Analysis unit

Persons, households, and dwellings

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: yes - Vacant Units: no - Households: yes - Individuals: yes - Group quarters: yes

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: A place in which any person entitled to receive a schedule usually lives. A dwelling may be an ordinary private house or a separately occupied room or rooms in a house; a flat in a block of residential mansions or model dwellings; a maisonette; rooms over stables, over shops, in a factory, etc.; an hotel, club, institution, etc.; or a caravan, tent, canal boat, vessel, etc. - Households: A group of people who eat at the same table or in the same house, including lodgers and servants - Group quarters: Yes

Universe

All persons who slept in a dwelling in the country on the night of April 2,1911 and persons who arrived to the dwelling on the morning of April 3, 1911 having not be enumerated elsewhere

Kind of data

Population and Housing Census [hh/popcen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Registrar General

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 36353455.

SAMPLE DESIGN: Not applicable

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

A single household form collected information on individual characteristics

This dataset contains Adjustment Weights for the 1891-1911 England and Wales censuses and corresponds to Supplementary material for the paper "The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911", by Bennett, Robert J., Montebruno, Piero, Smith, Harry J. as an outcome of the ESRC project ES/M010953: Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses PI Prof. Robert J. Bennett.

The material consists of three raw text files

1. 1891 Employment status & Weights
2. 1901 Employment status & Weights
3. 1911 Employment status & Weights

Each file has the three following variables:

1. newRecID: the ID for I-CEM2 as in Higgs, Edward and Schürer, Kevin (University of Essex) (2014) The Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) UKDA, SN-7481; K. Schürer, E. Higgs, A.M. Reid, E.M Garrett, Integrated Census Microdata, 1851-1911, version V. 2 (I-CeM.2), (2016) [data collection] UK Data Service SN: 7481

2. Employment status: 1 Worker 2 Employer 3 Own-account

3. Weights: the inverse of the probability of giving an answer to the Employment Status question of the censuses by Sex and Relationship to the head of the family.

A detailed explanation of how these weights were calculated and how to use them in the context of data analysis of this censuses can be found in the accompanying working paper, Montebruno, Piero (2018) ‘Adjustment Weights 1891-1911: Weights to adjust entrepreneurs taking account of non-response and misallocation bias in Censuses 1891-1911’, Working Paper 11: ESRC project ES/M010953: ‘Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses’, University of Cambridge, Department of Geography and Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure.

The files can be opened by any text editor, database management system (Access) or statistical package (Stata, SPSS)

This dataset should be cited as Adjustment Weights 1891-1911, "The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911", by Bennett, Robert J., Montebruno, Piero, Smith, Harry J. Please cite using its DOI.

The Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) project has produced a standardised, integrated dataset of most of the censuses of Great Britain for the period 1851 to 1921: England and Wales for 1851-1861, 1881-1921 and Scotland for 1851-1901 and 1921, making available to academic researchers, detailed information at parish level about everyone resident in Great Britain collected at most of the decennial censuses between 1851-1921. Users should note that the 1871 England and Wales census data and 1911 Scottish census data are not available via I-CeM.

The original digital data has been coded and standardised. In addition, the original text and numerical strings have always been preserved in separate variables, so that researchers can go back to the original transcription. However, users should note that name and address details for individuals are not currently included in the database; for reasons of commercial sensitivity, these are held under Special Licence access conditions under SN 7856 for data relating to England, Wales and Scotland, 1851-1911 and SN 9281 for data relating to England and Wales, 1921.

This study (7481) relates to the available anonymised data for 1851-1911, i.e. all available years except 1921. Data for England and Wales 1921 are available under SN 9280. The data are available via an online system at https://icem.ukdataservice.ac.uk/

Latest edition information

For the second edition (June 2024), the 1851-1911 data have been redeposited with amended and enhanced data values.

Further information about I-CeM can be found on the "https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/icem/" target="_blank"> I-CeM Integrated Microdata Project webpages.

This dataset is designed to be used with the Integrated Census Micro-data (ICeM). It weights to adjust for the number of missing women in each Registration Sub-District (RSD) for every census year. More information is given in 'Weights to adjust for missing women in ICeM database 1851-1911 README' file.

This Special Licence access dataset contains names and addresses from the Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) dataset of the censuses of Great Britain for the period 1851 to 1911. These data are made available under Special Licence (SL) access conditions due to commercial sensitivity.

