Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017). Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics: Investment - Credit to Agriculture | Country: Germany | Item: Total Credit | Element: Value US$ - millions, 1991-2014. Data-Planet™ Statistical Ready Reference by Conquest Systems, Inc. [Data-file]. Dataset-ID: 067-001-071. Dataset: Provides national data for over 100 countries on the amount of loans provided by the private/commercial banking sector to producers in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, including household producers, cooperatives, and agribusinesses. For some countries, the three subsectors of agriculture, forestry, and fishing are completely specified. In other cases, complete disaggregations are not available. The dataset also provides statistics on the total credit to all industries, indicators on the share of credit to agricultural producers, and an agriculture orientation index (the agriculture share of credit, over the agriculture share of GDP [Gross Domestic Product]). The time-series and cross-sectional data provided here are from the FAOSTAT database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistics include measures related to the food supply; forestry; agricultural production, prices, and investment; and trade and use of resources, such as fertilizers, land, and pesticides. As available, data are provided for approximately 245 countries and 35 regional areas from 1961 through the present. The data are typically supplied by governments to FAO Statistics through national publications and FAO questionnaires. Official data have sometimes been supplemented with data from unofficial sources and from other national or international agencies or organizations. In particular, for the European Union member countries, with the exception of Spain, data obtained from EUROSTAT have been used. Category: Agriculture and Food, International Relations and Trade Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Established in 1945 as a specialized agency of the United Nations, the Food and Agricultural Organization’s mandate is to raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations, and contribute to the growth of the world economy. Staff experts in seven FAO departments serve as a knowledge network to collect, analyze, and disseminate data, sharing policy expertise with member countries and implementing projects and programs throughout the world aimed at achieving rural development and hunger alleviation goals. The Statistics Division of the Food and Agricultural Organization collates and disseminates food and agricultural statistics globally. http://www.fao.org/ Subject: Loans, Agricultural Production, Agriculture, Commercial Banks, Agricultural Development

India IN: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing data was reported at 15.998 % in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 16.639 % for 2023. India IN: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing data is updated yearly, averaging 27.320 % from Mar 1961 (Median) to 2024, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42.752 % in 1968 and a record low of 15.998 % in 2024. India IN: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Share of GDP. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-3 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 4. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.;World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.;Weighted average;Note: Data for OECD countries are based on ISIC, revision 4.

The Gross Domestic Product per capita (gross domestic product divided by mid-year population converted to international dollars, using purchasing power parity rates) has been identified as an important determinant of susceptibility and vulnerability by different authors and used in the Disaster Risk Index 2004 (Peduzzi et al. 2009, Schneiderbauer 2007, UNDP 2004) and is commonly used as an indicator for a country's economic development (e.g. Human Development Index). Despite some criticisms (Brooks et al. 2005) it is still considered useful to estimate a population's susceptibility to harm, as limited monetary resources are seen as an important factor of vulnerability. However, collection of data on economic variables, especially sub-national income levels, is problematic, due to various shortcomings in the data collection process. Additionally, the informal economy is often excluded from official statistics. Night time lights satellite imagery of NOAA grid provides an alternative means for measuring economic activity. NOAA scientists developed a model for creating a world map of estimated total (formal plus informal) economic activity. Regression models were developed to calibrate the sum of lights to official measures of economic activity at the sub-national level for some target Country and at the national level for other countries of the world, and subsequently regression coefficients were derived. Multiplying the regression coefficients with the sum of lights provided estimates of total economic activity, which were spatially distributed to generate a 30 arc-second map of total economic activity (see Ghosh, T., Powell, R., Elvidge, C. D., Baugh, K. E., Sutton, P. C., & Anderson, S. (2010).Shedding light on the global distribution of economic activity. The Open Geography Journal (3), 148-161). We adjusted the GDP to the total national GDPppp amount as recorded by IMF (International Monetary Fund) for 2010 and we divided it by the population layer from Worldpop Project. Further, we ran a focal statistics analysis to determine mean values within 10 cell (5 arc-minute, about 10 Km) of each grid cell. This had a smoothing effect and represents some of the extended influence of intense economic activity for local people. Finally we apply a mask to remove the area with population below 1 people per square Km.

This dataset has been produced in the framework of the "Climate change predictions in Sub-Saharan Africa: impacts and adaptations (ClimAfrica)" project, Work Package 4 (WP4). More information on ClimAfrica project is provided in the Supplemental Information section of this metadata.

Data publication: 2014-06-01

Supplemental Information:

ClimAfrica was an international project funded by European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme (FP7) for the period 2010-2014. The ClimAfrica consortium was formed by 18 institutions, 9 from Europe, 8 from Africa, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO).

ClimAfrica was conceived to respond to the urgent international need for the most appropriate and up-to-date tools and methodologies to better understand and predict climate change, assess its impact on African ecosystems and population, and develop the correct adaptation strategies. Africa is probably the most vulnerable continent to climate change and climate variability and shows diverse range of agro-ecological and geographical features. Thus the impacts of climate change can be very high and can greatly differ across the continent, and even within countries.

The project focused on the following specific objectives:

1. Develop improved climate predictions on seasonal to decadal climatic scales, especially relevant to SSA;

2. Assess climate impacts in key sectors of SSA livelihood and economy, especially water resources and agriculture;

3. Evaluate the vulnerability of ecosystems and civil population to inter-annual variations and longer trends (10 years) in climate;

4. Suggest and analyse new suited adaptation strategies, focused on local needs;

5. Develop a new concept of 10 years monitoring and forecasting warning system, useful for food security, risk management and civil protection in SSA;

6. Analyse the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture and water resources in SSA and the cost-effectiveness of potential adaptation measures.

The work of ClimAfrica project was broken down into the following work packages (WPs) closely connected. All the activities described in WP1, WP2, WP3, WP4, WP5 consider the domain of the entire South Sahara Africa region. Only WP6 has a country specific (watershed) spatial scale where models validation and detailed processes analysis are carried out.

