economies have also contributed to the growing uptake of thyroid function tests. Furthermore, collaborations between diagnostic companies, research institutions, and healthcare providers have accelerated the development and adoption of advanced testing methodologies, thereby strengthening the market outlook.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the thyroid function testing market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, benefits from a well-established healthcare system, high awareness levels, and significant investments in diagnostic technologies. Europe is witnessing steady growth due to increasing healthcare expenditure and the rising prevalence of thyroid disorders, especially in countries with aging populations. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is emerging as a lucrative market, driven by the rapid expansion of healthcare infrastructure, growing awareness, and a large patient pool. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are also showing promising growth, albeit from a smaller base, as healthcare access and diagnostic capabilities continue to improve in these regions.

Product Type Analysis

The thyroid function testing market is segmented by product type into TSH Test, T3 Test, T4 Test, and Others. The TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) test segment commands the largest market share, owing to its critical role as the primary screening tool for thyroid dysfunction. TSH testing is widely regarded as the most sensitive and specific initial test for evaluating thyroid status, making it indispensable in clinical practice. The high prevalence of hypothyroidism and the routine use of TSH testing in annual health check-ups further bolster segment growth. Moreover, advancements in immunoassay technology ha

Background: The relationship between thyroid function and cardiac disease is complex. Both hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis can predispose to ventricular arrhythmia and other major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), so that a U-shaped relationship between thyroid signaling and the incidence of MACE has been postulated. Moreover, recently published data suggest an association between thyroid hormone concentration and the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) even in euthyroid populations with high-normal FT4 levels. In this study, we investigated markers of repolarization in ECGs, as predictors of cardiovascular events, in patients with a spectrum of subclinical and overt thyroid dysfunction.Methods: Resting ECGs of 100 subjects, 90 patients (LV-EF > 45%) with thyroid disease (60 overt hyperthyroid, 11 overt hypothyroid and 19 L-T4-treated and biochemically euthyroid patients after thyroidectomy or with autoimmune thyroiditis) and 10 healthy volunteers were analyzed for Tp-e interval. The Tp-e interval was measured manually and was correlated to serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (FT4).Results: The Tp-e interval significantly correlated to log-transformed concentrations of TSH (Spearman's rho = 0.30, p < 0.01), FT4 (rho = −0.26, p < 0.05), and FT3 (rho = −0.23, p < 0.05) as well as log-transformed thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT, rho = −0.33, p < 0.01). Spearman's rho of correlations of JT interval to log-transformed TSH, FT4, FT3, and SPINA-GT were 0.51 (p < 1e−7), −0.45 (p < 1e−5), −0.55 (p < 1e−8), and −0.43 (p < 1e−4), respectively. In minimal multivariable regression models, markers of thyroid homeostasis correlated to heart rate, QT, Tp-e, and JT intervals. Group-wise evaluation in hypothyroid, euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects revealed similar correlations in all three groups.Conclusion: We observed significant inverse correlations of Tp-e and JT intervals with FT4 and FT3 over the whole spectrum of thyroid function. Our data suggest a possible mechanism of SCD in hypothyroid state by prolongation of repolarization. We do not observe a U-shaped relationship, so that the mechanism of SCD in patients with high FT4 or hyperthyroidism seems not to be driven by abnormalities in repolarization.

The estimated prevalence of thyroid disorder increased in Italy from 2016 to 2022. In 2016, around ** percent of the Italian clients of general practitioners suffered from thyroid disorders. In 2021 and 2022, the prevalence of this disorder in Italy was **** percent, the highest figure registered in the period under consideration. This statistic displays the prevalence of thyroid disorder in Italy from 2016 to 2022.

