The following datasets are currently available for non-commercial use. The datasets have two parts, one part consists of laser scan data and corresponding image data which used to compare the accuracy and completeness with the different reconstruction methods, the other consists of the image collections of the typical ancient architectures in the four Buddhist mountains (Mount Wutai, Mount Emei, Mount Jiuhua, Mount Putuo) and two Taoist mountains (Mount Wudang, Mount Qingcheng).Benchmark DatabaseWe use the Riegl-LMS-Z420i laser scanner to scan the 3 buildings in the Tsinghua University. The scanner’s accuracy is 10mm@50m, and the angular stepwidth is 0.0057degree. The 3 buildings are the old gate, the tsinghua school, and the life science building. You can download the groundtruth data from laser scanner, the image data and the camera projection matrix of each buildings. And you can also obtain the evaluation software which is used to evaluate the difference between your result and the groundtruth in Software section.Ancient Architecture Image DatabaseWe have captured typical ancient architectures in the four Buddhist mountains (Mount Wutai, Mount Emei, Mount Jiuhua, Mount Putuo) and two Taoist mountains (Mount Wudang, Mount Qingcheng). The camera is Canno EOS 5D.

The structure and dynamics of a forest are defined by the architecture and growth patterns of its individual trees. In turn, tree architecture and growth result from the interplay between the genetic building plans and environmental factors. We set out to investigate whether (i) latitudinal adaptations of the crown shape occur due to characteristic solar elevation angles at a species' origin, (ii) architectural differences in trees are related to seed dispersal strategies, and (iii) tree architecture relates to tree growth performance. We used Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) to scan 473 trees and generated three-dimensional data of each tree. Tree architectural complexity was then characterized by fractal analysis using the box-dimension approach along with a topological measure of the top-heaviness of a tree. The tree species studied originated from various latitudinal ranges but were grown in the same environmental settings in the arboretum. We found that trees originating from higher latitudes had significantly less top-heavy geometries than those from lower latitudes. Therefore, to a certain degree, the crown shape of tree species seems to be determined by their original habitat. We also found that tree species with wind-dispersed seeds had a higher structural complexity than those with animal-dispersed seeds (p < 0.001). Furthermore, tree architectural complexity was positively related to the growth performance of the trees (p < 0.001). We conclude that the use of 3D data from MLS in combination with geometrical analysis, including fractal analysis, is a promising tool to investigate tree architecture.

This dataset contains 3D Lidar scans representative for 0.5 ha permanent sample plots at Caatinga, Brazil. Two plots were located in Serra das Almas Reserve (SDA) and one plot in Petrolina (PET). The dataset also includes scans completed inside and outside for 10 individual trees. Scans were taken between July 2017 and May 2019.

Conjunto 16, room 4 is a structure located in the Western Urban Sector of the world-renowned archaeological site Machu Picchu, in Peru. Room 4 sits just to the east of the Sacred Plaza and open terraces.

The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies (CAST), University of Arkansas conducted high density surveys of Conjunto rooms as part of a UCLA field school in 2009. During the field school, students acquired the 3D survey data while learning about different mapping and documentation standards. CAST researchers completed the additional data processing.

CAST researchers and field school students completed scans of Conjunto 16, room 1 and room 4. See the following tDAR address to view the scan of room 1: https://core.tdar.org/sensory-data/391569.

This record presents the 3D data for Conjunto 16, Room 4. It provides the original scan data and the merged point cloud.

Visit YouTube to view a fly-through of the 3D scan of Conjunto 16, room 4: http://youtu.be/mMjaLm1A0dY

3D Laser Scan Heads Market Outlook

The global 3D laser scan heads market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 2.6 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 9% during the forecast period. This robust growth can be attributed to the increasing adoption of 3D scanning technologies across various industries, driven by advancements in technology and a rising demand for high-precision scanning solutions.

