This dataset contains the Version 3.2 CYGNSS Level 3 Science Data Record which provides the average wind speed and mean square slope (MSS) on a 0.2x0.2 degree latitude by longitude equirectangular grid obtained from the Delay Doppler Mapping Instrument aboard the CYGNSS satellite constellation. The Level 2 Delay Doppler Map (DDM) data are used in the direct processing of the average wind speed and MSS data that are binned on the Level 3 grid. A subset of DDM data used in the direct processing of the average wind speed and MSS is co-located inside of the Level 2 data files. A single netCDF-4 data file is produced for each day of operation with an approximate 6 day latency. This version supersedes Version 3.0; https://doi.org/10.5067/CYGNS-L3X30. The reported sample locations are determined by the specular points corresponding to the Delay Doppler Maps (DDMs). The Version 3.1 release inherits all improvements made to the version 3.1 Level 2 data intended to improve the quality of the wind speed retrievals. For a full list of improvements to the version 3.1 Level 2 data, please refer to: https://doi.org/10.5067/CYGNS-L2X31.

The L3S_LEO_PM-STAR-v2.81 dataset produced by the NOAA Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Ocean (ACSPO) system derives the Subskin Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from the VIIRSs (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) onboard the Suomi-NPP, NOAA-20 and NOAA-21 satellites and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) onboard the Aqua satellite. The L3S-LEO is a family of multi-sensor super-collated (L3S) gridded 0.02º resolution SST products from low earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The L3S-LEO-PM ( https://doi.org/10.5067/GHLPM-3S281 ) and AM ( https://doi.org/10.5067/GHLAM-3SS28 ) data include SSTs from afternoon (~1:30 am/pm) and mid-morning (~9:30 am/pm) satellites, respectively. The PM and AM SSTs, for both day (D) and night (N), and Terra MODIS SSTs, are further aggregated into a daily L3S-LEO-DY SST product ( https://doi.org/10.5067/GHLDY-3S281 ). This PM SST product is derived by collating individual satellite ACSPO L3U data ( https://doi.org/10.5067/GHVRS-3UO61, https://doi.org/10.5067/GHV20-3UO61 and https://doi.org/10.5067/GHN21-3U280 ). It covers from 2002-07-04 to present and is reported in 2 files daily, day and night, at 1:30am/pm local time. The SST is in NetCDF4 format, compliant with the GHRSST Data Specification version 2 (GDS2). The v2.81 is updated from the previous v2.80 ( https://doi.org/10.5067/GHLPM-3SS28 ): (1) v2.81 includes 3 VIIRSs (NPP, N20, and N21 from 2023-03-19 - on); (2) Aqua MODIS SST included from 2002-07-04 to 2022-12-31; (3) Time series in v2.81 extended back to 2002-07-04 (from 2012-02-01 in v2.80); (4) recently uncovered VIIRS daytime SST drifts in NPP and N20 SSTs of approximately -0.1 K/decade mitigated. The Near Real Time (NRT) data are available with 6h latency, and replaced by the Re-ANalysis (RAN) files in 2 months, with identical file names. They can be differentiated by the file creation time and ancillary inputs. The data are validated against quality controlled in situ data from the NOAA in situ SST Quality Monitor (iQuam; https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/sst/iquam), and monitored in another NOAA system, SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM; https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/sst/squam)

This global Level-2 (L2) data set provides daily snow cover detected using the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and a series of screens designed to alleviate errors and flag uncertain snow cover detections. The NDSI is derived from radiance data acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Terra satellite: DOI:10.5067/MODIS/MOD02HKM.061 and DOI:10.5067/MODIS/MOD021KM.061. Each data granule contains 5 minutes of swath data observed at a resolution of 500 m.

The terms "Version 61" and "Collection 6.1" are used interchangeably in reference to this release of MODIS data.

