As of May 2, 2023, there were roughly 687 million global cases of COVID-19. Around 660 million people had recovered from the disease, while there had been almost 6.87 million deaths. The United States, India, and Brazil have been among the countries hardest hit by the pandemic.

The various types of human coronavirus The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the seventh known coronavirus to infect humans. Its emergence makes it the third in recent years to cause widespread infectious disease following the viruses responsible for SARS and MERS. A continual problem is that viruses naturally mutate as they attempt to survive. Notable new variants of SARS-CoV-2 were first identified in the UK, South Africa, and Brazil. Variants are of particular interest because they are associated with increased transmission.

Vaccination campaigns Common human coronaviruses typically cause mild symptoms such as a cough or a cold, but the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to more severe respiratory illnesses and deaths worldwide. Several COVID-19 vaccines have now been approved and are being used around the world.

2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) Visual Dashboard and Map:
https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6

• Confirmed Cases by Country/Region/Sovereignty
• Confirmed Cases by Province/State/Dependency
• Deaths
• Recovered

Downloadable data:
https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19

Additional Information about the Visual Dashboard:
https://systems.jhu.edu/research/public-health/ncov

The New York Times is releasing a series of data files with cumulative counts of coronavirus cases in the United States, at the state and county level, over time. We are compiling this time series data from state and local governments and health departments in an attempt to provide a complete record of the ongoing outbreak.

Since the first reported coronavirus case in Washington State on Jan. 21, 2020, The Times has tracked cases of coronavirus in real time as they were identified after testing. Because of the widespread shortage of testing, however, the data is necessarily limited in the picture it presents of the outbreak.

We have used this data to power our maps and reporting tracking the outbreak, and it is now being made available to the public in response to requests from researchers, scientists and government officials who would like access to the data to better understand the outbreak.

The data begins with the first reported coronavirus case in Washington State on Jan. 21, 2020. We will publish regular updates to the data in this repository.