BackgroundThyroid dysfunction significantly affects the health and development of adolescents. However, comprehensive studies on its prevalence and characteristics in US adolescents are lacking.MethodsWe investigated the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in US adolescents aged 12–18 years using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2002 and 2007–2012 cycles. Thyroid dysfunction was assessed using serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) measurements. We analyzed the prevalence across demographic subgroups and identified associated risk factors.ResultsThe study included 2,182 participants, representing an estimated 12.97 million adolescents. The group had a weighted mean age of 15.1 ± 0.06 years, with males constituting 51.4%. Subclinical hyperthyroidism emerged as the most prevalent thyroid dysfunction, affecting 4.4% of the population. From 2001–2002 to 2011–2012, subclinical hyperthyroidism remained consistent at 4.99% vs. 5.13% in the overall cohort. Subclinical and overt hypothyroidism was found in 0.41 and 1.03% of adolescents respectively, and overt hyperthyroidism was rare (0.04%). The prevalence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positivity in the overall population were 5.8 and 9.8%, respectively. Positivity for TgAb was risk factors for hypothyroidism, while older age, female and Black Americans were risk factors for hyperthyroidism. Female adolescents and adolescents with an older age were more likely to be positive for TPOAb and TgAb, while Black and Mexican Americans had a lower risk of TPOAb and TgAb positivity.ConclusionSubclinical hyperthyroidism was the most common form of thyroid dysfunction, and its prevalence remained stable from 2001–2002 to 2011–2012. Notable disparities in the prevalence of hyperthyroidism and antibody positivity were observed among different age, sex and racial/ethnic groups.

As per the results of a large scale survey conducted across India in 2021, about ** percent of the respondents above 60 years of age suffered from thyroid problems. Whereas around **** percent of the respondents below 19 years of age reported to have thyroid issues.

Thyroid diseases are common, and use of levothyroxine is increasing worldwide. We investigated the influence of gender, race and socioeconomic status on the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders using data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter cohort study of civil servants (35-74 years of age) from six Brazilian cities. Diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction was by thyrotropin (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4) if TSH was altered, and the use of specific medications. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed using overt hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism and levothyroxine use as dependent variables and sociodemographic characteristics as independent variables. The frequencies of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism were 0.7 and 7.4%, respectively. Using whites as the reference ethnicity, brown, and black race were protective for overt hypothyroidism (OR=0.76, 95%CI=0.64-0.89, and OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.43-0.67, respectively, and black race was associated with overt hyperthyroidism (OR=1.82, 95%CI=1.06-3.11). Frequency of hypothyroidism treatment was higher in women, browns, highly educated participants and those with high net family incomes. After multivariate adjustment, levothyroxine use was associated with female gender (OR=6.06, 95%CI=3.19-11.49) and high net family income (OR=3.23, 95%CI=1.02-10.23). Frequency of hyperthyroidism treatment was higher in older than in younger individuals. Sociodemographic factors strongly influenced the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders, including the use of levothyroxine.

Thyroid disease datasets typically contain information about patients, including various attributes such as age, sex, thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3, T4), medical history, and possibly symptoms or other relevant factors. These datasets are valuable for research purposes, particularly in the fields of endocrinology, machine learning, and healthcare analytics.

Several datasets are available for research purposes, often sourced from hospitals, research institutions, or public health agencies. Here are some common sources where you might find thyroid disease datasets:

1. UCI Machine Learning Repository: This repository hosts various datasets for machine learning research, and it includes some datasets related to thyroid disease.

2. Kaggle: Kaggle is a platform for data science and machine learning competitions, and it also hosts datasets for various purposes. You might find thyroid disease datasets shared by users or organizations.

3. Healthcare Databases: Some hospitals or healthcare institutions maintain databases with anonymized patient data, including information about thyroid diseases. Access to these datasets may require appropriate permissions and approvals due to privacy concerns.

4. Research Publications: Researchers often publish datasets along with their research papers. Searching through academic journals and repositories may lead you to relevant datasets related to thyroid diseases.

When working with any healthcare-related dataset, it's crucial to handle the data with care, ensuring patient privacy and adhering to ethical guidelines and regulations such as HIPAA (in the United States) or GDPR (in the European Union), depending on the jurisdiction.

If you need assistance finding a specific dataset or have other questions about thyroid disease datasets, feel free to ask!

The Thyroid Gland Disorders Treatment Market report segments the industry into By Type Of Disorder (Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Other Types Of Disorder), By Route Of Administration (Oral, Parenteral, Other Routes Of Administration), By Drug Class (Thioamides, Ionic Inhibitors, Hormone-release Inhibitors, Other Drug Classes), By Distribution Channel (Wholesale Distribution, Retail Stores, and more), and Geography.

