Supplementary Files for Bourke et al (2019) in G3

Material S1: The appendices.

Material S2: The simulation computer program to obtain the numerical solutions of genotypic and phenotypic frequencies of zygotes and the genotypic frequencies of gametes. The program can be run on Windows platforms and requires the .Net Framework V3.5 runtime library.

Material S3: The C++ source code of the genotypic and phenotypic frequencies of polysomic inheritance under double-reduction. The prefix of functions is GFZ (genotypic frequencies of zygotes), GFG (genotypic frequencies of gametes), PFZ (phenotypic frequencies of zygotes), or PFG (phenotypic frequencies of gametes). An example that is the function in the second case (i.e. G = AAAB) in Equation (A4) is given by

double GFZ4_iiij(double a1, double pi, double pj)

{

double pi2=pi*pi;

return (8*(-1+a1)*pi2*(-3*a1+2*(-1+a1)*pi)*pj)/pow(2+a1,2);

}

Automotive Final Reduction Drive Market Outlook

The global automotive final reduction drive market size was valued at approximately USD 4.1 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 6.2 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period. The market growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for efficient power transmission systems in vehicles, technological advancements, and the rising production of automobiles globally.

One of the significant growth factors for the automotive final reduction drive market is the increasing focus on fuel efficiency and emission regulations. Governments worldwide are implementing stringent norms to reduce carbon emissions, which has pushed automotive manufacturers to adopt advanced drivetrain components that offer better fuel efficiency. The final reduction drive, being a crucial component in the transmission system, plays a vital role in enhancing vehicle performance and fuel economy. As a result, the demand for efficient final reduction drives is on the rise.

Another contributing factor is the growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). With the global transition towards electric mobility, the need for specialized final reduction drives designed for EVs has increased. These drives are essential for managing the high torque and power requirements of electric motors. The rise in EV production and sales, particularly in regions like North America and Europe, is expected to significantly boost the demand for final reduction drives tailored for electric vehicles, thereby driving market growth.

The rapid development of automotive technology also plays a pivotal role in market expansion. Innovations such as advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), autonomous driving technology, and connected vehicles necessitate efficient and reliable power transmission systems. The final reduction drive, being a critical component in ensuring smooth power delivery to the wheels, is witnessing increased adoption to support these advanced automotive technologies. The continuous R&D efforts by manufacturers to enhance the performance and durability of final reduction drives are further propelling the market forward.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific holds a significant share of the automotive final reduction drive market, driven by the high production and sales of automobiles in countries like China, Japan, and India. The region's growing automotive industry, coupled with increasing investments in electric vehicle infrastructure and technological advancements, is expected to sustain its market dominance. North America and Europe are also key regions, with substantial contributions from their well-established automotive sectors and increasing focus on electric vehicles.

Product Type Analysis

The automotive final reduction drive market is segmented into single reduction drives and double reduction drives based on product type. Single reduction drives are commonly used in passenger cars and light commercial vehicles due to their simplicity and efficiency. These drives offer a straightforward design with fewer components, which translates to lower manufacturing costs and ease of maintenance. The demand for single reduction drives is expected to remain robust, driven by their widespread application in conventional vehicles.

Double reduction drives, on the other hand, are designed to handle higher torque and power requirements, making them suitable for heavy-duty commercial vehicles and specific electric vehicle applications. The double reduction mechanism provides an additional gear reduction stage, which enhances torque multiplication and load-carrying capacity. As the market for commercial vehicles and high-performance electric vehicles grows, the demand for double reduction drives is anticipated to increase, driven by their superior performance capabilities.

Technological advancements are playing a crucial role in the development of both single and double reduction drives. Manufacturers are focusing on innovations to improve the efficiency, durability, and noise reduction of these drives. The integration of advanced materials and manufacturing techniques is also contributing to the enhanced performance of final reduction drives. Continuous R&D efforts are expected to introduce more advanced products, catering to the evolving needs of the automotive industry.