The anonymised main I-CeM database that complements these names and addresses is available under SN 7481. It comprises the Censuses of Great Britain for the period 1851-1911; data are available for England and Wales for 1851-1861 and 1881-1911 (1871 is not currently available for England and Wales) and for Scotland for 1851-1901 (1911 is not currently available for Scotland). The database contains over 180 million individual census records and was digitised and harmonised from the original census enumeration books. It details characteristics for all individuals resident in Great Britain at each of the included Censuses. The original digital data has been coded and standardised; the I-CeM database has consistent geography over time and standardised coding schemes for many census variables.

This dataset of names and addresses for individual census records is organised per country (England and Wales; Scotland) and per census year. Within each data file each census record contains first and last name, street address and an individual identification code (RecID) that allows linking with the corresponding anonymised I-CeM record. The data cannot be used for true linking of individual census records across census years for commercial genealogy purposes nor for any other commercial purposes. The SL arrangements are required to ensure that commercial sensitivity is protected. For information on making an application, see the Access section.

The data were updated in February 2020, with some files redeposited with longer field length limits. Users should note that some name and address fields are truncated due to the limits set by the LDS project that transcribed the original data. No more than 10,000 records out of some 210 million across the study should be affected. Examples include:

• England and Wales:
  • 1851 - truncated at the 24th character (maximum I-CeM field length 95 characters)
  • 1881 - truncated at the 16th character (maximum I-CeM field length 50 characters).
• Scotland: for 1851‐71, truncations affect less than 0.01% of all addresses and for 1851 around 1% at most
  • 1851 - truncated at the 70th character
  • 1861 - truncated at the 76th character
  • 1871 - truncated at the 82th character
  • 1881 - truncated at the 50th character.

Further information about I-CeM can be found on the I-CeM Integrated Microdata Project and I-CeM Guide webpages.

This Special Licence access dataset contains names and addresses from the Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) dataset of the censuses of Great Britain for the period 1851 to 1911. These data are made available under Special Licence (SL) access conditions due to commercial sensitivity.

The anonymised main I-CeM database that complements these names and addresses is available under SN 7481. It comprises the Censuses of Great Britain for the period 1851-1911; data are available for England and Wales for 1851-1861 and 1881-1911 (1871 is not currently available for England and Wales) and for Scotland for 1851-1901 (1911 is not currently available for Scotland). The database contains over 180 million individual census records and was digitised and harmonised from the original census enumeration books. It details characteristics for all individuals resident in Great Britain at each of the included Censuses. The original digital data has been coded and standardised; the I-CeM database has consistent geography over time and standardised coding schemes for many census variables.

This dataset of names and addresses for individual census records is organised per country (England and Wales; Scotland) and per census year. Within each data file each census record contains first and last name, street address and an individual identification code (RecID) that allows linking with the corresponding anonymised I-CeM record. The data cannot be used for true linking of individual census records across census years for commercial genealogy purposes nor for any other commercial purposes. The SL arrangements are required to ensure that commercial sensitivity is protected. For information on making an application, see the Access section.

The data were updated in February 2020, with some files redeposited with longer field length limits. Users should note that some name and address fields are truncated due to the limits set by the LDS project that transcribed the original data. No more than 10,000 records out of some 210 million across the study should be affected. Examples include:

• England and Wales:
  • 1851 - truncated at the 24th character (maximum I-CeM field length 95 characters)
  • 1881 - truncated at the 16th character (maximum I-CeM field length 50 characters).
• Scotland: for 1851‐71, truncations affect less than 0.01% of all addresses and for 1851 around 1% at most
  • 1851 - truncated at the 70th character
  • 1861 - truncated at the 76th character
  • 1871 - truncated at the 82th character
  • 1881 - truncated at the 50th character.

Further information about I-CeM can be found on the I-CeM Integrated Microdata Project and I-CeM Guide webpages.

The Great Britain Historical Database has been assembled as part of the ongoing Great Britain Historical GIS Project. The project aims to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain at sub-county scales. Further information about the project is available on A Vision of Britain webpages, where users can browse the database's documentation system online. The Great Britain Historical GIS Project has also produced digitised boundary data, which can be obtained from the UK Data Service Census Support service. Further information is available at census.ukdataservice.ac.uk There are five tables in this part of the Great Britain Historical Database :

Rd_pop holds population totals for all registration districts in England and Wales for each census from 1841 to 1911.