This dataset contains the Version 1.1 CYGNSS Level 2 Climate Data Record which provides the time-tagged and geolocated average wind speed (m/s) and mean square slope (MSS) with 25x25 kilometer resolution from the Delay Doppler Mapping Instrument aboard the CYGNSS satellite constellation. The reported sample locations are determined by the specular points corresponding to the Delay Doppler Maps (DDMs). A subset of DDM data used in the direct processing of the average wind speed and MSS is co-located inside of the Level 2 data files. Only one netCDF data file is produced each day (each file containing data from up to 8 unique CYGNSS spacecraft) with a latency of approximately 1 to 2 months from the last recorded measurement time. The Version 1.1 CDR represents is a collection of reanalysis products derived from the SDR v3.0 Level 1 data (https://doi.org/10.5067/CYGNS-L1X30 ). Calibration accuracy and long term stability are improved relative to SDR v3.0 (https://doi.org/10.5067/CYGNS-L2X30 ) using the same trackwise correction algorithm as was used by CDR v1.0 (https://doi.org/10.5067/CYGNS-L2C10 ), which was derived from SDR v2.1 Level 1 data (https://doi.org/10.5067/CYGNS-L1X21 ). Details of the algorithm are provided in the Trackwise Corrected CDR Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. CDR Level 2 and 3 products (ocean surface wind speed, mean square slope, and latent and sensible heat flux) are generated from the CDR L1 data using the v3.0 SDR data processing algorithms. These products also exhibit improved calibration accuracy and stability over SDR v3.0. Trackwise correction is applied to the two primary CYGNSS L1 science data products, the normalized bistatic radar cross section (NBRCS) and the leading edge slope of the Doppler-integrated delay waveform (LES). The correction compensates for small errors in the Level 1 calibration, due e.g. to uncertainties in the GPS transmitting antenna gain patterns and the CYGNSS receiving antenna gain patterns. CDR v1.1 does not include a Young Seas with Limited Fetch (YSLF) wind speed product and investigators requiring wind speed measurements in and near the inner core of tropical cyclones should use the SDR v3.0 YSLF wind speed product. A YSLF wind speed product is omitted because the trackwise correction algorithm, which constrains the average value of the L1 data using MERRA-2 reanalysis wind speeds, is inherently biased toward fully developed sea state conditions. The constraint improves wind speed retrieval performance in fully developed seas but produces underestimates in YSLF conditions. It should also be noted that the trackwise correction algorithm cannot be successfully applied to all SDR v3.0 L1 data so there is also some loss of samples that were present in SDR v3.0.

NASA produces skin sea surface temperature (SST) products from the Infrared (IR) channels of the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua satellite. Aqua was launched by NASA on May 4, 2002, into a sun synchronous, polar orbit with a daylight ascending node at 1:30 pm, formation flying in the A-train with other Earth Observation Satellites (EOS), to study the global dynamics of the Earth atmosphere, land and oceans. MODIS captures data in 36 spectral bands at a variety of spatial resolutions. Two SST products can be present in these files. The first is a skin SST produced for both day and night (NSST) observations, derived from the long wave IR 11 and 12 micron wavelength channels, using a modified nonlinear SST algorithm intended to provide continuity of SST derived from heritage and current NASA sensors. At night, a second SST product is generated using the mid-infrared 3.95 and 4.05 micron wavelength channels which are unique to MODIS; the SST derived from these measurements is identified as SST4. The SST4 product has lower uncertainty, but due to sun glint can only be used at night. MODIS L2P SST data have a 1 km spatial resolution at nadir and are stored in 288 five minute granules per day. Full global coverage is obtained every two days, with coverage poleward of 32.3 degree being complete each day. The production of MODIS L2P SST files is part of the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) project and is a joint collaboration between the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG), and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS). Researchers at RSMAS are responsible for SST algorithm development, error statistics and quality flagging, while the OBPG, as the NASA ground data system, is responsible for the production of daily MODIS ocean products. JPL acquires MODIS ocean granules from the OBPG and reformats them to the GHRSST L2P netCDF specification with complete metadata and ancillary variables, and distributes the data as the official Physical Oceanography Data Archive (PO.DAAC) for SST. The R2019.0 supersedes the previous R2014.0 datasets which can be found at https://doi.org/10.5067/GHMDA-2PJ02