The market for double reduction drives is expected to witness higher growth compared to single reduction drives, primarily due to the increasing production of

Get the sample copy of Gear Reducer Market Report 2024 (Global Edition) which includes data such as Market Size, Share, Growth, CAGR, Forecast, Revenue, list of Gear Reducer Companies (IPTS, SANKYO, Apex Dynamics, Bonfiglioli, Rossi, Davall Gears, GAM, Makishinko, SEW-EURODRIVE, Fixed Star Group Company, Ondrives), Market Segmented by Type (Single Reduction Gear, Double Reduction Gear), by Application (Cars, Commercial vehicles, Agricultural, Industrial construction, Plant engineering)

The synthesis of (+)-mesembrine (1) and (+)-mesembranol (2) has been achieved from the monoterpene (S)-(−)-perillyl alcohol. Key transformations include a diastereo- and regioselective Pd-mediated intramolecular Heck reaction, and a double reduction of the resultant cyclic sulfonamide, to afford the cis-3a-aryloctahydroindole skeleton.

Carbon dioxide electrochemical reduction (CO2ER) has attracted considerable attention as a technology to recycle CO2 into raw materials for chemicals using renewable energies. We recently found that Zn-Al layered double hydroxides (Zn-Al LDH) have the CO-forming CO2ER activity. However, the activity was only evaluated by using the liquid-phase CO2ER. In this study, Ni-Al and Ni-Fe LDHs as well as Zn-Al LDH were synthesized using a facile coprecipitation process and the gas-phase CO2ER with the LDH-loaded gas-diffusion electrode (GDE) was examined. The products were characterized by XRD, STEM-EDX, BF-TEM and ATR-IR spectroscopy. In the ATR-IR results, the interaction of CO2 with Zn-Al LDH showed a different carbonates evolution with respect to other LDHs, suggesting a different electrocatalytic activity. The LDH-loaded GDE was prepared by simple drop-casting of a catalyst ink onto carbon paper. For gas-phase CO2ER, only Zn-Al LDH exhibited the CO2ER activity for carbon monoxide (CO) formation. By using different potassium salt electrolytes affording neutral to strongly basic conditions, such as KCl, KHCO3 and KOH, the gas-phase CO2ER with Zn-Al LDH-loaded GDE showed 1.3 to 2.1 times higher partial current density for CO formation than the liquid-phase CO2ER.

本研究包括 942 个家庭，采用问卷调查，从共同育儿和家校合作的角度调查父母压力与儿童学习参与之间的关系。

Helical Worm Gear Units Market Outlook

The global market size for Helical Worm Gear Units is projected to grow significantly, reaching an estimated USD 1.2 billion by 2032 from USD 700 million in 2023, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2%. This growth is driven by several factors including advancements in industrial automation, the need for energy-efficient mechanical systems, and the expansion of heavy industries.

One of the primary growth factors for the Helical Worm Gear Units market is the rise in industrial automation. As industries increasingly adopt automated systems to enhance productivity and reduce manual labor, the demand for efficient and reliable gear mechanisms has surged. Helical worm gear units offer several advantages such as high torque output, smooth operation, and durability, making them ideal for automated systems in various sectors including manufacturing, automotive, and construction.

The push for energy-efficient solutions in mechanical systems also propels the market forward. Helical worm gear units are known for their ability to minimize energy loss due to their unique design and operational efficiency. As energy costs continue to rise and environmental concerns become more pressing, industries are seeking out gear units that offer not just performance but also energy savings. This trend is particularly strong in regions with stringent energy regulations, driving the market growth further.

Moreover, the ongoing expansion of heavy industries and infrastructure projects globally has a direct impact on the demand for robust and reliable gear units. Sectors such as power generation, mining, and construction are experiencing significant growth, necessitating the use of helical worm gear units that can withstand harsh operational conditions while providing efficient power transmission. This has led to a steady rise in the adoption of these gear units in various applications.

Regionally, the market outlook varies. North America and Europe have established markets due to their advanced industrial landscape and focus on technological innovations. However, the Asia Pacific region exhibits the highest growth potential due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increasing investments in infrastructure development. Countries like China and India are at the forefront of this growth, contributing significantly to the market expansion in this region.

