Abstract

This dataset includes all individuals from the 1870 US census.

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Documentation

This dataset was developed through a collaboration between the Minnesota Population Center and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The data contain demographic variables, economic variables, migration variables and race variables. Unlike more recent census datasets, pre-1900 census datasets only contain individual level characteristics and no household or family characteristics, but household and family identifiers do exist.

The official enumeration day of the 1870 census was 1 June 1870. The main goal of an early census like the 1870 U.S. census was to allow Congress to determine the collection of taxes and the appropriation of seats in the House of Representatives. Each district was assigned a U.S. Marshall who organized other marshals to administer the census. These enumerators visited households and recorder names of every person, along with their age, sex, color, profession, occupation, value of real estate, place of birth, parental foreign birth, marriage, literacy, and whether deaf, dumb, blind, insane or “idiotic”.

Sources: Szucs, L.D. and Hargreaves Luebking, S. (1997). Research in Census Records, The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy. Ancestry Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT Dollarhide, W.(2000). The Census Book: A Genealogist’s Guide to Federal Census Facts, Schedules and Indexes. Heritage Quest, Bountiful, UT

The Census Tree is the largest-ever database of record links among the historical U.S. censuses, with over 700 million links for people living in the United States between 1850 and 1940. These links allow researchers to construct a longitudinal dataset that is highly representative of the population, and that includes women, Black Americans, and other under-represented populations at unprecedented rates. Each .csv file consists of a crosswalk between the two years indicated in the filename, using the IPUMS histids. For more information, consult the included Read Me file, and visit https://censustree.org.

Analysis unit

Persons, households, and dwellings

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: yes - Vacant Units: no - Households: yes - Individuals: yes - Group quarters: yes

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: A house standing alone, or separated by walls from other houses in a block. Hotels, poorhouses, garrisons, asylums, jails, and similar establishments, where the inmates live habitually under a single roof, were considered single dwelling houses for the purposes of the census. - Households: One or more persons living together and provided for in common. A single person, living alone in a distinct part of a house, may constitute a family; while, on the other hand, all the inmates of a boarding house or a hotel will constitute but a single family, though there may be among them many husbands with wives and children. Under whatever circumstances, and in whatever numbers, people live together under one roof, and are provided for at a common table are considered a family. - Group quarters: Yes

Universe

All persons living in the United States including temporarily absent residents and sailors at sea, no matter how long they may have been absent, if they were believed to be still alive. "Indians not taxed", which refers to Native Americans living on reservations or under tribal rule. Native Americans who had renounced tribal rule and "exercise the rights of citizens" were to be enumerated.

Kind of data

Population and Housing Census [hh/popcen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Department of the Interior

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 383358.

SAMPLE DESIGN: 1-in-100 national random sample of the population

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The census operation involved four schedules. Schedule 1 was used to enumerate households and collected information on individual characteristics.

These data were drawn from three separate U.S. censuses--1860, 1870, and 1880--for the state of Missouri, and pertain to six Missouri townships. The data were linked to form a pooled cross-section time-series, in which multiple observations for individuals are linked together. There is one record for each enumerated person in the sample from the population schedules, and each slave and farm has its own record as well. Agricultural data in the collection provide information on a variety of topics, such as the amount and dollar value of livestock, including cows, sheep, and pigs, agricultural commodities, such as wheat, oats, and barley, and dairy products like cheese and butter. Information about the value of orchards, farm land, and equipment is also included. Part 1, the agricultural census data for 1860, also provides information on the number of slaves in households, giving the number of male and female slaves in specific age groups (adults, teens, children, and babies). The agricultural census data for 1870 in Part 2 supply additional demographic variables, including U.S. citizen status, voting status, parents' birthplaces, and whether the person could write. Part 3, the agricultural census data for 1880, provides more in-depth information on livestock, including the number of sheep and cattle that were sold, slaughtered, born, or died. Other variables relate to the acreage of crops planted in corn, rice, wheat, and barley. Demographic variables common to all three agricultural censuses include age, sex, race, occupation, birthplace, literacy, and number of males and females in the household for all age groups (adults, teens, children, and babies). The U.S. Census population manuscript data offer demographic information similar to the demographic variables from the agricultural census data, and also include whether the person attended school. In addition, Part 6, Population Manuscript Data, 1870, covers citizen status, voting status, parents' birthplaces, and whether the person was deaf, dumb, blind, or insane. The 1880 population data in Part 7 provide variables for various health conditions: sick, blind, deaf, idiocy, insanity, and whether the person was maimed. Parents' birthplace and the person's relationship with the head of the household and head of the family are also included. Part 4, Panel Data: Farms Reported in Two or More Census Years, and Part 8, Panel Data: Household Heads and Other Males Enumerated in Two or More Census Years, supply data on farms and individuals who were enumerated in two or more census years. These two files provide information similar to that presented above.