Contact points:

Metadata Contact: FAO-Data

Resource Contact: Selvaraju Ramasamy

Resource constraints:

copyright

Online resources:

GDP per capita

Project deliverable D4.1 - Scenarios of major production systems in Africa

Climafrica Website - Climate Change Predictions In Sub-Saharan Africa: Impacts And Adaptations

This map is adapted from the outstanding work of Dr. Joseph Kerski at ESRI. A map of political, social, and economic indicators for 2010. Created at the Data Analysis and Social Inquiry Lab at Grinnell College by Megan Schlabaugh, April Chen, and Adam Lauretig.Data from Freedom House, the Center for Systemic Peace, and the World Bank.Shapefile:Weidmann, Nils B., Doreen Kuse, and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. 2010. The Geography of the International System: The CShapes Dataset. International Interactions 36 (1).Field Descriptions:

Variable Name Variable Description Years Available Further Description Source

TotPop Total Population 2011 Population of the country/region World Bank

GDPpcap GDP per capita (current USD) 2011 A measure of the total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by the number of people in the country. The per capita GDP is especially useful when comparing one country to another because it shows the relative performance of the countries. World Bank

GDPpcapPPP GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) 2011

World Bank

HDI Human Development Index (HDI) 2011 A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development based on four criteria: Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels over time and to compare development levels in different countries. World Bank

LifeExpct Life expectancy at birth 2011 The probable number of years a person will live after a given age, as determined by mortality in a specific geographic area. World Bank

MyrSchool Mean years of schooling 2011 Years that a 25-year-old person or older has spent in schools World Bank

ExpctSch Expected years of schooling 2011 Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s life. World Bank

GNIpcap Gross National Income (GNI) per capita 2011 Gross national income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI per capita is gross national income divided by mid-year population. World Bank

GNIpcapHDI GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank 2011

World Bank

NaIncHDI Nonincome HDI
2011

World Bank

15+LitRate Adult (15+) literacy rate (%). Total 2010

UNESCO

EmplyAgr Employment in Agriculture 2009

World Bank

GDPenergy GDP per unit of energy use 2010 The PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. World Bank

GDPgrowth GDP growth (annual %) 2011

World Bank

GDP GDP (current USD) 2011

World Bank

ExptGDP Exports of Goods and Service (% GDP) 2011 The value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world World Bank

ImprtGDP Imports of Goods and Service (% GDP) 2011 The value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. World Bank

AgrGDP Agriculture, Value added (% GDP) 2011 Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. World Bank

FDI Foreign Direct Investment, net (current USD) 2011 Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. World Bank

GNIpcap GNI per capita PP 2011 GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. World Bank

Inflatn Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 2011 Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. World Bank

InfltnGDP Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) 2011 Inflation as measured by the annual growth rate of the GDP implicit deflator shows the rate of price change in the economy as a whole. The GDP implicit deflator is the ratio of GDP in current local currency to GDP in constant local currency. World Bank

PctWomParl % women in national parliament 2010

United Nations

IntnetUser Internet Users, per 100 peple 2011 Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network. World Bank

HIVPrevlnc Estimated HIV Prevalence% - (Ages 15-49) 2009 Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV. UNAIDS estimates. UNAIDS

AgrLand Agricultural land (% of land area) 2009 Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. World Bank

AidRecPP Aid received per person (current US$) 2010 Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients; and is calculated by dividing net ODA received by the midyear population estimate. It includes loans with a grant element of at least 25 percent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent). World Bank

AlcohAdul Alcohol consumption per adult (15+) in litres 2008 Liters of pure alcohol, computed as the sum of alcohol production and imports, less alcohol exports, divided by the adult population (aged 15 years and older). World Health Organization

ArmyPct Military expenditure (% of central government expenditure) 2008 Military expenditures data from SIPRI are derived from the NATO definition, which includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and military space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor country). World Development Indicators (World Bank)

TFR Total Fertility Rate 2011 The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. This indicator shows the potential for population change in a country. World Bank

CO2perUSD CO2 kg per USD 2008 Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. World Bank

ExpdtrPrim Expenditure per student, primary (% of GDP per capita) 2008 Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Primary is the total public expenditure per student in primary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities). World Bank

ExpdtrSecd Expenditure per student, secondary (% of GDP per capita) 2008 Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Secondary is the total public expenditure per student in secondary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. World Bank

ExpdtrTert Expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita) 2008 Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Tertiary is the total public expenditure per student in tertiary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. World Bank

FDIoutf Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP) 2010 Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net outflows of investment from the

In Sub Saharan Africa, agriculture’s contribution to employment and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is estimated to be higher than other sectors. Policies designed and implemented for the agricultural sector could be an influencing factor to the variations in the contributions of agriculture to the annual national GDP. These policies are believed to have shaped and (some) still shaping the landscape of agriculture and national economy. The study analysed agriculture’s GDP contribution during the implementation of various national agricultural policies, and the potential of the policies to foster agrobusiness development in Nigeria between 2000 and 2021. The study adopted mixed-method approach. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered on 29 purposively sampled state Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) directors across Nigeria. The questionnaire was face-validated by three experts. Reliability test was carryout using Cronbach Alpha approach, which yielded an index of 0.89. Copies of the questionnaire were administered on the respondents through direct contact. Secondary data were collected from the Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Bureau of Statistics, and World Bank. Data was analysed with mean, standard deviation, percentages and ANOVA. Findings of the study revealed that the performance of implemented agricultural policies had influence on agricultural sector’s percentage contribution to national GDP, and changes in agriculture’s GDP contribution had significant impact on national GDP growth. The duration of active life of the policies did not influence their performance, like the Root and Tuber Expansion Programme which lasted longer yet performed less than the National Special Programme on Food Security in terms of improvement in agriculture’s GDP contributions. All the policies implemented had several limitations in their ability to foster agribusinesses in Nigeria. The study recommends that future policies should focus on providing sustainable frameworks for developing the business in agriculture through value chain optimisation and the use of the teeming, young, and affordable labour force like China and India did to become global food producers.

Explore the Saudi Arabia World Development Indicators dataset , including key indicators such as Access to clean fuels, Adjusted net enrollment rate, CO2 emissions, and more. Find valuable insights and trends for Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, China, and India.