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Thyroid Gland Disorder Treatment Market Size 2024-2028

The thyroid gland disorder treatment market size is forecast to increase by USD 848.5 million at a CAGR of 5.01% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increasing awareness programs for thyroid disorders worldwide. This trend is particularly prominent in emerging economies, where the prevalence of thyroid conditions is rising due to changing lifestyles and dietary habits. However, the market's growth is not without challenges. Established players in the market hold a high entry barrier due to their extensive research and development capabilities and strong market presence. Iodine deficiency remains a significant cause of thyroid disorders, making it essential for governments and healthcare organizations to implement prevention programs. Telemedicine and remote monitoring solutions enable endocrinology consultations, expanding access to care and supporting medical tourism, while also enhancing the efficiency of medical diagnostics for patients seeking treatment across borders. As a result, new entrants must invest heavily in research and development to offer innovative solutions and differentiate themselves from competitors.
Despite these challenges, the market presents substantial opportunities for companies seeking to capitalize on the growing demand for effective thyroid disorder treatments. Strategic collaborations, product innovation, and expanding into emerging markets are potential avenues for companies to gain a competitive edge and drive growth In the market.

What will be the Size of the Thyroid Gland Disorder Treatment Market during the forecast period?

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The market encompasses a range of conditions, including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and euthyroid sick syndrome. This market is driven by various factors, including the aging global population and the increasing prevalence of thyroid disorders. Medical technology advances continue to shape the landscape, with customized medicine techniques and novel medicines emerging.
Diagnostic technologies, including thyroid function tests and ultrasound imaging, facilitate accurate diagnosis. Market growth is further fueled by the rise in conditions like Graves' disease and iodine deficiency. Overall, the thyroid gland disorder market is experiencing significant activity and growth, with ongoing innovation in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

How is the Thyroid Gland Disorder Treatment Industry segmented?

The industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Type

  Hypothyroidism
  Hyperthyroidism


Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    UK


  Asia
  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The hypothyroidism segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce adequate thyroid hormones, which can lead to health complications such as obesity, infertility, joint pain, and cardiovascular diseases. Women are more susceptible to this condition than men, and geriatric populations are also at a higher risk. Hypothyroidism often goes unnoticed during its early stages, but if left untreated, it can lead to significant health issues. Diagnostic resources, including diagnostic facilities, diagnostic labs, and diagnostic technologies, play a crucial role in identifying thyroid disorders.

Thyroid function tests, such as the Bloom Thyroid Test, are essential in diagnosing hypothyroidism. Treatment options include medication, such as Thyroxine, and customized medicine techniques. Endocrinology consultations, surgery, and radioactive iodine therapy are also viable treatment methods. Alternative therapies, such as home care testing kits and iodine supplements, are gaining popularity. Environmental conditions and certain diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and iodine deficiency disorders, can contribute to the development of hypothyroidism. Mental duress and euthyroid sick syndrome can also impact thyroid function. The financial burden of thyroid disorder treatment can be significant, making healthcare access and affordability crucial concerns for patients.

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The Hypothyroidism segment was valued at USD 1.64 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

North America is estimated to contribute 37% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Thyroid Functioning Tests market size will be USD 4968.5 million in 2025. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.00% from 2025 to 2033.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1838.35 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% from 2025 to 2033.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1440.8 million.
APAC held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1192.4 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.6% from 2025 to 2033.
South America has a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 188.80 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3% from 2025 to 2033.
Middle East had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 198.74 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5% from 2025 to 2033.
Africa had a market share of around 1% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 109.31 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7% from 2025 to 2033.
Power Filters category is the fastest growing segment of the Thyroid Functioning Tests industry

Market Dynamics of Thyroid Functioning Tests Market

Key Drivers for Thyroid Functioning Tests Market

Rising Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders to Boost Market Growth