One of the primary growth factors for the 3D laser scan heads market is the rapid technological advancements in laser scanning technologies. The development of more accurate, faster, and user-friendly scan heads has significantly increased their adoption across industries such as automotive, aerospace, and healthcare. These innovations have enabled industries to perform intricate measurements and inspections with unprecedented precision and speed, thus fueling market growth. Moreover, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning with 3D scanning offers enhanced analytics capabilities, further propelling the market forward.

Another significant driver of market growth is the increasing need for quality control and inspection in manufacturing processes. Industries such as automotive and aerospace require utmost precision in manufacturing components, and 3D laser scan heads provide a non-contact and non-destructive means of achieving this. These devices help in minimizing errors, reducing material waste, and ensuring adherence to stringent regulatory standards, thereby improving overall production efficiency and product quality. The rising trend of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing is also playing a pivotal role in accelerating the adoption of 3D laser scan heads.

The expansion of the construction and architecture sectors is also contributing to the growth of the 3D laser scan heads market. In these industries, 3D scanning is utilized for various applications such as building information modeling (BIM), structural analysis, and retrofitting of existing structures. The ability of 3D laser scan heads to capture detailed and accurate spatial data aids architects and engineers in designing and executing complex projects more efficiently. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on infrastructure development and renovation activities worldwide is anticipated to drive the demand for 3D scanning solutions.

On the regional front, North America holds a significant share of the 3D laser scan heads market, owing to the presence of key industry players, ongoing technological advancements, and substantial investments in R&D activities. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, fueled by rapid industrialization, increasing adoption of automation technologies, and expanding construction activities in countries like China and India. Europe also presents considerable growth opportunities due to the strong presence of automotive and aerospace industries and a growing focus on quality assurance and compliance.

Product Type Analysis

The 3D laser scan heads market can be segmented based on product type into fixed laser scan heads and handheld laser scan heads. Fixed laser scan heads are typically mounted in a stationary position and are used for scanning large areas or objects that are difficult to move. These systems are widely utilized in industrial applications where high precision and accuracy are paramount. They offer advantages such as fast scanning speeds, high resolution, and the ability to operate in harsh industrial environments. The demand for fixed laser scan heads is driven by their extensive use in automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing sectors for quality control, inspection, and reverse engineering applications.

Handheld laser scan heads, on the other hand, provide greater flexibility and portability, making them ideal for applications that require on-site or field measurements. These devices are increasingly being adopted in construction and architecture for tasks such as site surveying, structural analysis, and retrofitting projects. Handheld scan heads allow for easy maneuverability and can capture detailed 3D data from various angles, enabling users to create accurate models and plans. The growing need for portable and user-friendly scanning solutions in industries such as healthcare and maintenance is expected to drive the demand for handheld laser scan heads.

3d laser scan data from the documentation of former enslaved work spaces in the east dependency of the former Upper Bremo Plantation, Fluvanna County, Virginia, built ca. 1819 by John Hartwell Cocke; data was collected using (3) FARO Focus 3D laser scanners, data was registered using FARO Scene v.2019; Data files can be downloaded at the following locations: Coming soon. Contact Will Rourk will@virginia.edu for more info Please credit the University of Virginia Library upon use of this data

Conjunto 16, room 1 is a structure located in the Western Urban Sector of the world-renowned archaeological site Machu Picchu, in Peru. Room 1 lies east of the Sacred Plaza and open terraces.

The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies (CAST), University of Arkansas conducted high density surveys of Conjunto rooms as part of a UCLA field school in 2009. During the field school, students acquired the 3D survey data while learning about different mapping and documentation standards. CAST researchers completed the additional data processing.

CAST researchers and field school students completed scans of Conjunto 16, room 1 and room 4. See the following tDAR address to view the scan of room 4: https://core.tdar.org/sensory-data/391568.

This record presents the 3D data for Conjunto 16, Room 1. It provides the original scan data and the merged point cloud.