Product Type Analysis

The Helical Worm Gear Units market is segmented by product type into Single Reduction, Double Reduction, and Triple Reduction units. Single reduction units are predominantly used in applications where space is a constraint and where a moderate torque output is sufficient. These units are typically favored in smaller machinery and equipment where high efficiency and compact design are essential. Single reduction gear units are particularly popular in the manufacturing sector due to their simplicity and ease of integration into existing systems.

Double reduction units, on the other hand, cater to applications requiring higher torque output and greater reductions in speed. These units are more complex in design but offer enhanced performance metrics, making them suitable for industrial machinery and heavy-duty applications. The demand for double reduction units is substantial in the automotive and power generation sectors, where reliability and performance are crucial. The ability of these units to provide a significant speed reduction while maintaining efficiency is a key factor driving their adoption.

Triple reduction units represent the high-end spectrum of helical worm gear units, offering maximum torque and speed reduction. These units are used in highly specialized applications where precision and performance are non-negotiable. Industries such as mining and construction, which operate under rigorous conditions, often rely on triple reduction units for their critical machinery. The robustness and durability of these units ensure minimal downtime and maintenance, which is a significant advantage in these demanding environments.

The choice of product type largely depends on the specific requirements of the application and the operational conditions. Each type of gear unit has its unique advantages and is selected based on factors such as the desired torque, space constraints, and the nature of the load. This segmentation allows manufacturers to cater to a wide range of industrial needs, thereby expanding their market reach and driving growth.

The market size of the 20212031 Automotive Tandem Axle Report on and United States Market is categorized based on Type (Single Reduction, Double Reduction) and Application (Heavy Duty Trucks, Buses, Trailers) and geographical regions (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle-East and Africa).

The provided report presents market size and predictions for the value of 20212031 Automotive Tandem Axle Report on and United States Market, measured in USD million, across the mentioned segments.

Rotary Geared Limit Switch Market Outlook

The global rotary geared limit switch market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.1 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.4% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is primarily driven by the increasing adoption of automation in industrial processes and the rising demand for reliable and efficient limit switches across various applications. The rapid technological advancements and the expansion of industrial sectors such as manufacturing, construction, and energy are also significant contributors to the market's robust growth.

One of the key growth factors for the rotary geared limit switch market is the increasing automation in industrial processes. As industries continue to automate their operations to improve productivity and efficiency, the demand for precise and reliable limit switches has surged. These switches play a critical role in ensuring the safety and operational efficiency of automated systems, which in turn drives their adoption. Additionally, the stringent safety regulations across various industries, including manufacturing and construction, are further propelling the market growth. Companies are increasingly investing in advanced limit switch technologies to comply with these regulations and enhance operational safety.

Another significant growth factor is the rising demand for renewable energy sources, particularly wind energy. Rotary geared limit switches are extensively used in wind turbines to monitor and control the position of the blades and other moving parts. The growing focus on sustainable energy solutions and the increasing number of wind energy projects worldwide are boosting the demand for rotary geared limit switches. Governments and private sector investments in renewable energy infrastructure are expected to further drive the market during the forecast period.

The expansion of the construction industry is also playing a crucial role in the market's growth. Rotary geared limit switches are widely used in cranes, hoists, and other construction machinery to ensure accurate positioning and control. The resurgence of construction activities, particularly in developing regions, is driving the demand for these switches. Urbanization, infrastructure development, and the need for modern buildings are contributing to the increased adoption of rotary geared limit switches in the construction sector.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is poised to be a significant market for rotary geared limit switches. The rapid industrialization and urbanization in countries like China, India, and Japan are driving the demand for advanced industrial machinery and automation solutions, including limit switches. Additionally, the growing focus on renewable energy projects and infrastructure development in the region is further boosting the market. North America and Europe are also expected to witness substantial growth, driven by the strong presence of established industrial and energy sectors and the increasing adoption of automation technologies.