Indicator, Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, rural (% of rural population), Access to electricity (% of population), Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary, female (% of primary school age children), Adjusted net national income (annual % growth), Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI), Adjusted savings: mineral depletion (current US$), Adjusted savings: natural resources depletion (% of GNI), Adjusted savings: net national savings (current US$), Adolescents out of school (% of lower secondary school age), Adolescents out of school, female (% of female lower secondary school age), Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population), Agricultural methane emissions (% of total), Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (current US$), Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$), Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use), Annualized average growth rate in per capita real survey mean consumption or income, total population (%), Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values), Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), Average working hours of children, working only, ages 7-14 (hours per week), Average working hours of children, working only, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week), Cause of death, by injury (% of total), Cereal yield (kg per hectare), Changes in inventories (current US$), Chemicals (% of value added in manufacturing), Child employment in agriculture (% of economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in manufacturing, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in manufacturing, male (% of male economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in services (% of economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in services, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14), Children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV, Children in employment, study and work (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children in employment, unpaid family workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children in employment, wage workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children out of school, primary, Children out of school, primary, male, Claims on other sectors of the domestic economy (annual growth as % of broad money), CO2 emissions (kg per 2015 US$ of GDP), CO2 emissions (kt), CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion), CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion), Communications, computer, etc. (% of service exports, BoP), Condom use, population ages 15-24, female (% of females ages 15-24), Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units), Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49), Control of Corruption: Estimate, Control of Corruption: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval, Control of Corruption: Standard Error, Coverage of social insurance programs in 4th quintile (% of population), CPIA building human resources rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA debt policy rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA policies for social inclusion/equity cluster average (1=low to 6=high), CPIA public sector management and institutions cluster average (1=low to 6=high), CPIA quality of budgetary and financial management rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high), Current education expenditure, secondary (% of total expenditure in secondary public institutions), DEC alternative conversion factor (LCU per US$), Deposit interest rate (%), Depth of credit information index (0=low to 8=high), Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS packet), Discrepancy in expenditure estimate of GDP (current LCU), Domestic private health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $), Droughts, floods, extreme temperatures (% of population, average 1990-2009), Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, total (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative), Electricity production from coal sources (% of total), Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total), Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate), Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita), Export unit value index (2015 = 100), Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$), External debt stocks (% of GNI), External health expenditure (% of current health expenditure), Female primary school age children out-of-school (%), Female share of employment in senior and middle management (%), Final consumption expenditure (constant 2015 US$), Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (% of firms), Firms experiencing losses due to theft and vandalism (% of firms), Firms formally registered when operations started (% of firms), Fixed broadband subscriptions, Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people), Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP), Forest area (% of land area), Forest area (sq. km), Forest rents (% of GDP), GDP growth (annual %), GDP per capita (constant LCU), GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent), GDP, PPP (constant 2017 international $), General government final consumption expenditure (current LCU), GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent), GNI growth (annual %), GNI per capita (constant LCU), GNI, PPP (current international $), Goods and services expense (current LCU), Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval, Government Effectiveness: Standard Error, Gross capital formation (annual % growth), Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), Gross capital formation (current LCU), Gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP), Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, male (% of relevant age group), Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, total (% of relevant age group), Gross national expenditure (current LCU), Gross national expenditure (current US$), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (constant LCU), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure, PPP (constant 2017 international $), Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure: linked series (current LCU), Human capital index (HCI) (scale 0-1), Human capital index (HCI), male (scale 0-1), Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months), Import value index (2015 = 100), Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), Incidence of HIV, ages 15-24 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-24), Incidence of HIV, all (per 1,000 uninfected population), Income share held by highest 20%, Income share held by lowest 20%, Income share held by third 20%, Individuals using the Internet (% of population), Industry (including construction), value added (constant LCU), Informal payments to public officials (% of firms), Intentional homicides, male (per 100,000 male), Interest payments (% of expense), Interest rate spread (lending rate minus deposit rate, %), Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with conflict and violence (number of cases), International tourism, expenditures for passenger transport items (current US$), International tourism, expenditures for travel items (current US$), Investment in energy with private participation (current US$), Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate), Development

Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, China, India Follow data.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research..

Philippines PH: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing data was reported at 9.397 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.552 % for 2022. Philippines PH: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing data is updated yearly, averaging 19.134 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.630 % in 1974 and a record low of 8.820 % in 2019. Philippines PH: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Philippines – Table PH.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Share of GDP. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-3 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 4. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.;World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.;Weighted average;Note: Data for OECD countries are based on ISIC, revision 4.

According to cognitive market research, the global farm equipment rental market size is USD 59.1 billion in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.85% from 2024 to 2031. Market Dynamics of Farm Equipment Rental Market Key Drivers for Farm Equipment Rental Market Farm Equipment Rental Market Growth is Driven by Growing Agriculture Industry - One of the main reasons the farm equipment rental market is growing is farm equipment rental market growth is driven by the growing agriculture industry. With 4% of the world's GDP coming from it, agriculture is a major driver of economic growth. It is anticipated to make up more than 25% of GDP in certain least developed nations. In order to meet the increasing demand for food and agricultural products, farmers are expanding their operations and need access to new, efficient farm equipment. Farmers may develop their businesses, produce more agricultural products, and boost the economy by renting farm equipment. By renting equipment, they can access a variety of machinery as needed, maximizing the use of available resources and boosting productivity. to drive the farm equipment rental market's expansion in the years ahead. Key Restraints for Farm Equipment Rental Market Inadequate road and communication infrastructure causes delays in the delivery and retrieval of hired equipment poses a serious threat to the farm equipment rental industry. The market also faces significant difficulties related to data equipment rental fees being increased for delivery and pickup due to the remote agricultural fields' distance from the rental provider's location. Introduction of the Farm Equipment Rental Market Manufacturers of agricultural equipment and other agricultural equipment businesses offer the service of renting farm equipment. Farmers are able to hire agricultural equipment, including harvesters, sprayers, balers, and tractors, through this service. The majority of businesses in the industry provide the equipment to farmers on an hourly, weekly, or monthly basis in order to meet their needs. Global agricultural productivity has increased as a result of the growth of small- and medium-sized farmers made possible by farm equipment leasing businesses. All areas of agriculture use rental agricultural equipment provided by major market participants. Modern technology is incorporated into the equipment that businesses sell, increasing agricultural productivity and efficiency. Businesses throughout the world have been renting out equipment since 2005. Additionally, government programs aimed at boosting the farm equipment rental industry in Asia-Pacific and other parts of the world have contributed to the market's expansion.

Mapping Our World Using GIS is a 1:1 set of instructional materials for teaching basic concepts found in middle school world geography. Each module consists of multiple files.