These data are superseded by newer version, DOI: 10.5067/MEASURES/SO2/DATA406

The NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/viirs) Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) 8-day Climate Modeling Grid Version 2 product (VJ121C2) combines the daily (VJ121A1D) (http://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VJ121A1D.002) and (VJ121A1N) (http://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VJ121A1N.002) products over an 8-day compositing period into a single product. The VJ121C2 dataset is an 8-day composite LST&E product at 0.05 degree (~5,600 meter) resolution that uses an algorithm based on a simple-averaging method and is formatted as a CMG for use in climate simulation models. The algorithm calculates the average from all the cloud-free VJ121A1D and VJ121A1N daily acquisitions from the 8-day period. Unlike the VJ121A1 datasets where the daytime and nighttime acquisitions are separate products, the VJ121C2 contains both daytime and nighttime acquisitions as separate science dataset (SDS) layers within a single Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) file. The overall objective for NASA VIIRS products is to ensure the algorithms and products are compatible with the MODIS Terra and Aqua algorithms to promote the continuity of the Earth Observation System (EOS) mission. Additional details regarding the method used to create this Level 3 (L3) product are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/public/product_documentation/vnp21_atbd.pdf.

MODIS (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is a key instrument aboard the Terra (originally known as EOS AM-1) and Aqua (originally known as EOS PM-1) satellites. Terra's orbit around the Earth is timed so that it passes from north to south across the equator in the morning, while Aqua passes south to north over the equator in the afternoon. Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth's surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths (see MODIS Technical Specifications). These data will improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the lower atmosphere. MODIS is playing a vital role in the development of validated, global, interactive Earth system models able to predict global change accurately enough to assist policy makers in making sound decisions concerning the protection of our environment.

Terra NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group; (2014): MODIS-Terra Ocean Color Data; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group. http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/TERRA/MODIS_OC.2014.0 Accessed on 07/28/2015.

Aqua NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group; (2014): MODIS-Aqua Ocean Color Data; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group. http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/AQUA/MODIS_OC.2014.0 Accessed on 07/28/2015.

The AMSR-E Level-2A product (AE_L2A) contains daily 50 minute half-orbit swath brightness temperatures for six channels ranging from 6.9 GHz through 89 GHz. Data are resampled to spatial resolutions ranging from 5.4 km to 56 km. Each file is packaged with geolocation and quality information as well as ancillary data.

This data set contains Level-3 gridded weekly global soil moisture estimates derived from the NASA Aquarius passive microwave radiometer on the Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas (SAC-D).

This data set is retired and no longer available for download. We recommend using the newest version of Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data (NSIDC-0051) data set as an alternative.

This data set is generated from brightness temperature data and is designed to provide a consistent time series of sea ice concentrations spanning the coverage of several passive microwave instruments.The data are provided in the polar stereographic projection at a grid cell size of 25 x 25 km.

-F11

This global Level-3 (L3) data set provides Northern and Southern Hemisphere maps of sea ice extent and ice surface temperature. The maps are generated by compositing 1 km observations from the 'MODIS/Terra Sea Ice Extent Daily L3 Global 1km EASE-Grid Day’ (https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD29P1D.061) product. These data are provided daily in the EASE-Grid polar projection at a resolution of approximately 4 km. The terms "Version 61" and "Collection 6.1" are used interchangeably in reference to this release of MODIS data.

This repository contains input MODIS AOD data prepared for “Subways and Urban Air Polution” by Gendron-Carrier, Gonzalez-Navarro, Polloni and Turner (American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20180168). The main replication archive is available at https://doi.org/10.3886/E126401V1 .