This dataset (COV19Tweets) includes CSV files that contain IDs and sentiment scores of the tweets related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The real-time Twitter feed is monitored for coronavirus-related tweets using 90+ different keywords and hashtags that are commonly used while referencing the pandemic. The oldest tweets in this dataset date back to October 01, 2019. This dataset has been wholly re-designed on March 20, 2020, to comply with the content redistribution policy set by Twitter. Twitter's policy restricts the sharing of Twitter data other than IDs; therefore, only the tweet IDs are released through this dataset. You need to hydrate the tweet IDs in order to get complete data. For detailed instructions on the hydration of tweet IDs, please read this article.Announcements: We release CrisisTransformers (https://huggingface.co/crisistransformers), a family of pre-trained language models and sentence encoders introduced in the paper "CrisisTransformers: Pre-trained language models and sentence encoders for crisis-related social media texts". The models were trained based on the RoBERTa pre-training procedure on a massive corpus of over 15 billion word tokens sourced from tweets associated with 30+ crisis events such as disease outbreaks, natural disasters, conflicts, etc. CrisisTransformers were evaluated on 18 public crisis-specific datasets against strong baselines such as BERT, RoBERTa, BERTweet, etc. Our pre-trained models outperform the baselines across all 18 datasets in classification tasks, and our best-performing sentence-encoder outperforms the state-of-the-art by more than 17% in sentence encoding tasks. Please refer to the associated paper for more details.MegaGeoCOV Extended — an extended version of MegaGeoCOV has been released. The dataset is introduced in the paper "A Twitter narrative of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia".We have released BillionCOV — a billion-scale COVID-19 tweets dataset for efficient hydration. Hydration takes time due to limits placed by Twitter on its tweet lookup endpoint. We re-hydrated the tweets present in this dataset (COV19Tweets) and found that more than 500 million tweet identifiers point to either deleted or protected tweets. If we avoid hydrating those tweet identifiers alone, it saves almost two months in a single hydration task. BillionCOV will receive quarterly updates, while this dataset (COV19Tweets) will continue to receive updates every day. Learn more about BillionCOV on its page: https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/871g-yp65. Related publications:Rabindra Lamsal. (2021). Design and analysis of a large-scale COVID-19 tweets dataset. Applied Intelligence, 51(5), 2790-2804.Rabindra Lamsal, Aaron Harwood, Maria Rodriguez Read. (2022). Socially Enhanced Situation Awareness from Microblogs using Artificial Intelligence: A Survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(4), 1-38. (arXiv)Rabindra Lamsal, Aaron Harwood, Maria Rodriguez Read. (2022). Twitter conversations predict the daily confirmed COVID-19 cases. Applied Soft Computing, 129, 109603. (arXiv)Rabindra Lamsal, Aaron Harwood, Maria Rodriguez Read. (2022). Addressing the location A/B problem on Twitter: the next generation location inference research. In 2022 ACM SIGSPATIAL LocalRec (pp. 1-4).Rabindra Lamsal, Aaron Harwood, Maria Rodriguez Read. (2022). Where did you tweet from? Inferring the origin locations of tweets based on contextual information. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (pp. 3935-3944). (arXiv)Rabindra Lamsal, Maria Rodriguez Read, Shanika Karunasekera. (2023). BillionCOV: An Enriched Billion-scale Collection of COVID-19 tweets for Efficient Hydration. Data in Brief, 48, 109229. (arXiv)Rabindra Lamsal, Maria Rodriguez Read, Shanika Karunasekera. (2023). A Twitter narrative of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. In 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 353-370). (arXiv)Rabindra Lamsal, Maria Rodriguez Read, Shanika Karunasekera. (2024). CrisisTransformers: Pre-trained language models and sentence encoders for crisis-related social media texts. Knowledge-Based Systems, 296, 111916. (arXiv)Rabindra Lamsal, Maria Rodriguez Read, Shanika Karunasekera. (2024). Semantically Enriched Cross-Lingual Sentence Embeddings for Crisis-related Social Media Texts. In 21st International ISCRAM Conference (in press). (arXiv)An Open access Billion-scale COVID-19 Tweets Dataset (COV19Tweets)— Dataset name: COV19Tweets Dataset— Number of tweets : 2,263,729,117 tweets— Coverage : Global— Language : English (EN)— Dataset usage terms : By using this dataset, you agree to (i) use the content of this dataset and the data generated from the content of this dataset for non-commercial research only, (ii) remain in compliance with Twitter's Policy and (iii) cite the following paper:Lamsal, R. (2021). Design and analysis of a large-scale COVID-19 tweets dataset. Applied Intelligence, 51, 2790-2804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-02029-zBibTeX entry:@article{lamsal2021design, title={Design and analysis of a large-scale COVID-19 tweets dataset}, author={Lamsal, Rabindra}, journal={Applied Intelligence}, volume={51}, number={5}, pages={2790--2804}, year={2021}, publisher={Springer} }— Geo-tagged Version: Coronavirus (COVID-19) Geo-tagged Tweets Dataset (GeoCOV19Tweets Dataset)— Dataset updates : Everyday— Active keywords and hashtags (archive: keywords.tsv) : corona, #corona, coronavirus, #coronavirus, covid, #covid, covid19, #covid19, covid-19, #covid-19, sarscov2, #sarscov2, sars cov2, sars cov 2, covid_19, #covid_19, #ncov, ncov, #ncov2019, ncov2019, 2019-ncov, #2019-ncov, pandemic, #pandemic #2019ncov, 2019ncov, quarantine, #quarantine, flatten the curve, flattening the curve, #flatteningthecurve, #flattenthecurve, hand sanitizer, #handsanitizer, #lockdown, lockdown, social distancing, #socialdistancing, work from home, #workfromhome, working from home, #workingfromhome, ppe, n95, #ppe, #n95, #covidiots, covidiots, herd immunity, #herdimmunity, pneumonia, #pneumonia, chinese virus, #chinesevirus, wuhan virus, #wuhanvirus, kung flu, #kungflu, wearamask, #wearamask, wear a mask, vaccine, vaccines, #vaccine, #vaccines, corona vaccine, corona vaccines, #coronavaccine, #coronavaccines, face shield, #faceshield, face shields, #faceshields, health worker, #healthworker, health workers, #healthworkers, #stayhomestaysafe, #coronaupdate, #frontlineheroes, #coronawarriors, #homeschool, #homeschooling, #hometasking, #masks4all, #wfh, wash ur hands, wash your hands, #washurhands, #washyourhands, #stayathome, #stayhome, #selfisolating, self isolating Important Notes:> Dataset files are published in chronological order.> Twitter's content redistribution policy restricts the sharing of tweet information other than tweet IDs and/or user IDs. Twitter wants researchers to always pull fresh data. It is because a user might delete a tweet or make his/her profile protected.> Retweets are excluded in the files corona_tweets_chi.csv and earlier.> Only the tweet IDs are available (sentiment scores are not available) for the tweets present in the files: corona_tweets_11b.csv, corona_tweets_223.csv, corona_tweets_297.csv, corona_tweets_395.csv and the files containing tweets from before March 20, 2020.> March 29, 2020 04:02 PM - March 30, 2020 02:00 PM -- Some technical fault has occurred. Preventive measures have been taken. Tweets for this session won't be available. [update: the tweets for this session are now available in the corona_tweets_11b.csv file; retweets are excluded though]> Please go through the Dataset Files section for specific notes.> There's a Combined_Files section (at the bottom of the dataset files list) if you want to download dataset files in bulk.> The naming convention for the later added CSVs (tweets from before March 20, 2020) will have a greek alphabet name instead of a numeric counter. I'll start with the last greek alphabet name "omega" and proceed up towards "alpha".> If you want access to tweets older than October 01, 2019, feel free to reach out to me at rlamsal [at] student.unimelb.edu.au using your academic/research institution email.Dataset Files (GMT+5:45)--------- tweets from before March 20, 2020 ---------corona_tweets_theta.csv: 418,625 tweets (October 01, 2019 12:00 AM - October 18, 2019, 07:51 AM)corona_tweets_iota.csv: 1,000,000 tweets (October 18, 2019, 07:51 AM - December 01, 2019 01:25 AM)corona_tweets_kappa.csv: 1,000,000 tweets (December 01, 2019 01:25 AM - January 09, 2020, 10:20 PM)corona_tweets_lambda.csv: 1,000,000 tweets (January 09, 2020, 10:20 PM - January 26, 2020, 05:14 PM)corona_tweets_mu.csv: 1,000,000 tweets (January 26, 2020, 05:14 PM - January 31, 2020, 07:18 AM)corona_tweets_nu.csv: 1,000,000 tweets (January 31, 2020, 07:18 AM - February 05, 2020 03:38 PM)corona_tweets_xi.csv: 4,003,032 tweets (February 05, 2020 03:38 PM - February 28, 2020 04:27 AM)corona_tweets_omicron.csv: 3,000,000 tweets (February 28, 2020 04:27 AM - March 04, 2020 03:36 PM)corona_tweets_pi.csv: 3,000,000 tweets (March 04, 2020 03:36 PM - March 09, 2020 07:58 AM)corona_tweets_rho.csv: 3,990,232 tweets (March 09, 2020 07:58 AM - March 12, 2020 12:01 PM)corona_tweets_sigma.csv: 3,000,000 tweets (March 12, 2020 12:01 PM - March 13, 2020 07:13 PM)corona_tweets_tau.csv: 3,000,000 tweets (March 13, 2020 07:13 PM - March 15, 2020 04:03 AM)corona_tweets_upsilon.csv: 3,999,408 tweets (March 15, 2020 04:03 AM - March 17, 2020 03:25 AM)corona_tweets_phi.csv: 3,000,000 tweets (March 17, 2020 03:25 AM - March 18, 2020 06:51 AM)corona_tweets_chi.csv: 3,000,000 tweets (March 18, 2020 06:51 AM - March 19, 2020 10:57 AM)corona_tweets_psi.csv: 3,878,586 tweets (March 19, 2020 10:57 AM - March 19, 2020 08:04 PM)corona_tweets_omega.csv: 4,000,000 tweets (March 19, 2020 08:04 PM - March 20, 2020 01:37 AM)----------------------------------corona_tweets_01.csv + corona_tweets_02.csv + corona_tweets_03.csv: 2,475,980 tweets (March 20, 2020 01:37 AM - March 21, 2020 09:25 AM)corona_tweets_04.csv: 1,233,340