This collection presents information from the census of manufacturing in states and the District of Columbia. It was constructed from the STATE SAMPLES FROM THE CENSUS OF MANUFACTURING: 1850, 1860, AND 1870 (ICPSR 4071). The data were originally collected to paint a quantitative picture of industrialization in the United States without the need to weight the results. The data describe states and counties in terms of amount of capital invested and numbers of male, female, and child workers employed. Additional information includes daily wages for men, women, and children, annual wage bill, number of waterwheels and steam engines, and horsepower by water or steam.

This collection contains information from the Census of Manufacturing for states and the District of Columbia. It was originally collected to study the failure of southern industrialization. The data describe states and counties in terms of urban or rural, amount of capital invested, and number of male, female, and child workers employed. Additional information includes daily wage for skilled and unskilled labor, annual wage bill, hours in ordinary day's labor, types and quantities of inputs and outputs, power type, and horsepower. The original data were collected by Fred Bateman and Thomas J. Weiss and the collection was later extended by Jeremy Atack.

This data collection is a portion of the historical data collected by the project, "Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease, and Death," which is collecting military, medical, and socioeconomic data on a sample of white males mustered into the Union Army during the Civil War. During 1850, 1860, and 1870, mortality information was gathered at the county level as an addendum to the population census. These data examine the impact of environmental factors on life outcomes and look at the influence of infectious disease rates on economic and health patterns at late ages. Part 1, Disease Data, looks at cause of death from 66 disease classifications. Part 2, General Disease Data, also examines cause of death but through 18 broad disease categories. Variables included in both parts are state, county, year of death, and frequency of death by disease.

The Nevada Census Microdata provides a complete-count transcription of the manuscript census pages from the state of Nevada, for the federal censuses of 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, and 1920. It includes nearly all of the information that was recorded on the census forms, though the questions asked by census-takers changed over time. This data can help researchers investigate historical questions related to immigration, migration, industrialization, work, and family. The multiple years covered by the data permit valuable longitudinal studies, at least within the state of Nevada. Future phases of the project will include more extensive documentation and refining field names and values to make this data as compatible as possible with other sources used in historical demography, such as those published by the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS).

First conducted in 1871, the Census of Canada provides a snapshot of the people living in Canada, collecting socioeconomic data to help inform public policy, decide parliamentary representation, and direct funding to resources across the country. Initially run every ten years, the quinquennial Census was introduced in 1956. Throughout its history, the Census has continued to evolve and change reflecting Canada’s political and social transformations. In this guide, variables related to finding ethnic origins, race, culture, or where a respondent is born, are listed. Also included are links to variable column definitions, individual census records (for historical censuses), publications with tables, and data files. Additional censuses include the 1870 Census of Manitoba, 1906 Census of the Northwest Provinces, and the Census of the Prairie Provinces for 1916, 1926, 1936, and 1946. This guide was created as part of the Data on Racialized and Indigenous Populations in Canada website hosted by Scholars Portal.

This component of the Philadelphia Social History Project highlights Philadelphia manufacturing industry data collected in census years 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880. Business level data includes company name, type of business, amount of capital, and number of active months per year. Workforce information includes average number of male, female, and child employees, occupations, average wages per month by sex, and total wages per year. Production details for each manufacturing firm consist of type of power used, horsepower, number and types of machines, value and number of materials, and value and number of products. Geographic variables include district, ward, x- and y-coordinates, street name, and street direction.

U.S. Census Data, 1870 Mortality Schedule, Hadley Township, Pike County, Illinois

The Santa Isabel Enslaved Census (SIEC) dataset is drawn from a municipal register of enslaved people in Santa Isabel in 1870, located in the Archivo General de Puerto Rico. The data provides both a demographic snapshot of Santa Isabel’s enslaved population on the eve of abolition and begins to fill a gap in the public archival record of the enslaved Puerto Rican population.