        Economists generally classify a country as “developing” or “developed” by determining the percentage

of gross domestic product (GDP) engaged in each of three sectors of the economy — agriculture, industry, and services. A country with a high percentage of its GDP in agriculture is categorized as developing, while a country with a high percentage of its GDP in services and industry is categorized as developed.

        In this activity, you will use maps of percentages of GDP in the three sectors to explore patterns of

development around the world. You will also examine two other economic indicators — energy use and GDP per capita — and compare the maps of GDP in economic sectors to the maps of GDP per capita and energy use. You will evaluate whether or not the economic sector criteria are good indicators of a country’s economic status.

  The Mapping Our World collection is at: http://esriurl.com/MOW. All Esri GeoInquiries can be found at: http://www.esri.com/geoinquiries

Hexazinone Market size is growing at a faster pace with substantial growth rates over a few years and is estimated that the market will grow significantly in the forecasted period i.e. 2024 to 2031.

Global Hexazinone Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Hexazinone Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Agricultural Practices: Hexazinone is a common herbicide used in agriculture to suppress weeds in a variety of crops, including cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, and forests. As a result, the patterns and methods used in agriculture have a significant impact on the need for hexazinone. Needs for Weed Control: There is a constant need for efficient weed control methods due to the need to increase crop output and quality. As a broad-spectrum herbicide, hexazinone meets this need and is hence motivated by the need for weed management strategies. Environmental Regulations: The market for hexazinone is greatly impacted by regulations limiting the use of herbicides, notably those pertaining to environmental safety and residue levels in crops. Regulation changes may have an impact on market demand and usage trends. Crop Production and Land Management: The demand for herbicides like hexazinone is influenced by the spread of agriculture into new regions, modifications to cropping patterns, and an increased uptake of contemporary agricultural techniques. Management of Pest Resistance: The emergence of weeds resistant to herbicides presents a problem for agricultural output. In order to control resistant weed populations, farmers may resort to alternative herbicides like hexazinone, which will increase market demand. Research and Development: By introducing novel formulations or application methods, ongoing research and development initiatives to improve the safety, efficacy, and environmental compatibility of herbicides can impact market dynamics. Global Economic Conditions: The demand for herbicides like hexazinone can be influenced by agricultural operations and, in turn, by economic factors like GDP growth, levels of disposable income, and commodity pricing.

Threshers Market Outlook

The global threshers market size was valued at approximately USD 3.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 5.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to the increasing need for efficient agricultural practices and the growing emphasis on mechanization in agriculture worldwide. As the global population continues to rise, the demand for food production is escalating, leading to the adoption of advanced agricultural tools such as threshers. These machines are pivotal in the post-harvest process, facilitating faster and more effective separation of grains, which in turn enhances productivity and reduces labor costs.

One of the primary growth factors in the threshers market is the significant shift towards mechanized farming. As traditional farming methods become obsolete in the face of modern agricultural demands, farmers are increasingly leaning towards machinery that enhances productivity and ensures efficiency. Threshers, as a crucial part of this mechanization process, are gaining traction among small, medium, and large-scale farmers. Additionally, technological advancements in threshers, such as the introduction of more automated and efficient models, are making these machines more accessible and user-friendly, further propelling market growth. The integration of IoT and AI in these machines has also improved their operational efficiency, encouraging more farmers to adopt them.

Another significant factor contributing to the market growth is the increasing government support and initiatives promoting the use of advanced agricultural equipment. Various governments across the globe are offering subsidies and financial assistance to farmers to purchase modern agricultural machinery. This support not only makes threshers more affordable but also encourages farmers to adopt mechanized farming methods. Such initiatives are particularly prominent in developing economies where agriculture forms a substantial part of the GDP. Furthermore, the rise in farm income levels and the availability of low-interest loans for machinery purchase are stimulating the demand for threshers.

The growing awareness about sustainable farming practices and the benefits of using threshers is also fostering market expansion. Threshers help in reducing crop wastage and improving the overall yield quality, which aligns with the global push towards sustainable agriculture. Additionally, as the labor shortage in agricultural sectors becomes more pronounced, especially in developed regions, threshers offer a viable solution to mitigate this challenge. The ability of these machines to perform rapidly and with precision is making them indispensable in modern farming, thereby driving their demand across various regions.

Product Type Analysis

In the threshers market, the product type segment is a critical determinant of market dynamics, encompassing Drum Threshers, Axial-Flow Threshers, Spike-Tooth Threshers, and others. Drum Threshers hold a significant share in this segment due to their widespread usage and efficiency in handling various crop types. These threshers are known for their robust design and ability to process large volumes of grains, which makes them particularly favored among large-scale farmers. Moreover, continuous technological improvements in drum threshers, aimed at enhancing their efficiency and reducing operational costs, are further boosting their popularity in the market.

Axial-Flow Threshers are gaining prominence due to their superior threshing capabilities and ability to handle a diverse range of crops with minimal grain damage. These threshers are particularly effective in high-yield crop environments, making them a popular choice in regions where intensive farming is practiced. The axial-flow design allows for more gentle processing of grains, preserving their quality, which is a crucial consideration for farmers aiming for premium market prices. Additionally, the ability to adjust these machines to specific crop requirements enhances their versatility, further driving their demand.

Spike-Tooth Threshers, on the other hand, are preferred in regions where traditional farming practices still prevail. These threshers are cost-effective and ideal for small to medium-sized farms where budget constraints might limit the adoption of more advanced equipment. Spike-Tooth Threshers are simple to operate and maintain, which appeals to farmers who might lack access to technical expertise. However, despite their advantages, the demand for these threshers is witnessi

India’s share of global gross domestic product (GDP) rose to 7.93 percent in 2023 when adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) and was projected to increase to 9.66 percent by 2029. This reflects the growth of India’s economy, which is helped in this ranking by the low purchasing power of the rupee. The Indian economy A significant portion of India’s economic growth comes from a shift in the workforce from the agricultural sector to the more-productive service sector. This labor force shift is particularly significant in India because of the country’s staggering population figures. As such, changes in the Indian economy have an impact on a significant portion of the world population. What does PPP mean? The Economist magazine uses the Big Mac Index to illustrate purchasing power. Since the product should be the same in every country that has a McDonalds, the Big Mac’s price should reflect the purchasing power of each local currency. For the calculation in this statistic, economists took the prices of several standard goods (though not the Big Mac) and put them at the same level based on their prices in the local currency. Thus, the power of these currencies to purchase was put on par across countries, giving purchasing power parity. As such, this statistic can be interpreted as the relative size of the Indian economy if the whole world used the Indian rupee price levels.

