By August 2024, Cuba had administered the largest number of vaccines against COVID-19 per 100 inhabitants in the Latin American region, followed by Chile and Peru. According to recent estimates, the Caribbean country applied around 410 doses per 100 population, accounting for one of the largest vaccination rates observed not only in the Latin American region, but worldwide. In comparison, Haiti registered the lowest vaccination rate within the region, with only 5.87 doses administered per 100 inhabitants. Booster shots started To reinforce the immune protection against the fast spread of the SARS-CoV-2, governments began to introduce booster shots in their immunization programs aiming at strengthening people’s immune response against new contagious COVID-19 variants. In Latin America, Cuba was leading on booster shots relative to its population among a selection of countries, with around 88 percent of the population receiving the extra dose. In comparison, these numbers are higher than those for the European Union and the United States. Pharmaceutical research continues As Omicron becomes more prominent worldwide, and recombinant variants emerge, research efforts to prevent and control the disease continue to progress. As of June 2022, there were around 2,700 clinical trials to treat COVID-19 and 1,752 COVID-19 vaccines trials in clinical development. Other studies were focused on mild, moderate and severe COVID-19, complication support, and post-COVID symptoms, among others.For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

How many people have received a coronavirus vaccine?

Tracking COVID-19 vaccination rates is crucial to understand the scale of protection against the virus, and how this is distributed across the global population.

A global, aggregated database on COVID-19 vaccination rates is essential to monitor progress, but it is unfortunately not yet available. This dataset provides the last weekly update of vaccination rates.

Last update

June 2021

Content

Colums description: 1. iso_code: ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 – three-letter country codes 2. continent: Continent of the geographical location 3. location: Geographical location 4. date: Date of observation 5. total_cases: Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 6. new_cases: New confirmed cases of COVID-19 7. new_cases_smoothed: New confirmed cases of COVID-19 (7-day smoothed) 8. total_deaths: Total deaths attributed to COVID-19 9. new_deaths: New deaths attributed to COVID-19 10. new_deaths_smoothed: New deaths attributed to COVID-19 (7-day smoothed) 11. total_cases_per_million: Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per 1,000,000 people 12. new_cases_per_million: New confirmed cases of COVID-19 per 1,000,000 people 13. new_cases_smoothed_per_million: New confirmed cases of COVID-19 (7-day smoothed) per 1,000,000 people 14. total_deaths_per_million: Total deaths attributed to COVID-19 per 1,000,000 people 15. new_deaths_per_million: New deaths attributed to COVID-19 per 1,000,000 people 16. new_deaths_smoothed_per_million: New deaths attributed to COVID-19 (7-day smoothed) per 1,000,000 people 17. reproduction_rate: Real-time estimate of the effective reproduction rate (R) of COVID-19. See http://trackingr-env.eba-9muars8y.us-east-2.elasticbeanstalk.com/FAQ 18. icu_patients: Number of COVID-19 patients in intensive care units (ICUs) on a given day 19. icu_patients_per_million: Number of COVID-19 patients in intensive care units (ICUs) on a given day per 1,000,000 people 20. hosp_patients: Number of COVID-19 patients in hospital on a given day 21. hosp_patients_per_million: Number of COVID-19 patients in hospital on a given day per 1,000,000 people 22. weekly_icu_admissions: Number of COVID-19 patients newly admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in a given week 23. weekly_icu_admissions_per_million: Number of COVID-19 patients newly admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in a given week per 1,000,000 people 24. weekly_hosp_admissions: Number of COVID-19 patients newly admitted to hospitals in a given week 25. weekly_hosp_admissions_per_million: Number of COVID-19 patients newly admitted to hospitals in a given week per 1,000,000 people 26. total_tests: Total tests for COVID-19 27. new_tests: New tests for COVID-19 28. new_tests_smoothed: New tests for COVID-19 (7-day smoothed). For countries that don't report testing data on a daily basis, we assume that testing changed equally on a daily basis over any periods in which no data was reported. This produces a complete series of daily figures, which is then averaged over a rolling 7-day window 29. total_tests_per_thousand: Total tests for COVID-19 per 1,000 people 30. new_tests_per_thousand: New tests for COVID-19 per 1,000 people 31. new_tests_smoothed_per_thousand: New tests for COVID-19 (7-day smoothed) per 1,000 people 32. tests_per_case: Tests conducted per new confirmed case of COVID-19, given as a rolling 7-day average (this is the inverse of positive_rate) 33. positive_rate: The share of COVID-19 tests that are positive, given as a rolling 7-day average (this is the inverse of tests_per_case) 34. tests_units: Units used by the location to report its testing data 35. total_vaccinations: Number of COVID-19 vaccination doses administered 36. total_vaccinations_per_hundred: Number of COVID-19 vaccination doses administered per 100 people 37. stringency_index: Government Response Stringency Index: composite measure based on 9 response indicators including school closures, workplace closures, and travel bans, rescaled to a value from 0 to 100 (100 = strictest response) 38. population: Population in 2020 39. population_density: Number of people divided by land area, measured in square kilometers, most recent year available 40. median_age: Median age of the population, UN projection for 2020 41. aged_65_older: Share of the population that is 65 years and older, most recent year available 42. aged_70_older: Share of the population that is 70 years and older in 2015 43. gdp_per_capita: Gross domestic product at purchasing power parity (constant 2011 international dollars), most recent year available 44. extreme_poverty: Share of the population living in extreme poverty, most recent year available since 2010 45. cardiovasc_death_rate: Death rate from cardiovascular disease in 2017 (annual number of deaths per 100,000 people) 46. diabetes_prevalence: Diabetes prevalence (% of population aged 20 to 79) in 2017 47. female...

