In the 2020 calendar year, the global average price of cotton - from a selection of the principal upland cottons - stood at **** U.S. cents per pound. The global price of cotton was at its peak in the 2011 crop year, with an average price of *** cents per pound. Cotton in the U.S. The average farm price in the United States received by cotton growers, has been growing in the past few years. The United States is the leading global cotton exporter, and is among the leading cotton producers worldwide after India and China. As of 2017/2018, the United States produced about ** percent of cotton globally. Cottonseeds market Worldwide cottonseed production amounted to about **** million metric tons in 2018/2019, decreasing from around ** million metric tons in the previous year. In that year, India and China were by far the main cottonseed producers worldwide, followed by Pakistan and Brazil.

Daily bulletin time series available since 2/1/2002, for the Euro, and since 28/11/1984, for the other currencies. For the American Dollar, this data set shows administered rates until March, 1990 and free rates from then on (Resolution 1690/1990). Administered rates are those set by the Central Bank of Brazil; from March, 1992, this rate started being called Ptax rate (close). Until 30/6/2011, this rate was calculated as the average rate, weighed by volume, of all interbank operations traded on that day. Starting on 1/7/2011 (Circular 3506/2010), the Ptax rate calculation corresponds to the arithmetic average of four daily quotes provided by Central Bank of Brazil’s foreign exchange dealers; the quotes must reflect market conditions at that time. Parities of the other currencies against the American Dollar (USD) are obtained from information agencies. Currencies rates against the Brazilian currency are calculated dividing the Brazilian currency rate against the American Dollar by the parities against the American Dollar for type A currencies, and multiplying the Brazilian currency rate against the American Dollar by the parities against the American Dollar for type B currencies. Available currencies: Danish Krone (DKK) Type A Norwegian Krone (NOK) Type A Swedish Krona (SEK) Type A American Dollar (USD) Type A Australian Dollar (AUD) Type B Canadian Dollar (CAD) Type A Euro (EUR) Type B Swiss Franc (CHF) Type A Japanese Yen (JPY) Type A British Pound (GBP) Type B Unit of measure: Type A currencies: Parity (American Dollar): quantity in the currency per one unit of American Dollar (USD); Rates (Brazilian currency): quantity in the Brazilian currency per one unit of the currency Type B currencies: Parity (American Dollar): quantity in American Dollars (USD) per one unit of the currency; Rates (Brazilian currency): quantity in the Brazilian currency per one unit of the currency Example of how to calculate type A currencies rates in the Brazilian currency, considering the Real (BRL) as the domestic currency and the Canadian Dollar (CAD) as the foreign currency: CADBRL bid rate = USDBRL bid rate ÷ USDCAD offer parity CADBRL offer rate = USDBRL offer rate ÷ USDCAD bid parity Example of how to calculate type B currencies rates in the Brazilian currency, considering the Real (BRL) as the domestic currency and the Euro (EUR) as the foreign currency: EURBRL bid rate = EURUSD bid parity × USDBRL bid rate EURBRL offer rate = EURUSD offer parity × USDBRL offer rate Source: Refinitiv, except for USDBRL The Central Bank assumes no responsibility whatsoever for non-simultaneity or any lack of information, as well as for possible errors in currency parities or any other errors, except the parity of the United States dollar in relation to the Real. The institution also assumes no responsibilty for delays or the unavailability of telecommunications services, interruptions, failures or imprecisions in the providing of the services or information. The Central Bank likewise assumes no responsibility for any losses or damages consequent upon such interruptions, delays, failings or imperfections, as well as for the inadequate use of the information contained in the transaction. af829095-9d8c-4c1d-a77f-48e4d51f7a71 exchange-rates-daily-bulletins

Key information about Zambia Exchange Rate against USD

• Zambia Exchange Rate against USD averaged 18.584 (USD/ZMW) in May 2023, compared with 18.454 USD/ZMW in the previous month.
• Zambia Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 22.581 in Jun 2021 and a record low of 0.001 in Aug 1976.

Prior to January 1968, Zambia uses the Zambian pound as its official currency. It was subsequently replaced by the Zambian Kwacha at the rate of 2 kwacha to 1 Zambian pound. Exchange Rate prior to January 2006 is sourced from International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Zambia Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Zambia Short Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: Zambia: Treasury Bills Yield: 91 days was reported at 10.100 % pa in Apr 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month End: Zambia: GRZ Bond Yields: 10 Years) was reported at 27.800 % pa in Apr 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Zambia) was set at 9.250 % pa in May 2023.