Abstract

The agricultural sector in Côte d’Ivoire accounts for over 20 percent of GDP and provides employment and income to approximately half of all households. In addition, much of the manufacturing and transport sectors also depends on agriculture. The main export crops – cocoa, rubber, oil palm, cotton and cashew – play a key role in the sector’s growth and in poverty alleviation. Indeed, they are crucial income sources for smallholder farmers as well as the engines of major farming systems across the country.

In partnership with the World Bank and the French Development Agency (AFD), the Ministry of Agriculture developed the PSAC project, the effective start of which took place in May 2014. The goal of the PSAC project was to help farmers move from an extensive to an intensive and sustainable production model, based on better farming practices, the spread of high-yielding varieties, greater use of fertilizers, and appropriate mechanization. The overall development objective of the PSAC was to improve smallholder access to technologies and markets – and enhance governance of the country’s main export crop value chains.

The PSAC project had the following four components: 1) promotion of public-private partnership for sustainable cocoa development in South-West Côte d'Ivoire, 2) support to smallholder rubber and oil palm extension in South-East Côte d’Ivoire, 3) support to the cotton sector and promotion of cashew processing in Central and Northern Côte d’Ivoire and 4) project implementation and support to sector coordination. The Africa Gender Innovation Lab was engaged to conduct a gender-informed impact evaluation (IE) of targeted interventions within PSAC. After consultations with stakeholders and assessment of statistical feasibility, the aforementioned interventions within components two and three of PSAC were selected. In addition, within the first intervention, the Gender Innovation Lab, in partnership with the rubber value-chain consortium Association des Professionnels du Caoutchouc Naturel de Côte d'Ivoire (APROMAC), designed and evaluated an innovative behavioral intervention aimed at promoting inclusion of women in rubber cultivation and improving agricultural returns for farming households.

The rubber value chain impact evaluation is implemented in 10 regions of Côte d’Ivoire. 3,231 producers, corresponding to 3,054 households, were successfully surveyed at baseline in June-July 2016 before the start of the intervention. The main respondent was the household head, with specific questions on the rubber addressed to the producer in instances where the two diverged. Producers’ spouses were also asked a subset of questions.

Geographic coverage

The study gathered information from 3,231 producers in 10 regions of Côte d'Ivoire, in the South and Center areas of the country.

Analysis unit

Households, individuals, and plots of land

Sampling procedure

Raising awareness for the registration of applicants to the grant program was made from January to April 2016. The application files were verified by APROMAC administrative officers and incomplete files were eliminated. Incomplete files and the candidates who did not meet the eligibility criteria were eliminated. Of the 6,246 applicants only 4,252 (68%) were eligible. A sample of 4,005 planters was drawn from the list of eligible applicants for the program. Given the objective of having 1,000 former beneficiaries among the beneficiaries of the program in 2016, all 546 eligible former beneficiaries were chosen to be beneficiaries.

The survey was conducted with a sample of 3,231 planters, candidates to the 2016 cost-shared rubber seedling subsidy program as well as to their spouses, for those who are married. 2,117 spouses were interviewed.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The multi-topic household survey instrument covered a detailed set of questions related to basic household demographics, intra-household control of resources, agricultural plots use, and agricultural production. The land modules elicit a rich set of information on market participation, agricultural investment, and the agricultural modules allow for productivity estimates at the agricultural plot level. Each respondent was subjected to all modules, and spouses of married respondents were subjected to some parts of the modules.

Abstract

The agricultural sector is the most important sector of the Ugandan economy. Empirical evidence attests to this; for example the share of the agricultural sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is about 21 percent (at the then current prices). According to the Agricultural Module of the 2002 Population and Housing Census, the agricultural sector accounted for 73 percent of the total employment for the persons aged 10 years and above. In addition, 74 percent of the households had an agricultural holding. The long term vision of the Government of Uganda is to eradicate poverty and the strategies for this vision are defined in the then Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) which has been transformed into the National Development Plan (NDP).

The vision of PMA was to eradicate poverty through transforming subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture. The whole process of transformation requires accurate and reliable agricultural data to monitor the progress made and inform policy and planning processes

Further, countries are focusing on the need to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) through their National Statistical systems. The World Census of Agriculture (WCA), 2010 was formulated with this in mind and specifically to monitor eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, achievement of Universal Primary Education, Promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women and ensuring environmental sustainability.

Within the framework of the FAO/World Bank Agricultural Statistics Assistance to Uganda, a Data Needs Assessment Study was undertaken in August 1999. One of the major findings was that the Agricultural Statistics System was fragile, vulnerable, un-sustainable and above all, unable to meet the data needs of users. A Census of Agriculture (CA) is major source to meet these demands.

Census taking in Uganda Prior to the conducting of the Uganda Census of Agriculture (UCA), 2008/09 two (2) other censuses had been conducted. The first CA was conducted during 1963/65. The Government of Uganda was assisted by FAO and the then Department for Technical Cooperation of the United Kingdom both of which provided international and census equipment to a varying degree.

The second CA called the National Census of Agriculture and Livestock (NCAL) was conducted during 1990/91. It was funded by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and executed by FAO. Therefore the UCA 2008/09 formed the third CA in the history of census taking in Uganda.

Preparatory activities An Agricultural Module was included in the Population and Housing Census 2002, to collect the data that would form a basis for constructing an up-to-date and appropriate sampling frame for a Uganda Census of Agriculture (UCA), 2004/05. A Pre-Test was conducted in 2002 followed by a pilot Census of Agriculture (PCA) which was conducted in 2003.

Lack of financial resources militated against conducting the UCA, 2004/05. During the Financial Year (FY) 2007/08 Government made a budgetary provision for conducting a census of agriculture.

The FY 2007/08 was mainly a preparatory year. As mentioned earlier, the plan had been to conduct a UCA during 2004/05, which did not take place. By 2008/09 (the census reference year), many changes had taken place and needed to be addressed. To this end, another Pre -Test was conducted in May 2008. Based on the findings from the Pre-Test, the UCA instruments had to be revised. Another very important factor for the instruments' revision was an input from the International Consultants (like FAO Statisticians). Other preparatory activities included arrangements to procure census equipment and transport as well as recruiting and training of Field Staff.