Content

This dataset is a result of survey data generated from respondents to an Ipsos survey asking the question:"If a vaccine for COVID-19 were available, I would get it," on its Global Advisor online platform between 2020-10-08 to 2020-10-13 compared to data gathered between 2020-12-17 to 2020-12-20. October 2020 data is gathered from approximately 16,500 respondents and the December 2020 data is gathered from 13,542 respondents, both from adults aged 16-74 from 15 countries.

"The data is weighted so that each country’s sample composition best reflects the demographic profile of the adult population according to the most recent census data."

"Where results do not sum to 100 or the ‘difference’ appears to be +/-1 more/less than the actual, this may be due to rounding, multiple responses, or the exclusion of “don't know” or not stated responses."

"The precision of Ipsos online polls is calculated using a credibility interval with a poll of N=1,000 accurate to +/-3.5 percentage points and of N=500 accurate to +/- 5.0 percentage points. For more information on Ipsos’ use of credibility intervals, please visit the Ipsos website."

"The publication of these findings abides by local rules and regulations."

Methodology GLOBAL ATTITUDES ON A COVID-19 VACCINE

Article U.S. and U.K. are optimistic indicators for COVID-19 vaccination uptake

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Yellow Fever Vaccine market size was USD 4528.5 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.50% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1811.40 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1358.55 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1041.56 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 226.43 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 90.57 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% from 2024 to 2031.
The Sylvatic Yellow Fever category is the fastest-growing segment of the Yellow Fever Vaccine industry

Market Dynamics of Yellow Fever Vaccine Market

Key Drivers for Yellow Fever Vaccine Market

Rising Incidence of Yellow Fever to Boost Market Growth

Yellow fever is a potentially fatal viral disease spread by infected mosquitoes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), as of 2023, 34 countries in Africa and 13 in Central and South America are either endemic or have endemic regions for yellow fever. Between August 26 and November 29, 2022, 22 additional confirmed cases were reported across ten countries. However, after a retrospective review, only seven new confirmed cases and one death were identified. Since 2021, in the WHO African Region, a total of 203 confirmed cases and 252 probable cases of yellow fever have been reported, with 40 deaths, resulting in a case fatality rate (CFR) of 9%. Among the confirmed cases, 23 deaths were recorded, reflecting a CFR of 11%. The high CFR among confirmed cases remained consistent, with 17 deaths (11%) in 2021 and six deaths (12%) in 2022. This increasing disease burden is driving significant demand for yellow fever vaccines, especially in endemic areas. Recent severe outbreaks in Brazil, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of Congo have intensified global awareness and the need for preventive measures, further stimulating the vaccine market.