Visit YouTube to view a fly-through of the 3D scan of Conjunto 16, Room 1: http://youtu.be/8P0Rd_bRFRw

RESEARCH BACKGROUND CAT scan data is often visualised using a three-dimensional grid of discrete data, known as an isosurface. The Streaming House project questions if a parallel technique could be explored using a video stream, which has a similar form of data as an isosurface. A video stream of Mies van der Rohe's modernist architectural form, the Barcelona Pavilion, is taken as a starting point on which the prototypical experiment can occur.

RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION This project by Paul Minifie employs the isosurfacing technique as a novel means of generating new architectural form from Mies' seminal work. The resulting project provides a contemporary re-examination of this historic architectural work, and demonstrates an innovative and precise architectural design technique.

RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE It was selected for inclusion in Convergence: Hotspots Melbourne at the 2004 Architectural Biennale Beijing. The Streaming House has been published twice in leading Australian journal, the Architectural Review, as well as through international recognition in books including 10 x 10_2 100 Architects 10 Critics published by Phaidon Press and in Built Diagrams edited by Ilka Ruby, Andreas Ruby and Philip Ursprung.

Point cloud of the Morspoort historic city gate, Leiden, the Netherlands, made using the Leica P40 Terrestrial Laser Scanner. The data consists of 8 registered scans from different positions, and contains XYZ coordinates, rgb colours and intensity of the return signal for every point.
This dataset was collected on February 22, 2021 for the course "CIE4614 3D Surveying of Civil and Offshore Infrastructure" at the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. Subsampled to 1 cm per scan.

Machu Picchu is a dramatic, UNESCO World Heritage archaeological site associated with the Incan Empire in Peru. Built in the 15th century, the site consists of 200 structures and hundreds of stone terraces constructed atop steep mountain ridges.

The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies (CAST), University of Arkansas conducted high density surveys of Machu Picchu in 2005. CAST researchers completed a site-wide survey, which provides the user with a sense of what it is like to be at Machu Picchu. However, the survey is not complete (There are holes in the data.). The original scan files and a merged point cloud are provided here.

Visit YouTube to view a fly-through of the 3D scan of Machu Picchu: http://youtu.be/NAwRwV6-BkY

As part of ongoing FWF research projects on Buddhist architecture in the Western Himalayas at Graz University of Technology, it was possible to secure significant documentation and materials relating to sacred buildings in Dolpo in Western Nepal in recent years, led by the Institute of Architectural Theory, History of Art and Cultural Studies (akk). Provoked by the outstanding performance of modern surveying technologies, a cooperation was started with our institute (Institute of Engineering Geodesy and Measurement Systems, IGMS) in order enhance existing methodologies of conventional building research by the integration of modern surveying methods, within the frame of an FWF project “Buddhist Architecture in Western Himalayas” (https://archresearch.tugraz.at/).

The aim of this interdisciplinary work was to explore significant Buddhist temple sites in Upper Dolpo, a remote area in Nepal, and to document several sites using modern 3D laser scanning technology. The derived models show a high level of detail and confidence, both from the outside and inside of the temple. Thus, they provide a solid data foundation for studying architectural connections in topologies of different sites and for further building research within the scientific community.

In order to reach a high accuracy level (within a few millimeters), the documentation strategy in the project was based on accurate laser scan data (Leica RTC360). The individual laser scans were pre-registered in the field, and afterwards post-processed in the Leica Register 360 software. The registration was based on cloud-to-cloud registrations (in order to have a high mobility in the measurement setups).

The models are given in local coordinates; however, the Y axis is roughly aligned with grid north of WGS84 (derived by handheld GPS measurements)

This DOI represents the whole dataset gathered at the site in the fieldwork in 2022/2023. An overview of the site (JPG) and a down-sampled 3D model are provided herein for general distribution in order to avoid hidden inventory and provide these data to the committed scientific community. Please contact the authors if the complete data set and/or raw data (point cloud) is required for scientific research.