Description of input MODIS AOD data

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers aboard the Terra and Aqua earth-observing satellites provide daily measures of the aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere at a 3km spatial resolution everywhere in the world. Data is available in ‘granules’ which describe five minutes of satellite time. These granules are available, more or less continuously, from February 24, 2000 for the Terra satellite and from July 4, 2002 for Aqua. During September of 2018, we downloaded all available granules for Terra and Aqua until August 31, 2018 and subsequently consolidated them into daily rasters describing global AOD. In August 2020, we processed additional Terra data. This archive therefore contains daily rasters for Aqua (from 2002-07-04 to 2018-08-31) and Terra (from 2000-02-24 to 2020-07-31). We note that February 2005 data are missing for the Aqua satellite.

We use source products MOD04_3K (https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD04_L2.006) and MYD04_3K (https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD04_L2.006). The product files are stored in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) and we use the "Optical Depth Land And Ocean" layer, which is stored as a Scientific Data Set (SDS) within the HDF file, as our measure of aerosol optical depth. The "Optical Depth Land And Ocean" dataset contains only the AOD retrievals of high quality. We convert all HDF formatted granules to GIS compatible formats using the HDF-EOS To GeoTIFF Conversion Tool (HEG) provided by NASA’s Earth Observing System Program. We consolidate GeoTIFF granules into a global raster for each day using ArcGIS. First, we keep only AOD values that do contain information. The missing value is -9999 in AOD retrievals. Second, we create a raster catalog with all the granules for a given day and calculate the average AOD value using the Raster Catalog to Raster Dataset tool. The code used to accomplish this is included for reference purposes in “dofiles/old_work” of the main replication archive at https://doi.org/10.3886/E126401V1.

Arctic

This global Level-3 (L3) data set provides the percentage of snow-covered land and cloud-covered land observed daily

This global Level-3 (L3) data set provides daily nighttime ice surface temperature derived from the 'MODIS/Aqua Sea Ice Extent 5-Min L2 Swath 1km' (https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD29.061) product. Each data granule is a tile consisting of 10 x 10 degrees of data gridded to the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Scalable Earth Grid (EASE-Grid).

The terms "Version 61" and "Collection 6.1" are used interchangeably in reference to this release of MODIS data.

Aircraft in-situ measurements of water concentration and heavy water isotope ratios D/H and 18O/16O of cloud water and total water (water vapor plus condensed water) were collected during the NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) project. Aircraft sampling took place in the southeast Atlantic marine boundary layer and lower troposphere (equator to 22 degrees south) over the months of Sept. 2016, Aug. 2017, and Oct. 2018. Isotope measurements were made using cavity ring-down spectroscopic analyzers integrated into the Water Isotope System for Precipitation and Entrainment Research (WISPER). The WISPER data are processed into mean latitude-altitude curtains and individual vertical profiles for each sampling period.

The WISPER data accompanied a suite of other variables including standard meteorological quantities (wind, temperature, moisture), trace gas and aerosol concentrations, radar, and lidar remote sensing, which can be accessed through the DOIs listed further down. The ORACLES campaigns are described by Redemann et al., (2021). The water isotope measurements are further described in Henze et al., (2021). The absolute error with respect to the SMOW-SLAP scale is explained in detail by Henze et al., (2021).

Total water concentration and isotope ratios were binned and averaged onto latitude-altitude grids using a kernel estimation approach, with weighting designed to estimate the mean during the approximate month-long duration of each sampling period. Standard deviations for each bin are also computed using kernel density estimation.

Time intervals during aircraft vertical profiling are isolated and averaged onto 50-meter vertical levels. The files include water concentration and isotope ratios for both total water and cloud water in addition to temperature, pressure, latitude, and longitude.

See included file README.txt for additional details.