Pop_chan holds details of population changes between censuses for all registration districts in England and Wales for each inter-censal period from 1851-1861 to 1901-1911.

Age_sex holds the number of males and females in 5 year age groups for all registration districts in England and Wales for each census from 1851 to 1911, and for all local government districts for each census from 1921 to 1931.

Age_1901 holds a full transcript of the number of males and females in 5 year age groups for all registration districts in England and Wales for the 1901 census with greater detail for ages 13 to 20.

Rd_gaz converts the names of registration districts which appear in the database into the forms used in the GIS.

Rd_gis holds the names and counties of registration districts as they appear in the GIS, and is used for checking names and constructing rd_gaz.

Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.

This dataset constitutes a sample of individuals resident in nineteenth and early twentieth century workhouses (residential institutions for the poor). These data were collected for preliminary investigations of the demographic characteristics of the workhouse-resident population between 1851 and 1911, as part of wider research by Samantha Williams on the workhouse. The sample represents between 45% and 78% of the entire England and Wales workhouse population reported for each decennial Census from 1851 to 1911 but not including 1871, and comprises complete enumerations of between 400 and 730 workhouses. Additionally there is a 10% subsample of workhouses present in every Census year. This dataset is derived from Schurer and Higgs' Integrated Census Microdata dataset held at the UK Data Archive, which comprises all persons enumerated in the England and Wales Censuses of 1851 through 1911, not including 1871, and may be linked to that resource.

The workhouse was a central feature of the new poor law (1834-1948), intended to house, feed and occupy those unable to provide for themselves, in a controlled environment. Parishes were grouped into some 600 poor law unions. By 1841 around 320 new workhouses had been built, and by 1870 some 520, whilst other unions adapted existing workhouses. The purpose of this project was to build an evidential foundation for the first really comprehensive and systematic study of workhouse populations, providing a nationwide picture of the institutionalised poor from 1851 until 1911, using data extracted from the Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) digitised England and Wales decennial population census dataset, UKDA study number 7481. A subsample of workhouses that were successfully extracted from every available Census enables closer study of trends over time. This research forms part of a larger study on the workhouse being undertaken by Samantha Williams, including analysis of pauper offences and punishments in selected workhouses.

This dataset contains a variety of demographic measures (related to fertility, marriage, mortality and migration), plus a range of socio-economic indicators (related to households, age structure, and social class) for the 2000+ Registration Sub Districts (RSDs) in England and Wales for each census year between 1851 and 1911, and for the 600+ Registration Districts of Scotland 1851-1901. The measures have mainly been derived from the computerised individual level census enumerators' books (and household schedules for 1911) enhanced under the I-CeM project. I-CeM does not currently include data for England and Wales 1871, although the project has been able to access a version of the data for that year it does not contain information necessary to calculate many of the variables presented here. Scotland 1911 is also not available. Users should therefore beware that 1871 does not contain data for many of the variables. Additional data has been derived from the tables summarising numbers of births and deaths by year and areas, which were published by the Registrar General of England and Wales in his quarterly, annual and decennial reports of births, deaths and marriages. Data from the decennial reports was obtained from Woods (SN 3552) and we transcribed data from the quarterly and annual reports ourselves. Counts of births and deaths for Scottish Registration Districts were obtained from the Digitising Scotland project at the University of Edinburgh. The dataset builds on SN 8613 and SN 853547 which provide data for a more limited set of variables and for England and Wales only (the same dataset also has two UKDS SN numbers as it was re-routed by UKDS during the deposit process).

This project will present the first historic population geography of Great Britain during the late nineteenth century. This was a period of unprecedented demographic change, when both mortality and fertility started the dramatic secular declines of the first demographic transition. National trends are well established: mortality decline started in childhood and early adulthood, with infant mortality lagging behind, particularly in urban-industrial areas. The fall in fertility was led by the middle classes but quickly spread throughout society. Urban growth was fuelled by movement from the countryside to the city, but there was also considerable migration overseas, particularly from Scotland, although to some extent outmigration was offset by immigration. There was local and regional variation in these patterns, and a contrast between the demographic experiences of Scotland and of England and Wales. Marriage was later in Scotland but fertility within marriage higher, and the improvement in Scottish mortality was slower than that south of the border. However, while there has been research on local and regional patterns within each country, these have mainly been pursued separately, and it is therefore unclear whether there were real national differences or whether there were local demographic continuities across borders, and if so whether they followed economic, occupational, cultural or even linguistic lines. Understanding population processes involves a holistic appreciation of the interaction between the basic demographic components of fertility, mortality, nuptiality and migration, and how they come together, interacting with economic and cultural processes, to create a specific demographic system via the spread of people and ideas. This project is the first to consider a historical population geography of the whole of Great Britain across the first demographic transition, drawing together measures of nuptiality, fertility, mortality and migration for small geographic areas and unpacking how they interacted to produce the more readily available broad-brush national patterns for Scotland and for England and Wales.