Expansion of Vaccination Programs to Drive Market Growth

In 2017, the WHO, in collaboration with UNICEF and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, launched the EYE Strategy to protect at-risk populations in 40 countries across Africa and the Americas through mass vaccination campaigns and by ensuring a sustainable vaccine supply. Since the start of the current outbreak (2021 to December 7, 2022), a total of 4,385,320 people have been vaccinated in five countries—Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Ghana, and Kenya—through the ICG-supported response. A reactive campaign in Kembe Satema, Central African Republic, from November 2 to 19, 2022, achieved 101.7% coverage, while a campaign in Bambari, which ended on November 23, 2022, reached 87.7% coverage based on preliminary results. These efforts have accelerated vaccine deployment and expanded immunization programs, providing growth opportunities for vaccine manufacturers. Additionally, many countries in yellow fever-endemic regions have incorporated the vaccine into their national immunization schedules, ensuring steady demand. In several African and South American nations, yellow fever vaccination is mandatory for children, further boosting the market.

Restraint Factor for the Yellow Fever Vaccine Market

Vaccine Supply Shortages and High-Cost Will Limit Market Growth

Yellow fever vaccine production is concentrated among a limited number of manufacturers, leading to supply bottlenecks. This has caused periodic shortages, especially during large-scale outbreaks when demand surges. The production of the live-attenuated vaccine is complex, relying on chicken embryos for cultivation, which limits the ability to rapidly scale up production. In sudden outbreaks, vaccine demand often exceeds supply. The global stockpile maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO) is sometimes insufficient to me...

IntroductionEach SAARC nation falls in the zone of high incidence of pneumococcal disease but there is a paucity of literature estimating the burden of pneumococcal disease in this region.ObjectiveTo identify the prevalent serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in children of SAARC countries, to determine the coverage of these serotypes by the available vaccines, and to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae.MethodsWe searched major electronic databases using a comprehensive search strategy, and additionally searched the bibliography of the included studies and retrieved articles till July 2014. Both community and hospital based observational studies which included children aged ≤12 years as/or part of the studied population in SAARC countries were included.ResultsA total of 17 studies were included in the final analysis. The period of surveillance varied from 12–96 months (median, 24 months). The most common serotypes country-wise were as follows: serotype 1 in Nepal; serotype 14 in Bangladesh and India; serotype 19F in Sri Lanka and Pakistan. PCV-10 was found to be suitable for countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, whereas PCV-13 may be more suitable for Pakistan. An increasing trend of non-susceptibility to antibiotics was noted for co-trimoxazole, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, whereas an increasing trend of susceptibility was noted for penicillin.ConclusionDue to paucity of recent data in majority of the SAARC countries, urgent large size prospective studies are needed to formulate recommendations for specific pneumococcal vaccine introduction and usage of antimicrobial agents in these regions.