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide due to factors such as genetics, lifestyle changes, and environmental influences. Over 12 percent of the U.S. population will develop a thyroid condition at some point in their lives, and an estimated 20 million Americans currently have some form of thyroid disease. However, up to 60 percent of those with thyroid conditions are unaware of their diagnosis. Women are more likely to experience thyroid issues, with the risk being five to eight times higher than that of men. In fact, one in eight women will develop a thyroid disorder during their lifetime. These conditions can have a significant impact on metabolism and overall health, contributing to a growing demand for thyroid function tests. Additionally, autoimmune diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (a common cause of hypothyroidism) and Graves' disease (which causes hyperthyroidism), are becoming more prevalent, further increasing the need for regular screening. As the global population ages, the likelihood of developing thyroid disorders, particularly hypothyroidism, also rises. This aging demographic requires more routine testing to monitor and manage thyroid health.

https://www.thyroid.org/media-main/press-room//./

Rise in Lifestyle-related Risk Factors to Boost Market Growth

Increasing stress, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and environmental pollution are major risk factors for thyroid disorders. Approximately 284 million people worldwide suffer from anxiety disorders, and nearly 90% of U.S. adults report losing sleep due to concerns about health and the economy. Additionally, about 75% of Americans experience physical or mental symptoms of stress, with more than three-quarters of adults reporting issues such as headaches, fatigue, and depression. These lifestyle changes are contributing to a higher incidence of thyroid-related problems, which is driving the growing demand for thyroid function tests. Furthermore, exposure to chemicals and toxins in the environment, including those found in certain pesticides, has been linked to thyroid dysfunction, further increasing the need for regular monitoring.

https://www.singlecare.com/blog/news/stress-statistics/./

Restraint Factor for the Thyroid Functioning Tests Market

High Cost of Advanced Diagnostic Tests and Challenges in Test Accuracy and Standardization, Will Limit Market Growth

The cost of diagnostic equipment for thyroid function tests, such as automated analyzers and high-quality reagents, can be prohibitively expensive, especially for small clinics and healthcare facilities in emerging markets. Additionally, testing at high-end laboratories or through advanced diagnostic platforms often comes with higher costs, which may discourage patients from undergoing regular testing. Th...

The global Thyroid Disorder market is poised for significant expansion, projected to reach a robust USD 3188.2 million by 2025. This growth trajectory is fueled by an escalating prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions, driven by factors such as increasing awareness, improved diagnostic capabilities, and lifestyle changes impacting endocrine health. The market is anticipated to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 6.5% from 2019 to 2033, underscoring a sustained and strong upward trend. Key therapeutic areas within this market include Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism, with demand driven by both chronic management and acute treatment needs. Healthcare infrastructure development, particularly in emerging economies, alongside advancements in drug development and personalized treatment approaches, will further bolster market expansion. The increasing burden of thyroid-related conditions necessitates efficient and accessible treatment solutions, creating a fertile ground for market players. The market's growth is further supported by a dynamic landscape of key industry players, including Pfizer Inc., Allergan, AbbVie Inc., Merck KGaA, RLC Labs, GlaxoSmithKline Plc, and Mylan. These companies are actively engaged in research and development, aiming to introduce novel therapies and improve existing treatment protocols for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Strategic collaborations, mergers, and acquisitions are expected to play a crucial role in shaping the competitive environment and expanding market reach. Geographically, North America and Europe are anticipated to remain dominant markets due to well-established healthcare systems and high adoption rates of advanced diagnostics and treatments. However, the Asia Pacific region, with its burgeoning healthcare sector and large, underserved populations, presents a significant opportunity for future growth, driven by increasing disposable incomes and a rising incidence of lifestyle-related diseases contributing to thyroid disorders.