There is a need for development of an analytical method for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus which is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently available traditional tissue/cell culture-based analytical method is too laborious and takes several days to get the results on the presence/absence of viable/infectious virus in a sample. Such a delay in getting the sample analysis results can be a serious obstacle in rapidly determining the presence of infectious virus in environment which, in turn, can impact environmental epidemiological investigations and studies on surface transmission of this virus. In this manuscript, development of a Rapid Viability Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RV-RT-PCR) method that can significantly reduce the time-to-results for sample analysis from several days to less than a day is described. The RV-RT-PCR method integrates cell-culture based enrichment of the virus with virus-specific RT-PCR analysis. The RTPCR analysis is conducted before and after the cell-culture-virus (sample) incubation. An optimum algorithm is established such that the resultant RT-PCR cycle threshold (CT) value difference between before and after cell-culture-virus incubation RT-PCR analyses determines the presence of viable/infectious virus in the sample. The data set included here is from this research work. A manuscript has also been included here along with the Supplemental Tables for additional data. The Data-Metadata file includes all the data and a glossary to explain the scientific terms used. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Shah, S., S. Kane, M. Elsheikh, and T. Alfaro. Development of a Rapid Viability RT-PCR (RV-RT-PCR) Method to Detect Infectious SARS-CoV-2 from Swabs. JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 297: 114251, (2021).

As of November 11, 2022, almost 96.8 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 had been reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the United States. The pandemic has impacted all 50 states, with vast numbers of cases recorded in California, Texas, and Florida.

The coronavirus in the U.S. The coronavirus hit the United States in mid-March 2020, and cases started to soar at an alarming rate. The country has performed a high number of COVID-19 tests, which is a necessary step to manage the outbreak, but new coronavirus cases in the U.S. have spiked several times since the pandemic began, most notably at the end of 2022. However, restrictions in many states have been eased as new cases have declined.

The origin of the coronavirus In December 2019, officials in Wuhan, China, were the first to report cases of pneumonia with an unknown cause. A new human coronavirus – SARS-CoV-2 – has since been discovered, and COVID-19 is the infectious disease it causes. All available evidence to date suggests that COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease, which means it can spread from animals to humans. The WHO says transmission is likely to have happened through an animal that is handled by humans. Researchers do not support the theory that the virus was developed in a laboratory.

The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to the death of millions of people worldwide and thousands more infected individuals developed sequelae due to the disease of the new coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19). The development of several studies has contributed to the knowledge about the evolution of SARS-CoV2 infection and the disease to more severe forms. Despite this information being debated in the scientific literature, many mechanisms still need to be better understood in order to control the spread of the virus and treat clinical cases of COVID-19. In this article, we carried out an extensive literature review in order to bring together, in a single article, the biological, social, genetic, diagnostic, therapeutic, immunization, and even socioeconomic aspects that impact the SAR-CoV-2 pandemic. This information gathered in this article will enable a broad and consistent reading of the main aspects related to the current pandemic.

Datasets in this publication report the number of diagnoses with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as reported by the Department of Health in Ireland. This includes new cases diagnosed per day and cumulative cases, hospitalisations, ICU admissions, deaths, number of healthcare workers, number of clusters, gender of cases, age groups of cases, mode of transmission, age groups of those hospitalised, and cases per county. To aid standardisation of age groups and cases per county, the population estimates by age group for 2019 and the actual county population in the 2016 Census from Ireland's Central Statistics Office are also included as separate datasets, to allow expression of cases per million population.