BackgroundDespite the success of rotavirus vaccines over the last decade, rotavirus remains a leading cause of severe diarrheal disease among young children. Further progress in reducing the burden of disease is inhibited, in part, by vaccine underperformance in certain settings. Early trials suggested that oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), when administered concomitantly with rotavirus vaccine, reduces rotavirus seroconversion rates after the first rotavirus dose with modest or nonsignificant interference after completion of the full rotavirus vaccine course. Our study aimed to identify a range of individual-level characteristics, including concomitant receipt of OPV, that affect rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity in high- and low-child-mortality settings, controlling for individual- and country-level factors. Our central hypothesis was that OPV administered concomitantly with rotavirus vaccine reduced rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity.Methods and findingsPooled, individual-level data from GlaxoSmithKline’s Phase II and III clinical trials of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1), Rotarix, were analyzed, including 7,280 vaccinated infants (5–17 weeks of age at first vaccine dose) from 22 trials and 33 countries/territories (5 countries/territories with high, 13 with moderately low, and 15 with very low child mortality). Two standard markers for immune response were examined including antirotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) seroconversion (defined as the appearance of serum antirotavirus IgA antibodies in subjects initially seronegative) and serum antirotavirus IgA titer, both collected approximately 4–12 weeks after administration of the last rotavirus vaccine dose. Mixed-effect logistic regression and mixed-effect linear regression of log-transformed data were used to identify individual- and country-level predictors of seroconversion (dichotomous) and antibody titer (continuous), respectively. Infants in high-child-mortality settings had lower odds of seroconverting compared with infants in low-child-mortality settings (odds ratio [OR] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43–0.53, p < 0.001). Similarly, among those who seroconverted, infants in high-child-mortality settings had lower IgA titers compared with infants in low-child-mortality settings (mean difference [β] = 0.83, 95% CI 0.77–0.90, p < 0.001). Infants who received OPV concomitantly with both their first and their second doses of rotavirus vaccine had 0.63 times the odds of seroconverting (OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.47–0.84, p = 0.002) compared with infants who received OPV but not concomitantly with either dose. In contrast, among infants who seroconverted, OPV concomitantly administered with both the first and second rotavirus vaccine doses was found to be positively associated with antirotavirus IgA titer (β = 1.28, 95% CI 1.07–1.53, p = 0.009). Our findings may have some limitations in terms of generalizability to routine use of rotavirus vaccine because the analysis was limited to healthy infants receiving RV1 in clinical trial settings.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that OPV given concomitantly with RV1 was a substantial contributor to reduced antirotavirus IgA seroconversion, and this interference was apparent after the second vaccine dose of RV1, as with the original clinical trials that our reanalysis is based on. However, our findings do suggest that the forthcoming withdrawal of OPV from the infant immunization schedule globally has the potential to improve RV1 performance.

As of May 2, 2023, the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had spread to almost every country in the world, and more than 6.86 million people had died after contracting the respiratory virus. Over 1.16 million of these deaths occurred in the United States.

Waves of infections Almost every country and territory worldwide have been affected by the COVID-19 disease. At the end of 2021 the virus was once again circulating at very high rates, even in countries with relatively high vaccination rates such as the United States and Germany. As rates of new infections increased, some countries in Europe, like Germany and Austria, tightened restrictions once again, specifically targeting those who were not yet vaccinated. However, by spring 2022, rates of new infections had decreased in many countries and restrictions were once again lifted.

What are the symptoms of the virus? It can take up to 14 days for symptoms of the illness to start being noticed. The most commonly reported symptoms are a fever and a dry cough, leading to shortness of breath. The early symptoms are similar to other common viruses such as the common cold and flu. These illnesses spread more during cold months, but there is no conclusive evidence to suggest that temperature impacts the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Medical advice should be sought if you are experiencing any of these symptoms.

We identified 47 studies with seroprevalence data. Four studies, set in Tanzania, India and Iran, were excluded from the table because they reported IgM antibodies only. Of the remaining 43 studies, seroprevalence data were available for 50 different regions and times (Table 2). Most of these (45/50) reported proportions of CHIKV IgG-positive samples and 5/50 presented seroprevalence as the overall proportion of IgG and IgM antibodies. The reports were heterogeneous in population and sampling strategies: 20/50 were based on household data, 9/50 studies were based on blood donors, 4/50 were based on pregnant women, and 3/50 were based on children only. Of all 50 reports, 23 were clinic-based and 29 were carried out during or recently after an outbreak. Among the identified seroprevalence studies, 14 reported the proportion of asymptomatic participants among seropositive samples. Of these studies, 12 were household-based, with some degree of stratification in the sampling design, and 7 were carried out in the Americas. The reported proportion of asymptomatic infections ranged from 13–65%, with no obvious geographic pattern detected. (XLSX)