References

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Henze, D., Noone, D., and Toohey, D.: Aircraft measurements of water vapor heavy isotope ratios in the marine boundary layer and lower troposphere during ORACLES, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-238, in review, 2021.

Redemann, J., Wood, R., Zuidema, P., Doherty, S. J., Luna, B., LeBlanc, S. E., Diamond, M. S., Shinozuka, Y., Chang, I. Y., Ueyama, R., Pfister, L., Ryoo, J.-M., Dobracki, A. N., da Silva, A. M., Longo, K. M., Kacenelenbogen, M. S., Flynn, C. J., Pistone, K., Knox, N. M., Piketh, S. J., Haywood, J. M., Formenti, P., Mallet, M., Stier, P., Ackerman, A. S., Bauer, S. E., Fridlind, A. M., Carmichael, G. R., Saide, P. E., Ferrada, G. A., Howell, S. G., Freitag, S., Cairns, B., Holben, B. N., Knobelspiesse, K. D., Tanelli, S., L'Ecuyer, T. S., Dzambo, A. M., Sy, O. O., McFarquhar, G. M., Poellot, M. R., Gupta, S., O'Brien, J. R., Nenes, A., Kacarab, M., Wong, J. P. S., Small-Griswold, J. D., Thornhill, K. L., Noone, D., Podolske, J. R., Schmidt, K. S., Pilewskie, P., Chen, H., Cochrane, S. P., Sedlacek, A. J., Lang, T. J., Stith, E., Segal-Rozenhaimer, M., Ferrare, R. A., Burton, S. P., Hostetler, C. A., Diner, D. J., Seidel, F. C., Platnick, S. E., Myers, J. S., Meyer, K. G., Spangenberg, D. A., Maring, H., and Gao, L.: An overview of the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) project: aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions in the southeast Atlantic basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1507–1563, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1507-2021, 2021.

The complete archive of ORACLES data are accessible via the digital object identifiers (DOIs) provided under ORACLES Science Team references as follows:

ORACLES Science Team: Suite of Aerosol, Cloud, and Related Data Acquired Aboard P3 During ORACLES 2018, Version 3, NASA Ames Earth Science Project Office, https://doi.org/10.5067/Suborbital/ORACLES/P3/2018_V3, 2020a. 

ORACLES Science Team: Suite of Aerosol, Cloud, and Related Data Acquired Aboard P3 During ORACLES 2017, Version 3, NASA Ames Earth Science Project Office, https://doi.org/10.5067/Suborbital/ORACLES/P3/2017_V3, 2020b. 

ORACLES Science Team: Suite of Aerosol, Cloud, and Related Data Acquired Aboard P3 During ORACLES 2016, Version 3, NASA Ames Earth Science Project Office, https://doi.org/10.5067/Suborbital/ORACLES/P3/2016_V3, 2020c. 

ORACLES Science Team: Suite of Aerosol, Cloud, and Related Data Acquired Aboard ER2 During ORACLES 2016, Version 3, NASA Ames Earth Science Project Office, https://doi.org/10.5067/Suborbital/ORACLES/ER2/2016_V3, 2020d.

This data set contains contains Greenland ice thickness measurements acquired using the Pathfinder Advanced Radar Ice Sounder (PARIS).The data were collected as part of Operation IceBridge funded campaigns.

These are gridded Sea Surface Height Anomalies (SSHA) above a mean sea surface, on 1/6th degree grid every 5 days. It contains the fully corrected heights, but delayed 1-3 months. If you require data sooner there is an interim dataset available, but with slightly lower accuracy at http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/SLINT-CDRV1.The gridded data are derived from the SSHA data of TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2 and Jason-3 as reference data from the level 2 swath data found at http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/MERGED_TP_J1_OSTM_OST_CYCLES_V3, plus ERS-1, ERS-2, Envisat, SARAL-AltiKa, CRyosat-2, depending on the date, from the RADS database. The gridding is done by the kriging method. The date given in the data is the center of the 5 day window.