These are

1. doh_covid_ie_cases_analysis.csv, where data from Ireland's Health Protection Surveillance Centre is included up to midnight on each included date (currently up to 12-Jun-2020).
2. age_population_cso_2019.csv
3. counties_population_cso_2016.csv

age_population_cso_2019.csv has been updated to include separate population estimates for those aged 65-74 years, 75-84 years, and 85 years and over. This is in response to the HSPC releasing case and hospitalisation data for these groups rather than a combined 65 years and over group.

counties_population_cso_2016.csv has been updated to remove trailing spaces in the 'county' column.

doh_covid_ie_cases_analysis.csv is regularly updated at https://github.com/frankmoriarty/covid_ie/blob/master/doh_covid_ie_cases_analysis.csv

Those data are for the manuscript "Human Identical Sequences of SARS-CoV-2 Promote Clinical Progression of COVID-19 by Upregulating Hyaluronan via NamiRNA-Enhancer Network". In those data, we studied the underlying mechanism of how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with its host. By comparing the genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and human, we identified five fully conserved elements in SARS-CoV-2 genome, which were termed as "human identical sequences (HIS)". HIS are also recognized in both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV genome. Meanwhile, HIS-SARS-CoV-2 are highly conserved in the primate. Mechanically, HIS-SARS-CoV-2, behaving as virus-derived miRNAs, directly target to the human genomic loci and further interact with host enhancers to activate the expression of adjacent and distant genes, including cytokines gene and angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), a well-known cell entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2, and hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), which further increases hyaluronan formation. Noteworthily, hyaluronan level in plasma of COVID-19 patients is tightly correlated with severity and high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and may act as a predictor for the progression of COVID-19. HIS antagomirs, which downregulate hyaluronan level effectively, and 4-Methylumbelliferone (MU), an inhibitor of hyaluronan synthesis, are potential drugs to relieve the ARDS related ground-glass pattern in lung for COVID-19 treatment. Our results revealed that unprecedented HIS elements of SARS-CoV-2 contribute to the cytokine storm and ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Thus, blocking HIS-involved activating processes or hyaluronan synthesis directly by 4-MU may be effective strategies to alleviate COVID-19 progression.

JHU Has Stopped Collecting Data As Of 03/10/2023

After three years of around-the-clock tracking of COVID-19 data from around the world, Johns Hopkins has discontinued the Coronavirus Resource Center’s operations.

The site’s two raw data repositories will remain accessible for information collected from 1/22/20 to 3/10/23 on cases, deaths, vaccines, testing and demographics.

Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) epidemiological data since 22 January 2020. The data is compiled by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering (JHU CCSE) from various sources including the World Health Organization (WHO), DXY.cn, BNO News, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC), China CDC (CCDC), Hong Kong Department of Health, Macau Government, Taiwan CDC, US CDC, Government of Canada, Australia Government Department of Health, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Ministry of Health Singapore (MOH), and others. JHU CCSE maintains the data on the 2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) Data Repository on Github.

Fields available in the data include Province/State, Country/Region, Last Update, Confirmed, Suspected, Recovered, Deaths.

On 23/03/2020, a new data structure was released. The current resources for the latest time series data are:

• time_series_covid19_confirmed_global.csv
• time_series_covid19_deaths_global.csv
• time_series_covid19_recovered_global.csv

---DEPRECATION WARNING---
The resources below ceased being updated on 22/03/2020 and were removed on 26/03/2020:

• time_series_19-covid-Confirmed.csv
• time_series_19-covid-Deaths.csv
• time_series_19-covid-Recovered.csv

Tentative de classement du nombre de cas confirmés du virus SARS-CoV-2 sur le territoire français par régions. Les données sont issues des médias et des sites de santé de l'état. Le but du document soit d'être le plus précis possible. Sources : https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/soins-et-maladies/maladies/maladies-infectieuses/coronavirus/article/points-de-situation-coronavirus-covid-19 https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-et-infections-respiratoires/infection-a-coronavirus/articles/infection-au-nouveau-coronavirus-sars-cov-2-covid-19-france-et-monde https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr https://www.ars.sante.fr/ https://www.facebook.com/MinSoliSante/ https://geodes.santepubliquefrance.fr/#c=home Autres sources sur data.gouv.fr intéressantes : https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/chiffres-cles-concernant-lepidemie-de-covid19-en-france/ https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/reuses/visualisation-et-analyse-covid-19-monde-france-regions-francaises/ https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/reuses/tableau-de-bord-de-suivi-de-lepidemie-de-covid19/ Autres : https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/3a278da2d7ab4a8a8e1b4ea8bea7121b https://www.esrifrance.fr/coronavirus-ressources.aspx https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 https://nextstrain.org/ncov