The social and demographic data included in this collection consist of a single data file for each decennial year between 1870 and 2000, covering 10 of the 12 Great Plains states. Information on a variety of social and demographic topics was gathered to historically characterize populations living in counties within the United States Great Plains, in terms of: (1) urban, rural, and total population, (2) vital statistics, (3) net migration, (4) age and sex, (5) nativity and ancestry, (6) education and literacy, (7) religion, (8) industry, and (9) housing and other characteristics. These data include selected material compiled as part of the United States population census. The United States Census of Population and Housing has been conducted since 1790 on a regular schedule that is decennial. The county-level social and demographic data produced by the United States government as a result constitute a consistent series of measures capturing changes in the United States population's size, composition, and other characteristics. A subset of the variables available from the short and long-form survey questionnaires of the United States Census of Population and Housing (as compiled for counties) were extracted from previously existing digital files. Besides the decennial census of the population, county-level data were drawn from an assortment of existing digital files as well as sources that were manually digitized. Other data include compilations of county-level information gathered from various federal agencies and private organizations as well as the agriculture and economic censuses. Supplementing these compilations are manually digitized consumer market data, religious data, and vital statistics, including information about births, deaths, marriage, and divorce.

This data collection contains detailed county and state-level ecological and descriptive data for the United States for the years 1790 to 2002. Parts 1-43 are an update to HISTORICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL DATA: THE UNITED STATES, 1790-1970 (ICPSR 0003). Parts 1-41 contain data from the 1790-1970 censuses. They include extensive information about the social and political character of the United States, including a breakdown of population by state, race, nationality, number of families, size of the family, births, deaths, marriages, occupation, religion, and general economic condition. Parts 42 and 43 contain data from the 1840 and 1870 Censuses of Manufacturing, respectively. These files include information about the number of persons employed in various industries and the quantities of different types of manufactured products. Parts 44-50 provide county-level data from the United States Census of Agriculture for 1840 to 1900. They also include the state and national totals for the variables. The files provide data about the number, types, and prices of various agricultural products. Parts 51-57 contain data on religious bodies and church membership for 1906, 1916, 1926, 1936, and 1952, respectively. Parts 58-69 consist of data from the CITY DATA BOOKS for 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1983, 1988, 1994, and 2000, respectively. These files contain information about population, climate, housing units, hotels, birth and death rates, school enrollment and education expenditures, employment in various industries, and city government finances. Parts 70-81 consist of data from the COUNTY DATA BOOKS for 1947, 1949, 1952, 1956, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1983, 1988, 1994, and 2000, respectively. These files include information about population, employment, housing, agriculture, manufacturing, retail, services, trade, banking, Social Security, local governments, school enrollment, hospitals, crime, and income. Parts 82-84 contain data from USA COUNTIES 1998. Due to the large number of variables from this source, the data were divided into into three separate data files. Data include information on population, vital statistics, school enrollment, educational attainment, Social Security, labor force, personal income, poverty, housing, trade, farms, ancestry, commercial banks, and transfer payments. Parts 85-106 provide data from the United States Census of Agriculture for 1910 to 2002. They provide data about the amount, types, and prices of various agricultural products. Also, these datasets contain extensive information on the amount, expenses, sales, values, and production of farms and machinery. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR -- https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR02896.v3. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version, as they made this dataset available in multiple data formats and updated the data through 2002.

Abstract (en): Detailed demographic characteristics of the population of the United States from 1870 to 1960 are contained in this data collection. Included are state-level estimates of the nation's inhabitants by sex, race, nativity and age, as well as intercensal migration calculated by age, race, and sex. The basic information recorded in this collection was obtained from the decennial censuses of the United States or estimated by the principal investigators from material collected by the decennial censuses. The collection is comprised of thirteen separate data files. Each contains information for every state in the nation. All parts have a rectangular file structure with one record per case, with the number of cases ranging from 50 to 2,891, and the record length from 203 to 2,930 per part. Standard geographic identifying codes used in all of the files permit the combination of two or more of the files as research interests dictate. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Created variable labels and/or value labels.. 2011-08-31 SAS, SPSS, and Stata setups have been added to this data collection.2006-01-12 All files were removed from dataset 14 and flagged as study-level files, so that they will accompany all downloads.2006-01-12 All files were removed from dataset 14 and flagged as study-level files, so that they will accompany all downloads. This collection was made available to ICPSR through the Population Studies Center of the University of Pennsylvania.

This collection contains statistical data extracted from the published W.A. colonial census reports from 1848 to 1901. The data are presented both as raw Excel spreadsheets and as processed files for use with the SPSS and Nesstar statistical software. These files were compiled and processed by Leanne Den Hartog in 2012 as part of her work for the Western Australian node of the Australian Data Archive.