As part of ongoing FWF research projects on Buddhist architecture in the Western Himalayas at Graz University of Technology, it was possible to secure significant documentation and materials relating to sacred buildings in Dolpo in Western Nepal in recent years, led by the Institute of Architectural Theory, History of Art and Cultural Studies (akk). Provoked by the outstanding performance of modern surveying technologies, a cooperation was started with our institute (Institute of Engineering Geodesy and Measurement Systems, IGMS) in order enhance existing methodologies of conventional building research by the integration of modern surveying methods, within the frame of an FWF project “Buddhist Architecture in Western Himalayas” (https://archresearch.tugraz.at/).

The aim of this interdisciplinary work was to explore significant Buddhist temple sites in Upper Dolpo, a remote area in Nepal, and to document several sites using modern 3D laser scanning technology. The derived models show a high level of detail and confidence, both from the outside and inside of the temple. Thus, they provide a solid data foundation for studying architectural connections in topologies of different sites and for further building research within the scientific community.

In order to reach a high accuracy level (within a few millimeters), the documentation strategy in the project was based on accurate laser scan data (Leica RTC360). The individual laser scans were pre-registered in the field, and afterwards post-processed in the Leica Register 360 software. The registration was based on cloud-to-cloud registrations (in order to have a high mobility in the measurement setups).

The models are given in local coordinates; however, the Y axis is roughly aligned with grid north of WGS84 (derived by handheld GPS measurements)

This DOI represents the whole dataset gathered at the site in the fieldwork in 2022/2023. An overview of the site (JPG) and a down-sampled 3D model are provided herein for general distribution in order to avoid hidden inventory and provide these data to the committed scientific community. Please contact the authors if the complete data set and/or raw data (point cloud) is required for scientific research.

In February 2005 and July 2006, teams from the Development of Integrated Automatic Procedures for the Restoration of Monuments (DIAPReM) from the University of Ferrara, the Institute of Science and Information Technology of the National Research Council in Pisa and the Department of Architectural Design at the University of Florence conducted a High Definition Survey of the Piazza del Duomo. The data was acquired from 30 positions and was focused on the exterior parts of the Cathedral, the Campanile and the Baptistery. The 3D survey was coordinated and georeferenced with a topographical survey conducted by the DIAPReM team. The final 3D laser scan survey data was registered within the topographic survey with an average error of 3mm and fused into a master dataset (point cloud) that contains a total of 256,653,388 points. Pisa's Piazza del Duomo, also known as Piazza dei Miracoli (Piazza of Miracles) is an expansive, grassy field dominated by three, white marble, monumental works of architecture: the cathedral, babtistery, and campanile. They are famous for their construction and location at the entrance of Pisa, as well as for the campanile's infamous inclination, causing it to be called the "Leaning Tower of Pisa." While these three structures were commonly all part of a single church in northern Europe, their existence as three individual entities is typical of Italian practice of this era. A fourth structure, a walled cemetery, provides an edge on the north side of the site. External Project Link: https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/6gLiCyckhFRnJw Additional Info Link: https://cyark.org/projects/piazza-del-duomo-pisa