ABSTRACT Background : The Covid-19 pandemic associated with the SARS-CoV-2 has caused very high death tolls in many countries, while it has had less prevalence in other countries of Africa and Asia. Climate and geographic conditions, as well as other epidemiologic and demographic conditions, were a matter of debate on whether or not they could have an effect on the prevalence of Covid-19. Objective : In the present work, we sought a possible relevance of the geographic location of a given country on its Covid-19 prevalence. On the other hand, we sought a possible relation between the history of epidemiologic and demographic conditions of the populations and the prevalence of Covid-19 across four continents (America, Europe, Africa, and Asia). We also searched for a possible impact of pre-pandemic alcohol consumption in each country on the two year death tolls across the four continents. Methods : We have sought the death toll caused by Covid-19 in 39 countries and obtained the registered deaths from specialized web pages. For every country in the study, we have analysed the correlation of the Covid-19 death numbers with its geographic latitude, and its associated climate conditions, such as the mean annual temperature, the average annual sunshine hours, and the average annual UV index. We also analyzed the correlation of the Covid-19 death numbers with epidemiologic conditions such as cancer score and Alzheimer score, and with demographic parameters such as birth rate, mortality rate, fertility rate, and the percentage of people aged 65 and above. In regard to consumption habits, we searched for a possible relation between alcohol intake levels per capita and the Covid-19 death numbers in each country. Correlation factors and determination factors, as well as analyses by simple linear regression and polynomial regression, were calculated or obtained by Microsoft Exell software (2016). Results : In the present study, higher numbers of deaths related to Covid-19 pandemic were registered in many countries in Europe and America compared to other countries in Africa and Asia. The analysis by polynomial regression generated an inverted bell-shaped curve and a significant correlation between the Covid-19 death numbers and the geographic latitude of each country in our study. Higher death numbers were registered in the higher geographic latitudes of both hemispheres, while lower scores of deaths were registered in countries located around the equator line. In a bell shaped curve, the latitude levels were negatively correlated to the average annual levels (last 10 years) of temperatures, sunshine hours, and UV index of each country, with the highest scores of each climate parameter being registered around the equator line, while lower levels of temperature, sunshine hours, and UV index were registered in higher latitude countries. In addition, the linear regression analysis showed that the Covid-19 death numbers registered in the 39 countries of our study were negatively correlated with the three climate factors of our study, with the temperature as the main negatively correlated factor with Covid-19 deaths. On the other hand, cancer and Alzheimer's disease scores, as well as advanced age and alcohol intake, were positively correlated to Covid-19 deaths, and inverted bell-shaped curves were obtained when expressing the above parameters against a country’s latitude. Instead, the (birth rate/mortality rate) ratio and fertility rate were negatively correlated to Covid-19 deaths, and their values gave bell-shaped curves when expressed against a country’s latitude. Conclusion : The results of the present study prove that the climate parameters and history of epidemiologic and demographic conditions as well as nutrition habits are very correlated with Covid-19 prevalence. The results of the present study prove that low levels of temperature, sunshine hours, and UV index, as well as negative epidemiologic and demographic conditions and high scores of alcohol intake may worsen Covid-19 prevalence in many countries of the northern hemisphere, and this phenomenon could explain their high Covid-19 death tolls. Keywords : Covid-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, climate, temperature, sunshine hours, UV index, cancer, Alzheimer disease, alcohol.

As of June 13, 2023, there have been almost 768 million cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) worldwide. The disease has impacted almost every country and territory in the world, with the United States confirming around 16 percent of all global cases.

COVID-19: An unprecedented crisis Health systems around the world were initially overwhelmed by the number of coronavirus cases, and even the richest and most prepared countries struggled. In the most vulnerable countries, millions of people lacked access to critical life-saving supplies, such as test kits, face masks, and respirators. However, several vaccines have been approved for use, and more than 13 billion vaccine doses had already been administered worldwide as of March 2023.

The coronavirus in the United Kingdom Over 202 thousand people have died from COVID-19 in the UK, which is the highest number in Europe. The tireless work of the National Health Service (NHS) has been applauded, but the country’s response to the crisis has drawn criticism. The UK was slow to start widespread testing, and the launch of a COVID-19 contact tracing app was delayed by months. However, the UK’s rapid vaccine rollout has been a success story, and around 53.7 million people had received at least one vaccine dose as of July 13, 2022.

Table S1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 patients. Related to Table 1 and Figure 1. Table S2 Statistical comparison (p values) of SARS-CoV-2 specific B cells and T cells in COVID-19 patient samples collected at different time points. Related to Figures 6A-E. Table S3 Statistical comparison (p values) of SARS-CoV-2 specific B cells and T cells in COVID-19 patient samples in relation to disease severity. Related to Figure 6A-E.

This protocol is intended to serve as an evidence-based, continuously-updated guide for occupational health and human resources teams to help reduce the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (hereafter COVID-19) transmission at worksites. The protocol intends to help streamline the efforts of occupational health and human resources departments to perform risk assessment, screening (including testing), and contact tracing of workers. The protocol has two principal objectives: 1. During the spring and summer of 2020, and thereafter, to reduce morbidity and mortality among ‘essential’ workers (as defined and determined by local, state, and federal government authorities) who remain working and potentially exposed and undiagnosed with the virus that causes COVID-19 disease; 2. During the summer and fall of 2020, to reduce morbidity and mortality among workers in ‘non-essential’ roles (those currently working from home under shelter-in-place orders) who may return to congregate worksites during the summer and fall of 2020, despite potential ongoing risk of transmission of coronavirus, and possible resurgence of the epidemic. The protocol is intended to help minimize risk of adverse health outcomes among workers and their contacts in the context of considerable uncertainty regarding the pathogenesis, transmission dynamics and prevalence of the disease in the United States at the current time. The protocol is also intended to be a living document that receives continuous peer review from occupational health, epidemiology, and infectious disease experts, with the intention of further reducing workplace risk for transmission of the virus that causes COVID-19 in the context of gradual learning about the pathogenesis of disease; its epidemiology; and available technologies to reduce its incidence, transmission, and associated mortality.