Data from the 1870 Western Australian colonial census formatted for SPSS and Nesstar software

This statistic shows the number of black men and women in the US from 1820 until 1880. Slavery was legal in the Southern States of the US until 1865, when the Thirteenth Amendment was added to the US Constitution after the American Civil War. Until that time all of the slaves included in this statistic were registered as living in the South, whereas the majority of the free, black men and women lived in the Northern States. From the data we can see that, while the slave experience was very different for men and women, there was relatively little difference between their numbers in each respective category. While female slaves were more likely to serve in domestic roles, they were also more likely to be working in the lowest and unskilled jobs on plantations, whereas men were given more skilled and physically demanding roles. As slavery was abolished in 1870, all black people from this point were considered free in the census data. It is also worth noticing that in these years the difference in the number of men and women increased, most likely as a result of all the black male soldiers who fell fighting in the American Civil War.

A dataset to advance the study of life-cycle interactions of biomedical and socioeconomic factors in the aging process. The EI project has assembled a variety of large datasets covering the life histories of approximately 39,616 white male volunteers (drawn from a random sample of 331 companies) who served in the Union Army (UA), and of about 6,000 African-American veterans from 51 randomly selected United States Colored Troops companies (USCT). Their military records were linked to pension and medical records that detailed the soldiers������?? health status and socioeconomic and family characteristics. Each soldier was searched for in the US decennial census for the years in which they were most likely to be found alive (1850, 1860, 1880, 1900, 1910). In addition, a sample consisting of 70,000 men examined for service in the Union Army between September 1864 and April 1865 has been assembled and linked only to census records. These records will be useful for life-cycle comparisons of those accepted and rejected for service. Military Data: The military service and wartime medical histories of the UA and USCT men were collected from the Union Army and United States Colored Troops military service records, carded medical records, and other wartime documents. Pension Data: Wherever possible, the UA and USCT samples have been linked to pension records, including surgeon''''s certificates. About 70% of men in the Union Army sample have a pension. These records provide the bulk of the socioeconomic and demographic information on these men from the late 1800s through the early 1900s, including family structure and employment information. In addition, the surgeon''''s certificates provide rich medical histories, with an average of 5 examinations per linked recruit for the UA, and about 2.5 exams per USCT recruit. Census Data: Both early and late-age familial and socioeconomic information is collected from the manuscript schedules of the federal censuses of 1850, 1860, 1870 (incomplete), 1880, 1900, and 1910. Data Availability: All of the datasets (Military Union Army; linked Census; Surgeon''''s Certificates; Examination Records, and supporting ecological and environmental variables) are publicly available from ICPSR. In addition, copies on CD-ROM may be obtained from the CPE, which also maintains an interactive Internet Data Archive and Documentation Library, which can be accessed on the Project Website. * Dates of Study: 1850-1910 * Study Features: Longitudinal, Minority Oversamples * Sample Size: ** Union Army: 35,747 ** Colored Troops: 6,187 ** Examination Sample: 70,800 ICPSR Link: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06836

The data in this series of studies were assembled by an interdisciplinary research team led by Myron Gutmann of the University of Michigan between 1995 and 2004, as part of a research project funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Grant Number R01HD033554 to the University of Michigan). The goal of the project was to amass information about approximately 500 counties in 12 states of the Great Plains of the United States, and then to analyze those data in order to understand the relationships between population and environment that existed between the years of about 1870 and 2000. The data distributed here are all data about counties. They fall into four broad categories: about the counties, about agriculture, about demographic and social conditions, and about the environment. The information about counties (name, area, identification code, and whether the project classified the county as part of the Great Plains in a given year) is embedded in each of the other data files, so that there will be three series of data (agriculture, demographic and social conditions, and environment), containing individual data files for each year for which data are available. The United States Census of Agriculture has been conducted since 1850 on a regular schedule that was decennial until 1920, and more frequently thereafter (every five years from 1925 to 1950, then in 1954, 1959, 1964, 1978, and every five years since 1982). The agricultural data included in this collection consist of a single data file for each agricultural census year between 1870 and 1997 that includes selected material compiled as part of the United States Agricultural Census. The county-level agricultural data produced by the United States government as part of the census constitute a consistent series of measures of changing agriculture and land use.

This component of the Philadelphia Social History Project examines the demographic composition of city grid squares using census data from years 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880. The collection consists of two types of data files: (1) grid tallies, and (2) grid dictionaries. The grid tally files consist of counts of individuals living in PSHP grid squares, with totals broken down by race/ethnicity, sex, and age. The grid dictionary files link lines in the census manuscripts to PSHP grid squares, allowing users to follow the movements of census-takers as they moved house-to-house on foot, adding individuals to the printed census manuscript forms. The "grid" network consists of a set of vertical and horizontal lines drawn at fixed intervals across a city map, forming the foundation for the spatial organization of the data. The grid dictionary files show when census-takers crossed from one grid square to another; each row in the grid dictionary describes a set of rows that are in a specific grid square by listing the starting page/line and the ending page/line.