Type Analysis

The rotary geared limit switch market can be segmented into single reduction and double reduction types. Single reduction rotary geared limit switches are designed to provide a single level of gear reduction, making them suitable for applications that require moderate precision and control. These switches are widely used in various industrial machinery and equipment, including conveyor systems, packaging machines, and material handling systems. The simplicity and cost-effectiveness of single reduction switches make them a popular choice among manufacturers and end-users.

On the other hand, double reduction rotary geared limit switches offer an additional level of gear reduction, providing higher precision and control compared to single reduction switches. These switches are ideal for applications that demand greater accuracy, such as cranes, hoists, and wind turbines. The higher precision offered by double reduction switches makes them suitable for critical operations where even minor deviations can lead to significant issues. As industries prioritize accuracy and reliability, the demand for double reduction rotary geared limit switches is expected to grow at a faster pace during the forecast period.

Both single and double reduction rotary geared limit switches are essential for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of industrial machinery. The choice between single and double reduction switches depends on the specific requirements

The market size of the Automotive Tandem Axle Sales Market is categorized based on Type (Single Reduction Tandem Axle, Double Reduction Tandem Axle) and Application (Passenger Vehicles, Commercial Vehicles) and geographical regions (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle-East and Africa).

The provided report presents market size and predictions for the value of Automotive Tandem Axle Sales Market, measured in USD million, across the mentioned segments.

Autopolyploids present several challenges to researchers studying population genetics, since almost all population genetics theory, and the expectations derived from this theory, has been developed for haploids and diploids. Also many statistical tools for the analysis of genetic data, such as AMOVA and genome scans, are available only for haploids and diploids. In this paper, we show how the Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) framework can be extended to include autopolyploid data, which will allow calculating several genetic summary statistics for estimating the strength of genetic differentiation among autopolyploid populations (FST, φST, or RST). We show how this can be done by adjusting the equations for calculating the Sums of Squares, degrees of freedom and covariance components. The method can be applied to a dataset containing a single ploidy level, but also to datasets with a mixture of ploidy levels. In addition, we show how AMOVA can be used to estimate the summary statistic ρ, which was developed especially for polyploid data, but unfortunately has seen very little use. The ρ-statistic can be calculated in an AMOVA by first calculating a matrix of squared Euclidean distances for all pairs of individuals, based on the within-individual allele frequencies. The ρ-statistic is well suited for polyploid data since its expected value is independent of the ploidy level, the rate of double reduction, the frequency of polysomic inheritance, and the mating system. We tested the method using data simulated under a hierarchical island model: the results of the analyses of the simulated data closely matched the values derived from theoretical expectations. The problem of missing dosage information cannot be taken into account directly into the analysis, but can be remedied effectively by imputation of the allele frequencies. We hope that the development of AMOVA for autopolyploids will help to narrow the gap in availability of statistical tools for diploids and polyploids. We also hope that this research will increase the adoption of the ploidy-independent ρ-statistic, which has many qualities that makes it better suited for comparisons among species than the standard FST, both for diploids and for polyploids.

Lack of robust catalyst design strategies for tackling the selectivity and activity challenges poses serious limitations in the development of efficient catalysts for nitrogen reduction to ammonia. The synergistic interactions in double-atom catalysts (DACs) have aroused great interest in developing promising catalytic centers for nitrogen-reduction reaction (NRR). Using a multistep screening strategy based on systematic first-principles simulations, we find that Fe2, Co2, and W2 dimer species impregnated in tetracyanoquinodimethane based monolayer achieve suitable adsorption behaviour for the various NRR intermediates leading to excellent activity and selectivity among the 27 DACs considered in this study for NRR. Here we have uploaded input and output files of studied catalysts and reaction intermediates of NRR

The paper proposes dual-sparse regularized randomized reduction methods for classification. The dataset used in the paper is the RCV1-binary dataset.