ABSTRACT Background: Primary headaches, and particularly migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) as well as hypothyroidism are common medical conditions. To date, numerous studies have suggested a possible bidirectional relationship between migraine and hypothyroidism, although certain studies had contradictory results. Objective: To investigate whether there is any association between primary headache subtypes and thyroid disorders. Methods: A retrospective study of consecutive patients aged ≥18 years referred to the Headache Outpatient Clinic of Aeginition Hospital and diagnosed with primary headache and any thyroid disorder. Results: Out of 427 patients (males/females=76/351), 253 (59.3%) were diagnosed with migraine without aura, 53 (12.4%) with TTH, 49 (11.5%) with migraine with aura, 29 (6.8%) with medication-overuse headache, 23 (5.4%) with mixed-type headache (migraine with/without aura and TTH), nine (2.1%) with cluster headache, and 11 (2.6%) with other types of primary headaches. The prevalence of any type of thyroid disorder was 20.8% (89/427 patients). In the total sample, 27 patients (6.3%) reported hypothyroidism, 18 (4.2%) unspecified thyroidopathy, 14 (3.3%) thyroid nodules, 12 (2.8%) Hashimoto thyroiditis, 12 (2.8%) thyroidectomy, three (0.7%) thyroid goiter, and three (0.7%) hyperthyroidism. Further statistical analysis between categorical variables did not reveal any significant association between headache subtypes and thyroid dysfunction. Conclusions: No specific association was found between primary headache subtypes and specific thyroid disorder. However, a high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in general and specifically hypothyroidism was demonstrated among patients with primary headaches, which lays the foundation for further clarification in prospective longitudinal studies.

As per the results of a large scale survey conducted across India in 2021, about *** percent of the respondents suffered from thyroid related problems. This was a slight fall in the share of people with thyroid issues when compared to the previous year of the survey.

Thyroid Disorders Drugs Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global thyroid disorders drugs market size reached USD 2.86 billion in 2024, driven by rising prevalence of thyroid conditions and growing awareness about early diagnosis and treatment. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 3.9% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 4.08 billion by 2033. This robust growth is primarily attributed to advancements in drug development, increasing healthcare expenditure, and the rising incidence of thyroid disorders worldwide. As per the latest research, the market is witnessing a significant shift towards novel therapeutics and improved patient compliance, underpinning the positive outlook for the thyroid disorders drugs market over the forecast period.

One of the key growth factors propelling the thyroid disorders drugs market is the escalating global prevalence of thyroid diseases such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Factors such as sedentary lifestyles, rising obesity rates, and increasing exposure to environmental toxins have contributed to the higher incidence of thyroid dysfunctions. Additionally, improved screening programs and heightened awareness among healthcare professionals and patients have led to earlier detection and diagnosis, thereby boosting the demand for effective thyroid disorder drugs. As more individuals are diagnosed at an early stage, the need for long-term pharmacological management has expanded, further supporting market growth.

Another significant driver is the continuous innovation in drug formulations and the introduction of novel therapeutics targeting thyroid disorders. Pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in research and development to create drugs with enhanced efficacy, fewer side effects, and improved patient adherence. For example, advancements in hormone replacement therapy and the development of combination drugs have addressed some of the limitations of traditional treatments. This innovation is complemented by the increasing adoption of personalized medicine approaches, which tailor treatment regimens to individual patient needs and genetic profiles. Such initiatives are expected to transform the landscape of thyroid disorder management and fuel the expansion of the thyroid disorders drugs market.

The growth of the thyroid disorders drugs market is also supported by the expansion of healthcare infrastructure and increased accessibility to medical services in emerging economies. Governments and private organizations are making substantial investments in healthcare systems, particularly in Asia Pacific and Latin America, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders. Furthermore, the proliferation of online pharmacies and digital health platforms has made it easier for patients to access medications, especially in remote or underserved regions. This improved accessibility, coupled with favorable reimbursement policies and rising disposable incomes, is anticipated to drive market growth in the coming years.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the thyroid disorders drugs market due to the high prevalence of thyroid conditions, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and strong presence of leading pharmaceutical companies. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period, driven by increasing awareness, rising healthcare expenditure, and a large patient pool. Europe also holds a significant share, supported by robust research activities and government initiatives aimed at improving thyroid health. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are emerging markets with substantial growth potential, owing to improving healthcare access and rising disease awareness.