Rationale: The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, to be a pandemic and, therefore, a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The COVID-19 outbreak has a huge impact on health care, but also on economic and social costs. Track-and-trace programs are important measures to control the virus, but they have their limitations such as delays in the test results (e.g., it takes time to develop symptoms after infection, to access a test, receive the test result, and for close contacts to be traced). Early traceability of the virus may help in the track-and-trace programs to control the virus. It is currently thought that most – but not all – infected individuals develop symptoms, but that the infectious period starts on average two days before the first overt symptoms appear. It is estimated that pre- and asymptomatic individuals are responsible for up to half of all transmissions. By detecting infected individuals before they have overt symptoms, the proportion of transmissions by pre-symptomatic individuals could potentially be significantly reduced. Primary Objective: Using laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections (detected via serology, PCR and/or antigen tests) as the gold standard, we will determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for each of the following two algorithms to detect first time SARS-CoV-2 infection including early or asymptomatic infection: the algorithm using Ava bracelet data when coupled with self-reported Daily Symptom Diary data, and the algorithm using self-reported Daily Symptom Diary data alone. In addition, we will determine which of the two algorithms has superior performance characteristics for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection including early or asymptomatic infection as confirmed by SARS-CoV-2 virus testing. Study design: Randomized, single-blinded, two-period, two-sequence crossover trial. The study will start with an initial Learning Phase (maximum 3 months), followed by a 3-month Period 1 and a 3-month Period 2. Each subject will undergo the experimental condition (=algorithm uses data from app and bracelet) in one of these periods and the control condition (=algorithm uses data from the app only) in the other period, but the order will be randomly assigned, resulting in Sequence 1 (experimental condition first) and Sequence 2 (control condition first). Study population: A target of 20,000 subjects will be enrolled in this study. Subjects will be recruited from previously studied cohorts as well as via public campaigns. They will be invited to visit the COVID-RED web portal. When they have successfully completed the survey questions in the COVID-RED web portal, are considered eligible and have indicated interest in joining the study, then they will receive the subject information sheet and consent form. Subjects can be enrolled when they comply with the following inclusion and exclusion criteria: Key Inclusion criteria: • Resident of the Netherlands • At least 18 years old • Must have a smartphone that runs at least Android 8.0 or iOS 13.0 operating systems and is active for the duration of the study (in the case of a change of mobile number, study team should be notified) • Be able to read, understand and write Dutch Key Exclusion criteria • Previous positive SARS-CoV-2 test result (confirmed either through PCR/antigen or antibody tests) (self-reported) • Current suspected (e.g., waiting for test result) coronavirus infection or symptoms of a coronavirus infection (self-reported) • Electronic implanted device (such as a pacemaker) • Suffering from cholinergic urticaria Intervention: All subjects will be instructed to complete the Daily Symptom Diary in the Ava COVID-RED app, wear their Ava bracelet each night and synchronise it with the app each day, during the entire period of study participation. The experimental condition (=algorithm uses app and bracelet data) will be compared to the control condition (=algorithm uses app data only). Main study parameters/endpoints: The primary endpoint for this study for each subject is the daily indication of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection as provided by the algorithm of the Ava COVID-RED app with or without using data from the Ava bracelet. This daily endpoint will be compared with actual SARS-CoV-2 test results (PCR/antigen and/or serology) collected before, during and at the end of study participation. For the primary comparison, this daily endpoint will be summarized over each trial period per subject to determine (1) whether a subject was ever judged to have had a high risk for a potential SARS-Cov-2 infection, and (2) whether a subject was ever confirmed to have had a SARS-CoV-2 infection by PCR/antigen and/or serology testing. For this comparison, parameters such as sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value will be calculated. Nature and extent of the burden and risks associated with participation, benefit and group relatedness: Subjects wearing the Ava bracelet may experience skin irritation or sensitization due to rubbing and friction. Subjects are instructed to only wear the device at night to allow the skin to dry and breath during the day. They will be instructed to discontinue wearing the Ava bracelet and contact the study team in case they experience any signs of allergic reaction, feel soreness, tingling, numbness, burning or stiffness in their hands or wrists while or after wearing the Ava bracelet. Subjects may feel uncomfortable answering health questions in the Ava COVID-RED app, but they have the choice of not responding to the questions in the app. Subjects will be asked to donate fingerprick blood for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing at up to 4 different timepoints, which may cause minor discomfort. This study will use the existing testing infrastructure in the Netherlands provided by the Municipal Health services (GGD) for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and, only when this is not possible, PCR testing in the central study laboratory will be arranged. Recruitment and follow-up will be completely remote and take place via post, email, phone and electronic web portals. In this way, risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is minimized as much as possible for those wanting to participate in the trial and for the staff conducting the trial. Another risk for the subject is the potential breach of data security. The study team will implement security measures to prevent loss of data or unauthorised access to the data and we will follow the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Data will be pseudo-anonymized within the platforms where data analysis will be performed. Data transfers will use a trial-specific identifier which is not linked to any external participant identifiers. Overall, the burden for the subjects is assessed as small and is justified given the importance of assessing a potential method in early detection of COVID-19. The expected benefit is large as the algorithms trained on the obtained data recordings from the Ava bracelet are expected to recognize COVID-19 earlier than the presentation of clinical symptoms. The latter would allow for earlier isolation and stratification as well as monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons preventing further spread and, if applicable, allowing for appropriate healthcare.