The 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2003 NDHS) is the third national Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Nigeria. The 2003 NDHS is based on a nationally representative sample of over 7,000 households. All women age 15-49 in these households and all men age 15-59 in a subsample of one-third of the households were individually interviewed. The survey provides up-to-date information on the population and health situation in Nigeria. The 2003 NDHS was designed to provide estimates for key indicators such as fertility, contraceptive use, infant and child mortality, immunization levels, use of family planning, maternal and child health, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and young children, use of mosquito nets, female genital cutting, marriage, sexual activity, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections in Nigeria. MAIN RESULTS FERTILITY Fertility Levels, Trends, and Preferences. The total fertility rate (TFR) in Nigeria is 5.7. This means that at current fertility levels, the average Nigerian woman who is at the beginning of her childbearing years will give birth to 5.7 children by the end of her lifetime. Compared with previous national surveys, the 2003 survey shows a modest decline in fertility over the last two decades: from a TFR of 6.3 in the 1981-82 National Fertility Survey (NFS) to 6.0 in the 1990 NDHS to 5.7 in the 2003 NDHS. However, the 2003 NDHS rate of 5.7 is significantly higher than the 1999 NDHS rate of 5.2. Analysis has shown that the 1999 survey underestimated the true levels of fertility in Nigeria. On average, rural women will have one more child than urban women (6.1 and 4.9, respectively). Fertility varies considerably by region of residence, with lower rates in the south and higher rates in the north. Fertility also has a strong negative correlation with a woman's educational attainment. Most Nigerians, irrespective of their number of living children, want large families. The ideal number of children is 6.7 for all women and 7.3 for currently married women. Nigerian men want even more children than women. The ideal number of children for all men is 8.6 and for currently married men is 10.6. Clearly, one reason for the slow decline in Nigerian fertility is the desire for large families. FAMILY PLANNING Knowledge of Family Planning Methods. About eight in ten women and nine in ten men know at least one modern method of family planning. The pill, injectables, and the male condom are the most widely known modern methods among both women and men. Mass media is an important source of information on family planning. Radio is the most frequent source of family planning messages: 40 percent of women and 56 percent of men say they heard a radio message about family planning during the months preceding the survey. However, more than half of women (56 percent) and 41 percent men were not exposed to family planning messages from a mass media source. Current Use. A total of 13 percent of currently married women are using a method of family planning, including 8 percent who are using a modern method. The most common modern methods are the pill, injectables, and the male condom (2 percent each). Urban women are more than twice as likely as rural women to use a method of contraception (20 percent versus 9 percent). Contraceptive use varies significantly by region. For example, one-third of married women in the South West use a method of contraception compared with just 4 percent of women in the North East and 5 percent of women in the North West. CHILD HEALTH Mortality. The 2003 NDHS survey estimates infant mortality to be 100 per 1,000 live births for the 1999-2003 period. This infant mortality rate is significantly higher than the estimates from both the 1990 and 1999 NDHS surveys; the earlier surveys underestimated mortality levels in certain regions of the country, which in turn biased downward the national estimates. Thus, the higher rate from the 2003 NDHS is more likely due to better data quality than an actual increase in mortality risk overall. The rural infant mortality rate (121 per 1,000) is considerably higher than the urban rate (81 per 1,000), due in large part to the difference in neonatal mortality rates. As in other countries, low maternal education, a low position on the household wealth index, and shorter birth intervals are strongly associated with increased mortality risk. The under-five mortality rate for the 1999-2003 period was 201 per 1,000. Vaccinations. Only 13 percent of Nigerian children age 12-23 months can be considered fully vaccinated, that is, have received BCG, measles, and three doses each of DPT and polio vaccine (excluding the polio vaccine given at birth). This is the lowest vaccination rate among African countries in which DHS surveys have been conducted since 1998. Less than half of children have received each of the recommended vaccinations, with the exception of polio 1 (67 percent) and polio 2 (52 percent). More than three times as many urban children as rural children are fully vaccinated (25 percent and 7 percent, respectively). WHO guidelines are that children should complete the schedule of recommended vaccinations by 12 months of age. In Nigeria, however, only 11 percent of children age 12-23 months received all of the recommended vaccinations before their first birthday. WOMEN'S HEALTH Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is almost universal in Nigeria, with 97 percent of children born in the five years preceding the survey having been breastfed. However, just one-third of children were given breast milk within one hour of birth (32 percent), and less than two-thirds were given breast milk within 24 hours of birth (63 percent). Overall, the median duration of any breastfeeding is 18.6 months, while the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding is only half a month. Complementary Feeding. At age 6-9 months, the recommended age for introducing complementary foods, three-quarters of breast-feeding infants received solid or semisolid foods during the day or night preceding the interview; 56 percent received food made from grains, 25 percent received meat, fish, shellfish, poultry or eggs, and 24 percent received fruits or vegetables. Fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A were consumed by 20 percent of breastfeeding infants age 6-9 months. Maternal Care. Almost two-thirds of mothers in Nigeria (63 percent) received some antenatal care (ANC) for their most recent live birth in the five years preceding the survey. While one-fifth of mothers (21 percent) received ANC from a doctor, almost four in ten women received care from nurses or midwives (37 percent). Almost half of women (47 percent) made the minimum number of four recommended visits, but most of the women who received antenatal care did not get care within the first three months of pregnancy. In terms of content of care, slightly more than half of women who received antenatal care said that they were informed of potential pregnancy complications (55 percent). Fifty-eight percent of women received iron tablets; almost two-thirds had a urine or blood sample taken; and 81 percent had their blood pressure measured. Almost half (47 percent) received no tetanus toxoid injections during their most recent birth. WOMEN'S CHARACTERISTICS AND STATUS Across all maternal care indicators, rural women are disadvantaged compared with urban women, and there are marked regional differences among women. Overall, women in the south, particularly the South East and South West, received better care than women in the north, especially women in the North East and North West. Female Circumcision. Almost one-fifth of Nigerian women are circumcised, but the data suggest that the practice is declining. The oldest women are more than twice as likely as the youngest women to have been circumcised (28 percent versus 13 percent). Prevalence is highest among the Yoruba (61 percent) and Igbo (45 percent), who traditionally reside in the South West and South East. Half of the circumcised respondents could not identify the type of procedure performed. Among those women who could identify the type of procedure, the most common type of circumcision involved cutting and removal of flesh (44 percent of all circumcised women). Four percent of women reported that their vaginas were sewn closed during circumcision. MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAM INDICATORS Nets. Although malaria is a major public health concern in Nigeria, only 12 percent of households report owning at least one mosquito net. Even fewer, 2 percent of households, own an insecticide treated net (ITN). Rural households are almost three times as likely as urban households to own at least one mosquito net. Overall, 6 percent of children under age five sleep under a mosquito net, including 1 percent of children who sleep under an ITN. Five percent of pregnant women slept under a mosquito net the night before the survey, one-fifth of them under an ITN. Use of Antimalarials. Overall, 20 percent of women reported that they took an antimalarial for prevention of malaria during their last pregnancy in the five years preceding the survey. Another 17 percent reported that they took an unknown drug, and 4 percent took paracetamol or herbs to prevent malaria. Only 1 percent received intermittent preventative treatment (IPT)-or preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar/SP) during an antenatal care visit. Among pregnant women who took an antimalarial, more than half (58 percent) used Daraprim, which has been found to be ineffective as a chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy. Additionally, 39 percent used chloroquine, which was the chemoprophylactic drug of choice until the introduction of IPT in Nigeria in 2001. Among children who were sick with fever/convulsions, one-third took antimalarial drugs, the majority receiving the drugs