EMG, torque, and feature analysis data from Manduca flight muscle during tethered yaw turnssee ReadMe.txtData_for_sponberg_et_al_dual_dimensionality.zip

Tetraiodotetraazapentacene I4TAP , the last missing derivative in the series of halogenated silylated tetraazapentacenes, was synthesized via condensation chemistry from a TIPS-ethynylated diaminobenzothiadiazol in three steps. Single and double reduction furnished its air-stable monoanion and relatively air-stable dianion, both of which were characterized by crystallography. All three species are structurally and spectroscopically compared to non-halogenated TAP and Br4TAP. I4TAP is an n-channel material in thin-film transistors with average electron mobilities exceeding 1 cm2(Vs)-1 .

Spur Gear Reducer Market Outlook

The global spur gear reducer market size was valued at approximately USD 3.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 5.6 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for efficient power transmission solutions across various industries. The surge in industrial automation and the growing need for highly precise and power-efficient gear systems in manufacturing units have acted as significant growth factors. Additionally, the enhancement of gear reducer technology catering to high torque and speed applications in various sectors fosters market expansion. The automotive industry's transition towards more fuel-efficient vehicles also significantly contributes to market growth, as spur gear reducers are integral in optimizing engine performance and efficiency.

One of the primary growth factors in the spur gear reducer market is the ongoing technological advancements in gear manufacturing processes. The integration of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies in gear production has significantly improved the precision and efficiency of spur gear reducers. Furthermore, the development of advanced materials and coatings that enhance the durability and performance of gear systems has broadened their application range, especially in high-performance sectors like aerospace and defense. These advancements have led to a reduction in operational downtimes and maintenance costs, consequently boosting their adoption in various industries.

The rising adoption of automation in industrial applications is another crucial driver for the spur gear reducer market. As industries strive to increase operational efficiency and reduce labor costs, the demand for automated machinery and robotics has surged. Spur gear reducers play a critical role in ensuring the smooth operation of such automated systems, as they provide the necessary torque and speed control. This trend is particularly evident in sectors such as automotive manufacturing and industrial machinery, where precision and efficiency are paramount. Additionally, the move towards Industry 4.0 is expected to further propel the demand for advanced gear reducers that can support smart and interconnected manufacturing processes.

The global emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability is also contributing to the growth of the spur gear reducer market. Industries are increasingly focusing on reducing their carbon footprint, which has led to a greater demand for energy-efficient machinery and components. Spur gear reducers, known for their efficiency in power transmission, are being increasingly adopted in applications where energy conservation is a priority. This trend is expected to continue as more industries adopt green technologies and sustainable practices, thereby creating a favorable environment for the growth of the spur gear reducer market.

Product Type Analysis

The spur gear reducer market is segmented by product type into single reduction, double reduction, and triple reduction gear reducers. Single reduction gear reducers are characterized by their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, making them suitable for applications requiring moderate speed reduction and torque. These reducers are widely utilized in automotive and simple industrial machinery applications where the demand for high-precision torque is not the primary concern. The simplicity of design and ease of maintenance also enhance their appeal, especially in cost-sensitive markets. As industries continue to focus on cost optimization, the demand for single reduction gear reducers is expected to remain steady.

Double reduction gear reducers, on the other hand, provide additional speed reduction and torque, making them suitable for more complex and demanding applications. These reducers are extensively used in industries where precise control of speed and torque is crucial, such as in heavy industrial machinery and certain automotive applications. The ability to deliver high torque with minimal input power makes double reduction reducers a preferred choice in applications facing space and power constraints. As the demand for high-performance machinery grows, the market for double reduction gear reducers is anticipated to witness significant growth.

Triple reduction gear reducers are designed for applications requiring very high torque and precise speed control. These are typically used in heavy-duty industrial applications such as mining, construction, and aerospace, where extreme conditions and high load c