Objectives of the UCA.2008/09 While the long-term objective of the UCA, 2008/09 was to have a system of Food and Agriculture Statistics (FAS) in place, the immediate objective was to collect and generate benchmark data needed for monitoring and evaluation of the agricultural sector at all levels, through a nation-wide CA.

Geographic coverage

The Uganda Census of Agriculture 2008/09 covered all the 80 districts in the country as of July 2007.

Analysis unit

Agricultural households, Agricultural holdings

Universe

The Uganda Census of Agriculture 2008/09 was therefore planned to cover all the 80 districts at the time and collect data on various structural characteristics of agricultural holdings. Limited data on livestock variables was planned to be collected because comprehensive livestock data was to be collected in a Livestock Census, 2008.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

A stratified two-stage sample design was used for the small and medium-scale household-based agricultural holdings. At the first stage Enumeration Areas (EAs) were selected with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), and at the second stage, households which were the ultimate sampling units were selected using systematic sampling.

For each of the sampled EAs, listing took place in the field and a number of filter questions (using Listing Module) were administered to determine eligibility (i.e., only the Households with Agricultural Activity would be eligible). Further, the eligible households were stratified into two strata namely, the small/medium holdings stratum and the Private Large-Scale holdings stratum.

On the other hand, district supervisors compiled separate lists of Institutional Farms and Private Large Scale Farms. These were to be covered on a complete enumeration basis.

During sampling, two (2) lists namely for EAs and PLS&IFs were used to identify possibilities of duplication and address them. If a PLS&IF was in both lists, it was deleted from the EA frame. However, if it was found only in the EA frame, it was left as part of the frame from which to sample. In other words, the List was not updated based on the information collected from the EAs sampled from the Area Frame.

The UCA2008/09 estimates were planned to be generated at national, regional and district levels. To achieve this, a sampling scheme of 3,606 EAs and 10 agricultural households in each selected EA, leading to 36,060 households was adopted.

In this design, an optimum number of households to be sampled per EA was determined on the basis of a suitable cost ratio (ratio of the cost per PSU to cost per SSU) and intra-class correlation, calculated from the Agricultural Module data from PHC 2002. For a cost ratio of 40 and intra-class correlation as 0.29, optimum number of households to be selected was obtained as 10.

The required sample size of EAs was selected from each district with probabilities proportional to size (PPS), using the systematic sampling algorithm described in Hansen, Hurwitz, and Madow (1953) while Agricultural Households were selected with equal probability systematic sampling procedure. The measure of Size (MOS) which was used for sample selection was the number of Agricultural Households determined from the 2002 PHC.

Sampling deviation

EAs where there was no enumerations due to insecurity: There were EAs which could not be listed or even enumerated due to insecurity , resistance by residents or nonexistent etc. These were in Moroto, Nakapiririt, Mubende, Kampala etc. Since there were no replicate EAs, the number of sampled EAs in those districts was lowered reducing the estimated number of EAs expected to give good results in those respective districts.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The principles of validity, optimization and efficiency which refer to ability for the questionnaires to yield more reliable information per unit cost; measured as a reciprocal of the variance of the estimate and enables objective interpretation of the results was followed. While costs involved man hours and money expended for data collection from sampled units, the design of questionnaires had to collect a minimum set of internationally comparable core data(indices) for Uganda, as enshrined in the pillars of FAO.

Cleaning operations

Data Processing monitored the data quality parameters and data quality team could continuously report to the field operations team who could make feed back to the DSs for improvement. Returned questionnaires were subjected to the following steps Coding, Data capture, Editing, Secondary Editing and Quality control.

Coding This involved making sure that all forms/questionnaires had correct geographical identification information and correct crop codes. The coding team reviewed the sampling of holdings within an enumeration area to see that only eligible/sampled holdings were actually enumerated.

Editing This involved the process of identifying inconsistencies within the data and removing them. At the beginning of UCA data processing, a set of editing rules and guidelines where developed by the data processing team with technical guidance from the subject matter specialists. Many of these were incorporated into the data entry application and others were left for the secondary editing stage.

Secondary Editing Errors that passed the data entry stage were subjected to the editing stage. This stage was meant to find inconsistencies within the data. It brought out problems that required subject matter specialists to resolve. To resolve most of such errors, consultations were made with the national supervisors, district supervisors, UBOS and MAAIF technical teams.

Response rate

The UCA2008/9 had several forms namely; Agricultural Households and holding Characteristics Module; Crop Area Module; Crop Production Module

Assessment of key enabling factors for smallholder commercial tree growing in Indoensia (Java and Kalimantan & Sumatra), Tanzania, Uganda and Vietnam between 1990-2015. Factors cover remote conditions (Land and forest tenure TEN; Wood demand and supply balance (demographic factors, industry and trade) DEMSUP; Land use pressures and competition with agriculture AGR; Macroeconomic environment (GDP/GNI per capita, economic growth and stability); and political stability MACRO) and proximate conditions (Wood markets and pricing MAR; Capacity and knowledge in tree growing KNOW; Direct incentives (goods and materials; grants; tax reliefs, concessions; differential fees etc. DIRINC ; and Indirect incentives (advisory services and trainings, stronger tenure rights on land etc. INDIRINC).

The data has been collected through a desk review and it analyzed extensive amount of relevant previous research and existing documentation from all case-study countries to answer the questions related to factors and their indicators in the data matrix. Studies and documents were searched by country with Google Scholar, Web of Science and Google for each enabling factor with specific key words. Document relevance was assessed based on the abstracts or summaries of the documents, and presumptive reliability of the source as not all the documents were from peer reviewed journals. The data for Laos and Tanzania was completed with field research findings. Data collection for Vietnam was mainly carried out by research partners from CIFOR. All country matrixes were reviewed by highly recognized partners with in-depth knowledge of the country and the sector to increase the level of objectivity in the data interpretation. Analysis of the Indonesia data showed significant regional differences in the enabling factors between Java and Kalimantan and Sumatra.

Each factor consists of several indicators ranked as POS if they can be considered being supportive for smallholder tree growing and NEG if they have a negative impact. Once a pre-set number of indicators are positive the factor can also be considered POSITIVE, i.e. supportive for smallholder commercial tree growing.