This table contains 45 series, with data for years 1950 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years), and was last released on 2016-01-05. This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 items: Canada ...), Type of currency (45 items: United States dollar; noon spot rate; average; Danish krone; noon spot rate; average; French franc; noon spot rate; average; Belgian franc; noon spot rate; average ...).

The US dollar index of February 2025 was higher than it was in 2024, although below the peak in late 2022. This reveals itself in a historical graphic on the past 50 years, measuring the relative strength of the U.S. dollar. This metric is different from other FX graphics that compare the U.S. dollar against other currencies. By July 15, 2025, the DXY index was around 98.01 points. The history of the DXY Index The index shown here – often referred to with the code DXY, or USDX – measures the value of the U.S. dollar compared to a basket of six other foreign currencies. This basket includes the euro, the Swiss franc, the Japanese yen, the Canadian dollar, the British pound, and the Swedish króna. The index was created in 1973, after the arrival of the petrodollar and the dissolution of the Bretton Woods Agreement. Today, most of these currencies remain connected to the United States' largest trade partners. The relevance of the DXY Index The index focuses on trade and the strength of the U.S. dollar against specific currencies. It less on inflation or devaluation, which is measured in alternative metrics like the Big Mac Index. Indeed, as the methodology behind the DXY Index has only been updated once – when the euro arrived in 1999 – some argue this composition is not accurate to the current state of the world. The price development of the U.S. dollar affects many things, including commodity prices in general.

Key information about Lebanon Exchange Rate against USD

• Lebanon Exchange Rate against USD averaged 15,000.000 (USD/LBP) in Apr 2023, compared with 15,000.000 USD/LBP in the previous month.
• Lebanon Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to Apr 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 15,000.000 in Apr 2023 and a record low of 2.220 in Jun 1975.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Banque du Liban provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1964 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Lebanon Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Lebanon Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: Interbank Rate: Weighted Average was reported at 20.000 % pa in Jan 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Treasury Bills: Coupon Rate: 5 Years) was reported at 6.000 % pa in Jan 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Lebanon: Repo Rate) was set at 10.000 % pa in Jan 2023.

Key information about Sudan Exchange Rate against USD

• Sudan Exchange Rate against USD averaged 446.387 (USD/SDG) in Mar 2022, compared with 443.602 USD/SDG in the previous month.
• Sudan Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to Mar 2022.
• The data reached an all-time high of 448.093 in Jul 2021 and a record low of 0.000 in Oct 1977.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Central Bank of Sudan provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to July 2007 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.

Since the unification of England in medieval times, there has been some form of universally accepted, coined currency in circulation in Britain. Throughout history, there have been many variations of these coins in circulation, with more consistency and regulation implemented in recent centuries. Prior to 1971, British currency was split into three primary denominations, these were pence ("d"; from the Roman "denarius"), shillings (s) and pounds (£), with twelve pence equal to one shilling, and twenty shillings to one pound. Although pence and pounds were usually represented by their symbols, it was rare for shillings to be shown as "s", instead, one shilling would be written as "1/-". Farthings and other values worth less than one pence would also be written in as a fraction. Therefore, for example, four pounds, three shillings and two and a half pence would be written as; "£4 / 3 / 2½".

Multiples and colloquialisms Along with the fundamental coins shown in the graph, there were many variations and multiples of each coin. For example, the farthing (which etymologically means "fourth of a penny") had four variations; the quarter farthing, third farthing, half farthing and farthing. This means that there were some coins in circulation worth as little as one quarter of one quarter (one 16th) of a penny. The largest coin distributed by the Bank of England is the five pound coin (which is still legal tender, but traditionally is a collectors items and is rarely seen in circulation). Many of these traditional coins were also known by their colloquial names, such as the "ha'penny" (half penny), "Bob" (shilling) and "Joey" (groat).

Decimal Day 1971 On February 15. 1971, both the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland decimalized their respective currencies. For the UK, this meant that pounds retained their pre-decimal value, however they were now worth 100 pence, instead of 240 pence; which means that the penny was revalued from 1d to 2.4d, now shown as 1p. The production of shillings also stopped, however they remained in circulation until 1990 with a value of five pence. On Decimal Day in the UK, one pound notes were introduced and they remained in circulation until 1988, although the introduction of the one pound coin in 1983 had already rendered them unnecessary. Today, there are nine coins in common circulation in the United Kingdom, these are; 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, £1 and £2.

The retail price of 100% ground beef in the United States has risen significantly in the last two decades. In 2024, a pound of ground beef cost **** U.S. dollars, up from **** U.S. dollars in 2008. Cattle and beef production in the U.S. In 2022, there were almost ** million beef cows in the United States. Compared to sheep, pigs, and chickens, cows are very expensive to raise and require much more water, feed, and land per calorie generated. Though beef production fluctuates from year to year, there has been a positive trend in beef production in the last several years in the United States. U.S. beef market In terms of retail sales, beef is the leading type of fresh meat in the United States. On average, beef generates about *********** U.S. dollars in sales per store per week, compared to approximately *********** dollars for chicken, and less than ************* dollars for pork. As of 2021, per capita consumption of beef in the United States amounted to about ** pounds per year.