Ants are one of the most significant bioturbators and they are likely to be affected by the current worldwide increase in temperatures, hence there could be a cascading effect on their contributions to soil functioning. Data presented here correspond to an experimental work under controlled laboratory conditions, that aimed to investigate the effects of increased surface temperatures on ants' nest architecture and its potential as extended plastic phenotype, and further consequences on bioturbation. Data include: 1) weekly excavated humid and dry soil, and water evaporation per column of soil. It includes: a) Identification of columns and weights of tubes at the start of the experiment, and b) humid excavated soil, dry excavated soil, actual weight of the column, calculated weight of the column (all in g), and calculated evaporated water in mL. 2) temperature on the surface of columns of soil where ants built their nests, per hour. Data include a) day and time, b) temperature in °C. 3) underground temperature of columns of soil where ants built their nests, every three hours. Data include a) day and time, b) temperature in °C. 4) nest morphological describers for each column of soil during four dates. Data were obtained from CT-scan images on DICOM format using a combination of Avizo and ImageJ softwares. It includes: a) unitless traits (sphericity, ellipse elevation, number of pores, Euler number, gamma, tortuosity); b) traits in mm (biggest ball radius, centroid Z, chamber thickness, tunnels thickness) ; c) traits in mm3 (total volume, tunnels volume, chambers volume, refilled volume); d) traits in percentage (tunnels volume, chambers volume, refilled volume). 5) profile of porosity of full nests in the column of soil. Data were obtained from the same CT-scan images and include slice (image) and its depth in mm, area of the pore and of the matrix in pixels, and percentage of pore area compared to total matrix area. 6) profile of porosity of refilled chambers in the column of soil. Data include slice (image) and its depth in mm, area of the refilled chamber and of the matrix in pixels, and percentage of refilled area compared to total matrix area. 7) number of workers during the experiment. Data includes number of individuals on days 0 and 100, number of new workers and percentage on new workers compared to the number of individuals at T100. 8) Size and weight of 10 ants per colony at the end of the experiment. Data include a) traits measured in mm: length of head, Weber's length (i.e. thorax length), and total length (head + thorax length); b) dry weight measured in mg. Note that, due to methodological constraints, the size and the weight do not correspond to the same individual, and we included them on the same database to facilitate its analyses exclusively.

Uncovering relationships between landscape diversity and species interactions is crucial for predicting how ongoing land-use change and homogenization will impact the stability and persistence of communities. However, such connections have rarely been quantified in nature. We coupled high-resolution river sonar imaging with annualized energetic food webs to quantify relationships between habitat diversity, energy flux, and trophic interaction strengths in large-river food web modules that support the endangered Pallid Sturgeon. Our results demonstrate a clear relationship between habitat diversity and species interaction strengths, with more diverse foraging landscapes containing higher production of prey and a greater proportion of weak and potentially stabilizing interactions. Additionally, rare patches of large and relatively stable river sediments intensified these effects and further reduced interaction strengths by increasing prey diversity. Our findings highlight the importance o...

Point cloud of the Prototype of Maison d’Artiste, originally designed by Theo van Doesburg and Cornelis van Eesteren and located at the Jaffalaan, Delft. Made using the Leica P40 Terrestrial Laser Scanner. The data consists of 4 registered scans from different positions, and contains XYZ coordinates, rgb colours and intensity of the return signal for every point.

This dataset was collected on February 26, 2020 for the course "CIE4614 3D Surveying of Civil and Offshore Infrastructure" at the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences.

As part of ongoing FWF research projects on Buddhist architecture in the Western Himalayas at Graz University of Technology, it was possible to secure significant documentation and materials relating to sacred buildings in Dolpo in Western Nepal in recent years, led by the Institute of Architectural Theory, History of Art and Cultural Studies (akk). Provoked by the outstanding performance of modern surveying technologies, a cooperation was started with our institute (Institute of Engineering Geodesy and Measurement Systems, IGMS) in order enhance existing methodologies of conventional building research by the integration of modern surveying methods, within the frame of an FWF project “Buddhist Architecture in Western Himalayas” (https://archresearch.tugraz.at/).

The aim of this interdisciplinary work was to explore significant Buddhist temple sites in Upper Dolpo, a remote area in Nepal, and to document several sites using modern 3D laser scanning technology. The derived models show a high level of detail and confidence, both from the outside and inside of the temple. Thus, they provide a solid data foundation for studying architectural connections in topologies of different sites and for further building research within the scientific community.