Drug Type Analysis

The thyroid disorders drugs market is segmented by drug type into Levothyroxine, Liothyronine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, and Others. Levothyroxine remains the most widely prescribed drug for hypothyroidism,

ObjectiveGuidelines for thyroid function evaluation recommend testing TSH first, then assessing fT4 only if TSH is out of the reference range (two-step), but many clinicians initially request both TSH and fT4 (one-step). Given limitations of previous studies, we aimed to compare the two-step with the one-step approach in an unselected community-dwelling study population, and develop a prediction score based on clinical parameters that could identify at-risk patients for thyroid dysfunction.DesignCross-sectional analysis of the population-based Busselton Health Study.MethodsWe compared the two-step with the one-step approach, focusing on cases that would be missed by the two-step approach, i.e. those with normal TSH, but out-of-range fT4. We used likelihood ratio tests to identify demographic and clinical parameters associated with thyroid dysfunction and developed a clinical prediction score by using a beta-coefficient based scoring method.ResultsFollowing the two-step approach, 93.0% of all 4471 participants had normal TSH and would not need further testing. The two-step approach would have missed 3.8% of all participants (169 of 4471) with a normal TSH, but a fT4 outside the reference range. In 85% (144 of 169) of these cases, fT4 fell within 2 pmol/l of fT4 reference range limits, consistent with healthy outliers. The clinical prediction score that performed best excluded only 22.5% of participants from TSH testing.ConclusionThe two-step approach may avoid measuring fT4 in as many as 93% of individuals with a very small risk of missing thyroid dysfunction. Our findings do not support the simultaneous initial measurement of both TSH and fT4.

Background: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease and is often accompanied by thyroid dysfunction. Understanding the potential causal relationship between PBC and thyroid dysfunction is helpful to explore the pathogenesis of PBC and to develop strategies for the prevention and treatment of PBC and its complications.Methods: We used a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method to estimate the potential causal effect of PBC on the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid cancer (TC) in the European population. We collected seven datasets of PBC and related traits to perform a series MR analysis and performed extensive sensitivity analyses to ensure the reliability of our results.Results: Using a sensitivity analysis, we found that PBC was a risk factor for AITD, TSH, hypothyroidism, and TC with odds ratio (OR) of 1.002 (95% CI: 1.000–1.005, p = 0.042), 1.016 (95% CI: 1.006–1.027, p = 0.002), 1.068 (95% CI: 1.022–1.115, p = 0.003), and 1.106 (95% CI: 1.019–1.120, p = 0.042), respectively. Interestingly, using reverse-direction MR analysis, we also found that AITD had a significant potential causal association with PBC with an OR of 0.021 (p = 5.10E−4) and that the other two had no significant causal relation on PBC.Conclusion: PBC causes thyroid dysfunction, specifically as AITD, mild hypothyroidism, and TC. The potential causal relationship between PBC and thyroid dysfunction provides a new direction for the etiology of PBC.

The global Thyroid Functioning Tests market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing prevalence of thyroid disorders, advancements in diagnostic technologies, and rising healthcare expenditure globally. The market, estimated at $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5% between 2025 and 2033, reaching an estimated value of approximately $3.8 billion by 2033. Key drivers include the growing geriatric population, a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases linked to thyroid dysfunction (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease), and improved awareness among patients and healthcare professionals about the importance of early diagnosis and management of thyroid conditions. Technological advancements such as automated immunoassays, point-of-care testing, and the development of more sensitive and specific assays are further propelling market expansion. However, factors like high cost of advanced testing, stringent regulatory approvals, and the potential for variations in test results due to factors like sample handling can pose challenges to market growth. Market segmentation reveals strong demand across various test types, including TSH, T3, and T4 assays. The competitive landscape is characterized by the presence of both large multinational corporations like Abbott, Roche, and Siemens Healthineers, and smaller specialized players. These companies are actively engaged in research and development to improve test accuracy, efficiency, and affordability. Geographic variations exist, with North America and Europe currently holding significant market shares due to well-established healthcare infrastructure and higher healthcare spending. However, emerging economies in Asia-Pacific and Latin America present substantial growth opportunities driven by increasing healthcare awareness and investments in diagnostic infrastructure. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued market expansion driven by these trends, albeit with potential fluctuations influenced by economic factors and healthcare policy changes.