Barium Nitrate Market Size was valued at USD 150 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 215.32 Million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 5.3% during the forecast period 2024-2030.Global Barium Nitrate Market DriversThe market drivers for the Barium Nitrate Marketcan be influenced by various factors. These may include:Demand from the Pyrotechnic business: Barium nitrate is widely utilized to make green-colored fireworks in the pyrotechnic business. The demand for barium nitrate is driven by the need for fireworks during festivals, celebrations, and events.Applications in the Military and Defense: Green signal flares and tracer bullets, which are frequently employed in these fields, are made from barium nitrate. Increased spending on the military and tense international relations may fuel demand in this industry.Glass and Ceramic Industry: Specialty glasses and ceramics are made using barium nitrate as a raw material. Growth in the glass and ceramics-consuming industries of automotive and construction may increase demand for barium nitrate.Electronics Industry: Barium titanate, a crucial component used in the creation of capacitors and other electronic components, is made from barium nitrate. Market expansion may be fueled by technological developments in electronics, such as the rising popularity of smartphones, tablets, and other consumer electronics.Environmental Regulations: Market dynamics may be impacted by regulations pertaining to the usage of barium nitrate, particularly those pertaining to fireworks and other pyrotechnic items. Regulations pertaining to safety and the environment may change, which could affect the market for barium nitrate.Agriculture: Certain fertilizers contain barium nitrate, which gives plants access to both nitrogen and barium. A rise in the need for fertilizers based on barium nitrate may result from the agricultural sector's expansion, which is being pushed by the world's growing population and food consumption.Research and Development: By extending the potential uses and boosting efficiency of barium nitrate, ongoing research and development efforts targeted at finding new applications and enhancing its qualities can propel market expansion.Economic Factors: The demand for barium nitrate can be greatly impacted by macroeconomic factors such as GDP growth, industrial output, and the investment climate. Market expansion may be fueled by growth and economic stability in important consumer regions.

Background: Instituted under the Paris Agreement, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outline countries’ plans for mitigating and adapting to climate change. They are the primary policy instrument for protecting people’s health in the face of rising global temperatures. However, evidence on engagement with health in the NDCs is limited. Methods: We analysed the NDCs in the UNFCCC registry submitted by 185 countries. Using content analysis and natural language processing (NLP) methods, we developed measures of health engagement. Multivariate regression analyses examined whether country-level factors (e.g. population size, GDP, climate-related exposures) were associated with greater health engagement. Using NLP methods, we compared health engagement with other climate-related challenges (economy, energy, agriculture) and examined broader differences in the terms used in countries with higher and lower engagement. Findings: Countries making no mention of health in their NDCs are clustered in the richer Global North while greater health engagement is concentrated in the Global South. Lower GDP per capita and being a Small Island Development State were associated with greater health engagement. In addition, greater population exposure to temperature change and ambient air pollution were associated with more health coverage. Variation in health engagement is greater than for other climate-related issues, and reflects wider differences in countries’ approaches to the NDCs. Interpretation: A focus on health in the NDCs is patterned in line with broader global inequalities. Poorer and climate-vulnerable countries that contribute least to climate change are more likely to engage with health, while richer countries anchor their NDCs in non-health sectors such as energy and the economy. Funding: This work was in part funded through an unrestricted grant from the Wellcome Trust and supported by ESRC grant number ES/S012257/1.

Cultivator Rentals Market Outlook

The global cultivator rentals market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 2.3 billion by 2032, reflecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.1%. The primary growth factors driving this market include increasing demand for efficient agricultural practices, rising interest in home gardening, and the economic advantages of renting over purchasing cultivators.

One of the key growth factors for the cultivator rentals market is the escalating demand for efficient agricultural practices. As the global population continues to rise, there is a corresponding need for enhanced agricultural productivity to ensure food security. Cultivators play a crucial role in soil preparation, allowing farmers to achieve better crop yields. Renting cultivators offers a cost-effective solution for small and medium-sized farmers who may not have the capital to invest in new equipment. This trend is particularly prevalent in emerging economies where agriculture forms a significant part of the GDP.

Additionally, the rising interest in home gardening and landscaping is contributing to the growth of the cultivator rentals market. With an increasing number of people adopting gardening as a hobby or for sustainable living, the demand for gardening tools, including cultivators, has seen a substantial uptick. Renting cultivators is a practical option for these enthusiasts who need the equipment for a limited period, thus driving market growth. Landscaping projects in both residential and commercial sectors also fuel the demand for rental cultivators, as they are essential for soil preparation and maintenance tasks.

The economic advantages of renting over purchasing cultivators significantly bolster market growth. Renting offers flexibility, especially for users who only need the equipment for specific seasons or projects. It eliminates the high initial investment and ongoing maintenance costs associated with owning cultivators. This financial feasibility encourages a broader range of users, from individual gardeners to large-scale commercial entities, to opt for rental services. Moreover, rental companies often provide the latest models and well-maintained equipment, ensuring users have access to advanced and reliable tools.

Regionally, North America and Europe currently dominate the cultivator rentals market, driven by the strong agricultural and landscaping sectors in these regions. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth rate over the forecast period. The increasing mechanization of agriculture in countries like India and China, along with growing urbanization and interest in home gardening, is propelling the market forward. Additionally, the favorable government policies supporting agricultural development in these regions further enhance market potential.

Product Type Analysis

The cultivator rentals market is segmented by product type into handheld cultivators, walk-behind cultivators, and tow-behind cultivators. Each type caters to different user needs and applications, contributing uniquely to the market dynamics. Handheld cultivators, known for their ease of use and maneuverability, are highly popular among residential users and small-scale gardeners. These tools are ideal for small garden spaces and light-duty tasks, making them a preferred choice for hobbyists and urban gardeners. The rental market for handheld cultivators is buoyed by the growing trend of home gardening and sustainable living practices.

Walk-behind cultivators, on the other hand, are more robust and suitable for medium-scale applications, including small farms and extensive gardening projects. These cultivators offer a good balance between power and usability, making them ideal for users who require more capacity than handheld models but do not need the extensive power of tow-behind cultivators. The demand for walk-behind cultivators in the rental market is driven by both residential and commercial users, particularly in the landscaping and gardening segments, where moderate soil preparation tasks are common.