In order to reach a high accuracy level (within a few millimeters), the documentation strategy in the project was based on a combination of highly accurate laser scan data (Leica RTC360) and photogrammetric images. The individual laser scans were pre-registered in the field, and afterwards post-processed in the Leica Register 360 software. The registration was based on cloud-to-cloud registrations (in order to have a high mobility in the measurement setups), and – where possible - on stable reference points. The coordinates of these ground control points were determined using a geodetic total station (available only 2022) with redundant measurements in local geodetic network configuration.

This DOI represents the whole dataset gathered at the site in the fieldwork in 2022/2023. An overview of the site (JPG) and a down-sampled 3D model are provided herein for general distribution in order to avoid hidden inventory and provide these data to the commited scientific community. Please contact the authors if the complete data set and/or raw data (point cloud) is required for scientific research.

Huayna Picchu is a large mountain that rises over Machu Picchu, on the north side of the site. The mountain's summit is terraced, and supports several structures.

The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies (CAST), University of Arkansas conducted high density surveys of Huayna Picchu in 2005. CAST researchers completed two long range scans of the mountain top and its ruins from a single vantage point. The original scan files and a merged point cloud data set are provided here.

Visit YouTube to view a fly-through of the 3D scan of Huayna Picchu: http://youtu.be/J4JvVp_3Hmk

As part of ongoing FWF research projects on Buddhist architecture in the Western Himalayas at Graz University of Technology, it was possible to secure significant documentation and materials relating to sacred buildings in Dolpo in Western Nepal in recent years, led by the Institute of Architectural Theory, History of Art and Cultural Studies (akk). Provoked by the outstanding performance of modern surveying technologies, a cooperation was started with our institute (Institute of Engineering Geodesy and Measurement Systems, IGMS) in order enhance existing methodologies of conventional building research by the integration of modern surveying methods, within the frame of an FWF project “Buddhist Architecture in Western Himalayas” (https://archresearch.tugraz.at/).

The aim of this interdisciplinary work was to explore significant Buddhist temple sites in Upper Dolpo, a remote area in Nepal, and to document several sites using modern 3D laser scanning technology. The derived models show a high level of detail and confidence, both from the outside and inside of the temple. Thus, they provide a solid data foundation for studying architectural connections in topologies of different sites and for further building research within the scientific community.

In order to reach a high accuracy level (within a few millimeters), the documentation strategy in the project was based on accurate laser scan data (Leica RTC360). The individual laser scans were pre-registered in the field, and afterwards post-processed in the Leica Register 360 software. The registration was based on cloud-to-cloud registrations (in order to have a high mobility in the measurement setups).

The models are given in local coordinates; however, the Y axis is roughly aligned with grid north of WGS84 (derived by handheld GPS measurements)

This DOI represents the whole dataset gathered at the site in the fieldwork in 2022/2023. An overview of the site (JPG) and a down-sampled 3D model are provided herein for general distribution in order to avoid hidden inventory and provide these data to the committed scientific community. Please contact the authors if the complete data set and/or raw data (point cloud) is required for scientific research.

This data set concerns a total of 56 cocoa trees grown in cocoa based agroforestry systems from Central region of Cameroon. The data collection campaign was carried out in the district of Bokito (4°34 latitude N and 11°07 longitude E), in the village of Yorro located in a forest-savannah transition zone. The cocoa trees of this data set belong to five different architectural types [Jagoret et al 2017]. The cocoa trees has been sampled in 4 different plots of ages ranging from 5 to 70 year old. The data set consists in Terrestrial Lidar scanning data acquired using a Leica C10 scan station. For each tree, the data set contains the point cloud of the whole tree. There are also the point clouds of the leaves and the point clouds of the wood for 29 of the trees for which the leaf/wood segmentation has been done using the LeWoS software [Di Wang et al 2018]. From all those point clouds, many in silico measurements of the trees can be done to better characterize their architecture, their photosynthetic capacity and the biomass distribution. The scans have been done from the 27th to the 30th of August in 2019.