The aim of the special survey of the GESIS panel on the outbreak of the corona virus SARS-CoV-2 in Germany was to collect timely data on the effects of the corona crisis on people´s daily lives. The study focused on questions of risk perception, risk minimization measures, evaluation of political measures and their compliance, trust in politics and institutions, changed employment situation, childcare obligations, and media consumption. Due to the need for timely data collection, only the GESIS panel sub-sample of online respondents was invited (about three quarters of the sample). Since, due to time constraints, respondents could only participate in the online survey but not by mail, the results cannot be easily transferred to the overall population. Further longitudinal surveys on Covid-19 with the entire sample of the GESIS panel are planned for 2020.

Topics: Risk perception: Probability of events related to corona infection in the next two months (self, infection of a person from close social surrondings, hospital treatment, quarantine measures regardless of whether infected or not, infecting other people)

Risk minimization: risk minimization measures taken in the last seven days (avoided certain (busy) places, kept minimum distance to other people, adapted school or work situation, quarantine due to symptoms or without symptoms, washed hands more often, used disinfectant, stocks increased, reduced social interactions, worn face mask, other, none of these measures).

Evaluation of the effectiveness of various policy measures to combat the further spread of corona virus (closure of day-care centres, kindergartens and schools, closure of sports facilities, closure of bars, cafés and restaurants, closure of all shops except supermarkets and pharmacies, ban on visiting hospitals, nursing homes and old people´s homes, curfew for persons aged 70 and over or people with health problems or for anyone not working in the health sector or other critical professions (except for basic purchases and urgent medical care).

Curfew compliance or refusal: Willingness to obey a curfew vs. refusal; reasons for the compliance with curfew (social duty, fear of punishment, protection against infection, fear of infecting others (loved ones, infecting others in general, a risk group); reasons for refusal of curfew (restrictions too drastic or not justified, other obligations, does not stop the spread, not affected by the outbreak, boring at home, will not be punished).

Evaluation of the effectiveness of various government measures (medical care, restrictions on social life such as closure of public facilities and businesses, reduction of economic damage, communication with the population).

Trust in politics and institutions with regard to dealing with the coronavirus (physician, local health authority, local and municipal administration, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Federal Government, German Chancellor, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO), scientists).

Changed employment situation: employment status at the beginning of March; change in occupational situation since the spread of coronavirus: dependent employees: number of hours reduced, number of hours increased, more home office, leave of absence with/ without continued wage payment , fired, no change; self-employed: working hours reduced, working hours increased, more home office, revenue decreased, revenue increased, company temporarily closed by the authorities, company temporarily voluntarily closed, financial hardship, company permanently closed or insolvent, no change.

Childcare: children under 12 in the household; organisation of childcare during the closure of day-care centres, kindergartens and schools (staying at home, partner stays at home, older siblings take care, grandparents are watching, etc.)

Media consumption on Corona: information sources used for Corona (e.g. nationwide public or private television or radio, local public or private television or radio, national newspapers or local newspapers, Facebook, other social media, personal conversations with friends and family, other, do not inform myself on the subject); frequency of Facebook usage; information about Corona obtained from regional Facebook page or regional Facebook group.

Demography: sex; age (categorized); education (categorized); intention to vote and choice of party (Sunday question); Left-right self-assessment; marital status; size of household.

Additionally coded: Respondent ID;...

Main differences between COVID-19, SARS, and MERS.

Reporting of new Aggregate Case and Death Count data was discontinued May 11, 2023, with the expiration of the COVID-19 public health emergency declaration. This dataset will receive a final update on June 1, 2023, to reconcile historical data through May 10, 2023, and will remain publicly available.

Aggregate Data Collection Process Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, data have been gathered through a robust process with the following steps:

• A CDC data team reviews and validates the information obtained from jurisdictions’ state and local websites via an overnight data review process.
• If more than one official county data source exists, CDC uses a comprehensive data selection process comparing each official county data source, and takes the highest case and death counts respectively, unless otherwise specified by the state.
• CDC compiles these data and posts the finalized information on COVID Data Tracker.
• County level data is aggregated to obtain state and territory specific totals.

This process is collaborative, with CDC and jurisdictions working together to ensure the accuracy of COVID-19 case and death numbers. County counts provide the most up-to-date numbers on cases and deaths by report date. CDC may retrospectively update counts to correct data quality issues.

Methodology Changes Several differences exist between the current, weekly-updated dataset and the archived version:

• Source: The current Weekly-Updated Version is based on county-level aggregate count data, while the Archived Version is based on State-level aggregate count data.
• Confirmed/Probable Cases/Death breakdown:  While the probable cases and deaths are included in the total case and total death counts in both versions (if applicable), they were reported separately from the confirmed cases and deaths by jurisdiction in the Archived Version.  In the current Weekly-Updated Version, the counts by jurisdiction are not reported by confirmed or probable status (See Confirmed and Probable Counts section for more detail).
• Time Series Frequency: The current Weekly-Updated Version contains weekly time series data (i.e., one record per week per jurisdiction), while the Archived Version contains daily time series data (i.e., one record per day per jurisdiction).
• Update Frequency: The current Weekly-Updated Version is updated weekly, while the Archived Version was updated twice daily up to October 20, 2022.