In 2024, the gross value added (GVA) of the transportation and storage sector in the United Kingdom amounted to approximately **** billion British pounds, compared with **** billion pounds in 2023.

Graph and download economic data for Exchange Rate to U.S. Dollar for Lebanon (FXRATELBA618NUPN) from 1950 to 2010 about Lebanon, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

The median annual earnings for full-time employees in the United Kingdom was approximately 37,430 British pounds in 2024, compared with 34,963 pounds in the previous year. At the start of the provided time period, in 1999, the average full-time salary in the UK was 17,803 pounds per year, with median earnings exceeding 20,000 pounds per year in 2002, and 30,000 by 2019. Wages continue to grow faster than inflation in 2025 Between November 2021 and July 2023 inflation was higher than wage growth in the UK, with wages still outpacing inflation as of March 2025. At the peak of the recent wave of high inflation in October 2022, the CPI inflation rate reached a 41-year-high of 11.1 percent, wages were growing much slower at 6.1 percent. Since that peak, inflation remained persistently high for several months, only dropping below double figures in April 2023, when inflation was 8.7 percent, down from 10.1 percent in the previous month. For 2023 as a whole, the average annual rate of inflation was 7.3 percent but fell to 2.5 percent in 2024, but is forecast to increase to 3.2 percent in 2025. Highest and lowest-paid occupations As of 2023, the highest-paid occupation in the UK was that of Chief Executives and Senior Officials, who had an average weekly pay of approximately, 1,576 pounds. By contrast, the lowest-paid occupation that year was that of retail cashiers, and check-out operators, who earned approximately 383 pounds a week. For industry sectors as a whole, people who worked full-time in the electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply sector had the highest average earnings, at 955 pounds a week, compared with 505 pounds a week in the accommodation and food services sector, the lowest average earnings in 2023.

Public sector net debt amounted to 95.8 percent of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom during the 2024/25 financial year, or 90 percent when the Bank of England is excluded. UK government debt is at its highest levels since the early 1960s, due to a significant increase in borrowing during the COVID-19 pandemic. After peaking at 251.7 percent shortly after the end of the Second World War, government debt in the UK gradually fell, before a sharp increase in the late 2000s at the time of the global financial crisis. Debt not expected to start falling until 2029/30 In 2024/25, the UK's government expenditure was approximately 1.28 trillion pounds, around 44.7 percent of GDP. This spending was financed by 1.13 trillion pounds of revenue raised, and 151 billion pounds of borrowing. Although the UK government can still borrow money in the future to finance its spending, the amount spent on debt interest has increased significantly recently. Recent forecasts suggest that while the debt is eventually expected to start declining, this is based on falling government deficits in the next five years. Government facing hard choices Hitting fiscal targets, such as reducing the national debt, will require a careful balancing of the books from the current government, and the possibility for either spending cuts or tax rises. Although Labour ruled out raising the main government tax sources, Income Tax, National Insurance, and VAT, at the 2024 election, they did raise National Insurance for employers (rather than employees) and also cut Winter Fuel allowances for large numbers of pensioners. Less than a year after implementing cuts to Winter Fuel, the government performed a U-Turn on the issue, and will make it widely available by the winter of 2025.

The gross domestic product of the United Kingdom was around 2.56 trillion British pounds, an increase when compared to the previous year, when UK GDP amounted to about 2.54 trillion pounds. The significant drop in GDP visible in 2020 was due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the smaller declines in 2008 and 2009 because of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. Low growth problem in the UK Despite growing by 0.9 percent in 2024, and 0.4 percent in 2023 the UK economy is not that much larger than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic. Since recovering from a huge fall in GDP in the second quarter of 2020, the UK economy has alternated between periods of contraction and low growth, with the UK even in a recession at the end of 2023. While economic growth picked up somewhat in 2024, GDP per capita is lower than it was in 2022, following two years of negative growth. UK's global share of GDP falling As of 2024, the UK had the sixth-largest economy in the world, behind the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India. Among European nations, this meant that the UK currently has the second-largest economy in Europe, although the economy of France, Europe's third-largest economy, is of a similar size. The UK's global economic ranking will likely fall in the coming years, however, with the UK's share of global GDP expected to fall from 2.16 percent in 2025 to 2.02 percent by 2029.