Aerofoils operating in a turbulent flow generate broadband noise by scattering vorticity into sound at the leading edge. Previous work has demonstrated the effectiveness by which serrations, or undulations, introduced onto the leading edge, can substantially reduce broadband leading edge noise. All of this work has focused on sinusoidal (single-wavelength) leading edge serration profiles. % In this paper, a new leading edge serration geometry is proposed which provides significantly greater noise reductions compared to the maximum noise reductions achievable by single-wavelength serrations of the same amplitude. This is achieved through destructive interference between different parts of the aerofoil leading edge, and therefore involves a fundamentally different noise reduction mechanism from conventional single-wavelength serrations. % The new leading edge serration profiles simply comprise the superposition of two single-wavelength components of different wavelength, amplitude and phase with the objective of forming two roots that are sufficiently close together and separated in the streamwise direction. Compact sources located at these root locations then interfere leading to less efficient radiation than single-wavelength geometries. A detailed parametric study is performed experimentally to investigate the sensitivity of the noise reductions to the profile geometry. A simple model is proposed to explain the noise reduction mechanism for these double wavelength serration profiles and shown to be in close agreement with the measured noise reduction spectra. The study is primarily performed on flat plates in an idealized turbulent flow. The paper concludes by introducing the double-wavelength serration on a 10\% thick aerofoil, where near-identical noise reductions are obtained compared to the flat plate.

Worm Gear Speed Reducer Market Outlook

As of 2023, the global worm gear speed reducer market size is valued at approximately USD 5.6 billion and is projected to reach USD 8.2 billion by 2032, demonstrating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% over the forecast period. The steady growth of this market is fueled by the increasing demand for efficient power transmission systems across various industries. Factors such as technological advancements, the proliferation of automation in manufacturing, and the growing emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability are pivotal in driving the market expansion. Worm gear speed reducers are essential in providing robust torque output and speed reduction in compact designs, making them indispensable in a range of applications.

The market growth is notably driven by the widespread adoption of automation in industrial applications. Industries are increasingly automating their processes to enhance productivity and efficiency, which has led to a heightened demand for reliable and efficient transmission systems like worm gear speed reducers. This trend is further bolstered by advancements in technology, such as the integration of IoT and AI into manufacturing processes, which require highly efficient and adaptable gear systems. The need for precision and reliability in these automated systems has positioned worm gear speed reducers as a vital component in various machinery, thus boosting their market demand.

Another significant growth factor is the rising focus on energy efficiency and sustainability within industries. Worm gear speed reducers are known for their high efficiency and ability to minimize energy loss, making them a preferred choice for eco-friendly applications. As industries strive to reduce their carbon footprint and adhere to stringent environmental regulations, the demand for energy-efficient components like worm gear speed reducers is increasing. Moreover, the trend toward renewable energy sources also contributes to market growth, as these gear reducers play a critical role in the operation of wind turbines and solar panel tracking systems.

Additionally, the burgeoning construction and automotive sectors are contributing to the market's expansion. In the construction industry, worm gear speed reducers are utilized in various equipment and machinery, such as cranes and conveyor systems, which are integral to building and infrastructure projects. The automotive industry's pursuit of advanced transmission systems to enhance vehicle performance and fuel efficiency also drives the demand for worm gear speed reducers. This is particularly pertinent as the global automotive industry shifts towards electric and hybrid vehicles, which require precise and compact gear systems.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate over the forecast period. This region's growth is underpinned by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and infrastructural development, particularly in emerging economies like China and India. The presence of numerous manufacturing facilities and the expanding automotive industry further cement the region's dominant position in the market. North America and Europe are also significant markets, driven by technological advancements and a strong focus on energy-efficient solutions. In contrast, the Middle East & Africa and Latin America are expected to experience moderate growth, supported by ongoing industrialization efforts and infrastructure projects.

Product Type Analysis

The worm gear speed reducer market is categorized into different product types: single reduction, double reduction, and triple reduction. Each product type offers specific advantages that cater to diverse industrial needs. Single reduction worm gear speed reducers are widely used for applications that require moderate speed reduction and torque. They are favored for their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, making them suitable for standard machinery where space and budget constraints are critical considerations. This segment benefits from a broad range of applications, including conveyors, material handling systems, and basic industrial machinery.

Double reduction worm gear speed reducers, on the other hand, offer a higher degree of speed reduction and increased torque capacity. These are ideal for applications demanding more substantial torque and where more significant speed reduction is necessary. Industries such as automotive and aerospace, where precision and power are crucial, often rely on double reduction gear reducers. The capability of handling higher loads wh