Important note: The counts reflected during a given time period in this dataset may not match the counts reflected for the same time period in the archived dataset noted above. Discrepancies may exist due to differences between county and state COVID-19 case surveillance and reconciliation efforts.

Confirmed and Probable Counts In this dataset, counts by jurisdiction are not displayed by confirmed or probable status. Instead, confirmed and probable cases and deaths are included in the Total Cases and Total Deaths columns, when available. Not all jurisdictions report probable cases and deaths to CDC.* Confirmed and probable case definition criteria are described here:

Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (ymaws.com).

Deaths CDC reports death data on other sections of the website: CDC COVID Data Tracker: Home, CDC COVID Data Tracker: Cases, Deaths, and Testing, and NCHS Provisional Death Counts. Information presented on the COVID Data Tracker pages is based on the same source (total case counts) as the present dataset; however, NCHS Death Counts are based on death certificates that use information reported by physicians, medical examiners, or coroners in the cause-of-death section of each certificate. Data from each of these pages are considered provisional (not complete and pending verification) and are therefore subject to change. Counts from previous weeks are continually revised as more records are received and processed.

Number of Jurisdictions Reporting There are currently 60 public health jurisdictions reporting cases of COVID-19. This includes the 50 states, the District of Columbia, New York City, the U.S. territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S Virgin Islands as well as three independent countries in compacts of free association with the United States, Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, and Republic of Palau. New York State’s reported case and death counts do not include New York City’s counts as they separately report nationally notifiable conditions to CDC.

CDC COVID-19 data are available to the public as summary or aggregate count files, including total counts of cases and deaths, available by state and by county. These and other data on COVID-19 are available from multiple public locations, such as:

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html

https://www.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/index.html

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/index.html

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/open-america/surveillance-data-analytics.html

Additional COVID-19 public use datasets, include line-level (patient-level) data, are available at: https://data.cdc.gov/browse?tags=covid-19.

Archived Data Notes:

November 3, 2022: Due to a reporting cadence issue, case rates for Missouri counties are calculated based on 11 days’ worth of case count data in the Weekly United States COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by State data released on November 3, 2022, instead of the customary 7 days’ worth of data.

November 10, 2022: Due to a reporting cadence change, case rates for Alabama counties are calculated based on 13 days’ worth of case count data in the Weekly United States COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by State data released on November 10, 2022, instead of the customary 7 days’ worth of data.

November 10, 2022: Per the request of the jurisdiction, cases and deaths among non-residents have been removed from all Hawaii county totals throughout the entire time series. Cumulative case and death counts reported by CDC will no longer match Hawaii’s COVID-19 Dashboard, which still includes non-resident cases and deaths. 

November 17, 2022: Two new columns, weekly historic cases and weekly historic deaths, were added to this dataset on November 17, 2022. These columns reflect case and death counts that were reported that week but were historical in nature and not reflective of the current burden within the jurisdiction. These historical cases and deaths are not included in the new weekly case and new weekly death columns; however, they are reflected in the cumulative totals provided for each jurisdiction. These data are used to account for artificial increases in case and death totals due to batched reporting of historical data.

December 1, 2022: Due to cadence changes over the Thanksgiving holiday, case rates for all Ohio counties are reported as 0 in the data released on December 1, 2022.

January 5, 2023: Due to North Carolina’s holiday reporting cadence, aggregate case and death data will contain 14 days’ worth of data instead of the customary 7 days. As a result, case and death metrics will appear higher than expected in the January 5, 2023, weekly release.

January 12, 2023: Due to data processing delays, Mississippi’s aggregate case and death data will be reported as 0. As a result, case and death metrics will appear lower than expected in the January 12, 2023, weekly release.

January 19, 2023: Due to a reporting cadence issue, Mississippi’s aggregate case and death data will be calculated based on 14 days’ worth of data instead of the customary 7 days in the January 19, 2023, weekly release.

January 26, 2023: Due to a reporting backlog of historic COVID-19 cases, case rates for two Michigan counties (Livingston and Washtenaw) were higher than expected in the January 19, 2023 weekly release.

January 26, 2023: Due to a backlog of historic COVID-19 cases being reported this week, aggregate case and death counts in Charlotte County and Sarasota County, Florida, will appear higher than expected in the January 26, 2023 weekly release.

January 26, 2023: Due to data processing delays, Mississippi’s aggregate case and death data will be reported as 0 in the weekly release posted on January 26, 2023.

February 2, 2023: As of the data collection deadline, CDC observed an abnormally large increase in aggregate COVID-19 cases and deaths reported for Washington State. In response, totals for new cases and new deaths released on February 2, 2023, have been displayed as zero at the state level until the issue is addressed with state officials. CDC is working with state officials to address the issue.

February 2, 2023: Due to a decrease reported in cumulative case counts by Wyoming, case rates will be reported as 0 in the February 2, 2023, weekly release. CDC is working with state officials to verify the data submitted.

February 16, 2023: Due to data processing delays, Utah’s aggregate case and death data will be reported as 0 in the weekly release posted on February 16, 2023. As a result, case and death metrics will appear lower than expected and should be interpreted with caution.

February 16, 2023: Due to a reporting cadence change, Maine’s