Tow-behind cultivators represent the heavy-duty end of the spectrum and are predominantly used in large-scale agricultural operations. These cultivators are designed to be attached to tractors, providing significant power and efficiency for extensive soil preparation tasks. The rental market for tow-behind cultivators is largely driven by commercial agricultural entities and large-scale landscaping projects. Renting these high-capacity cultivators offers a

Sea-level rise (SLR) due to climate change is a serious global threat: The scientific evidence is now overwhelming. Continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated global warming could well promote SLR of 1m in this century, and unexpectedly rapid breakup of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets might produce a 3-5m SLR. In this research, we have assessed the consequences of continued SLR for 84 coastal developing countries. Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used to overlay the best available, spatially-disaggregated global data on critical impact elements (land, population, agriculture, urban extent, wetlands, and GDP), with the inundation zones projected for 1-5m SLR.Country-level impacts have been summarized in the Excel Workbook “SLR-Impacts”.The Excel Workbook is divided into Worksheets to match the major critical impact elements: land, population, GDP, agriculture, urban extent, and wetlands.Absolute impacts of 1-5m SLR are presented in Columns D-H.Percentage Impacts are presented in Columns I-M.Original data sources for assessments of impacts:DimensionDataset nameUnitResolutionSource(s)Coastline and country boundaryWVS1:250,000NOAA/NASAElevationSRTM 90m DEM V2km2 90mCIAT PopulationGPW-3Population counts1kmCIESINEconomic activityGDP2000million US dollars5kmWorld Bank, based on Sachs et al. (2001)Urban areasGRUMP V1km21kmCIESINAgricultural LandGAE-2km21kmIFPRI WetlandsGLWD-3km21kmCESR, Lehner, B. and Döll, P. (2004)Limitations of the research: The digital elevation (90m DEM V2) data used in this analysis gives altitude in 1-meter increments, preventing us from sub-meter SLR modeling. One can interpolate the elevation data we have used for sub-meter SLR modeling, but in that case, precision of the estimates would be difficult to justify. The potential use of LIDAR survey (laser-based elevation measurement from low-flying aircraft) was beyond scope of our analysis.Lack of spatially disaggregated secondary information on indicators prevented us from including small islands in this analysis.The impacts of SLR have been assessed using existing population, socio-economic conditions and patterns of land use, rather than attempting to predict their future states. Human activity is generally increasing more rapidly in coastal areas and thus the impacts of SLR will be more pronounced in these areas. This effect is countered by adaptation measures, which we also do not attempt to estimate in this exercise. Adaptation measures from the purely technological (e.g., sea defenses), to managerial (e.g., altering land-use planning, relocation), to policy (e.g., planning regulations) are often context, location and community-specific. Thus in our analysis, we refrain from generalizing any adaptive measures across our sub-set of developing countries.This research was carried out by the World Bank in 2006, and was funded by the Canadian Trust Fund (TF030569) sponsored by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). Access to DatasetSLR dataset (MS Excel file, 205kb)

Fungicides Sales Market Outlook

The global fungicides sales market size was valued at approximately USD 18.5 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach around USD 28.3 billion by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.8% from 2024 to 2032. The increasing demand for high-quality crops and the rising awareness about crop protection are notable growth factors driving this market. As the global population continues to swell, the need for enhanced agricultural productivity and sustainable farming practices becomes increasingly critical, which in turn fuels the fungicides market.

The growth of the fungicides market is largely attributed to the rising prevalence of crop diseases worldwide. Fungal infections can severely affect crop yield and quality, leading to significant economic losses for farmers. To combat this, growers are increasingly inclining towards fungicides to ensure crop health and maximize output. The advent of advanced fungicidal formulations that offer prolonged protection and are environmentally friendly further propels market growth. Moreover, stringent regulations on food safety and the international trade of agricultural products also necessitate the use of fungicides, thereby enhancing market demand.

Technological advancements in agricultural practices and the development of innovative fungicidal products are substantial growth drivers for this market. Manufacturers are investing heavily in research and development to create fungicides that are not only effective but also sustainable and less harmful to the ecosystem. The integration of precision farming techniques, which allow for targeted application of fungicides, has significantly improved the efficiency and efficacy of these products. The ongoing trend of organic farming and the introduction of biological fungicides also contribute positively to market expansion.

Government initiatives and subsidies promoting the use of agrochemicals are other critical factors bolstering market growth. Several countries offer financial assistance to farmers for purchasing pesticides, including fungicides, to enhance agricultural productivity. Additionally, the increasing awareness among farmers regarding the benefits of using fungicides, such as improved crop health and yield, is driving market growth. Training programs and workshops conducted by governments and private organizations play a pivotal role in educating farmers about the proper usage and benefits of fungicides.

Regionally, the growth outlook for the fungicides market varies significantly, with Asia Pacific expected to witness the highest growth rate. The region's burgeoning population, coupled with the increasing demand for food, necessitates enhanced agricultural productivity, thereby boosting the demand for fungicides. Additionally, the presence of major agricultural economies such as India and China, where agriculture forms a significant part of the GDP, further propels market growth. North America and Europe also represent substantial markets due to advanced agricultural practices and stringent regulations regarding crop protection.

Chemical Fungicides Analysis

Chemical fungicides comprise a significant segment of the fungicides market, driven by their effectiveness in combating a wide range of fungal infections. These fungicides are formulated using synthetic chemical compounds that act against various fungal pathogens. The demand for chemical fungicides is primarily driven by their quick action and broad-spectrum efficacy, which provides immediate relief to farmers facing severe fungal infestations. Additionally, chemical fungicides are often more cost-effective compared to their biological counterparts, making them a preferred choice among farmers, particularly in developing regions.

However, the use of chemical fungicides is not without challenges. The growing concern over the environmental impact of these chemicals, such as soil degradation and water contamination, has led to stricter regulatory frameworks governing their use. Governments and environmental bodies across the globe are enforcing stringent regulations to limit the application of hazardous chemicals, thereby impacting market growth. Moreover, the development of resistance in fungal strains due to the overuse of chemical fungicides presents a significant challenge, necessitating the continuous development of new and effective formulations.

Despite these challenges, the market for chemical fungicides continues to grow, driven by advancements in formulation technologies. Manufacturers are focusing on developing fungicides