We will build on our immensely successful project on the fertility of Victorian England and Wales, which used complete count census data for England and Wales to calculate more detailed fertility measures than ever previously possible for some 2000 small geographic areas and 8 social groups, allowing the investigation of intra-urban as well as urban-rural differences in fertility. The new measures allowed us to examine age patterns of fertility across the two countries for the first time. We were also able to calculate contextual variables from the census data which allowed us to undertake spatial analysis of the influences on fertility over time. As well as academic papers, our previous project presented summary data at a fine spatial resolution in an interactive online atlas, populationspast.org, a major new resource which is already being widely used as a teaching tool in both schools and universities.

In this new project we will calculate comparable measures of fertility and contextual variables using the full count census data for Scotland, 1851 to 1901 inclusive, to complement those for England and Wales. However, our new project will go considerably further and will integrate place-specific measures of mortality and migration, for both Scotland and for England and Wales. We will provide new age-specific data on fertility, mortality and migration for the whole of Great Britain using existing datasets, at a finer geographic level than has previously been possible, and will analyse these spatially and temporally to gain a panoramic understanding of the forces driving this crucial period of demographic and social change. We will expand populationspast.org to bring our new findings to a wide academic and non-academic audience and will provide the data for others to explore interactively.

This GIS shapefile provides boundary and attribute data for the parishes and places enumerated in the 1851 census for England and Wales. These data derive from the 173 digital maps of the boundaries of English and Welsh parishes and their subdivisions produced to a very high standard by Roger Kain and Richard Oliver in 2001, which was expertly converted into a single GIS of some 28000 polygons by Burton et al in 2004. However, what they produced was not yet ready for the mapping of census data due to a modest number (<10%) of administrative units which either lacked boundaries, were unlocated, had labelling errors, or incorrect census numbers. The Occupational Structure of Britain c.1379-1911 research programme undertook the task of enhancing the Burton et al. GIS to provide a comprehensive shapefile of parish and places as listed in the 1851 and 1831 censuses for the mapping of demographic and occupational data with tolerable accuracy for the whole of England and Wales. To this end it was also decided to add additional attributes concerning counties, hundreds and boroughs in 1831, counties in 1851 and registration sub-districts, districts and counties in 1851 from which shapefiles of these different larger scale administrative units could be assembled.

These data were created as part of a research program directed by Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Tony Wrigley, which aims ultimately to reconstruct the evolution of the occupational structure of Britain from the late medieval period down to the early twentieth century.

BBCE data for entrepreneurs by county. The downloads include the total population (from census publications), and the total number of the economically active population from the BBCE broken down by sex, for employers, own-account proprietors, and workers. All data are weighted for 1861 archival loss (E&W) and census non-response bias in 1891-1911.

This dataset contains RecID from I-CeM Adjustment Weights for the 1891-1911 England and Wales censuses and corresponds to Supplementary material for the paper "The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911", by Bennett, Robert J., Montebruno, Piero, Smith, Harry J. as an outcome of the ESRC project ES/M010953: Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses PI Prof. Robert J. Bennett. The material consists of three raw text files 1. 1891 Employment status & Weights 2. 1901 Employment status & Weights 3. 1911 Employment status & Weights Each file has the three following variables: 1. RecID: the ID for I-CEM2 as in Higgs, Edward and Schürer, Kevin (University of Essex) (2014) The Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) UKDA, SN-7481; K. Schürer, E. Higgs, A.M. Reid, E.M Garrett, Integrated Census Microdata, 1851-1911, version V. 2 (I-CeM.2), (2016) [data collection] UK Data Service SN: 7481 2. Employment status: 1 Worker 2 Employer 3 Own-account 3. Weights: the inverse of the probability of giving an answer to the Employment Status question of the censuses by Sex and Relationship to the head of the family. A detailed explanation of how these weights were calculated and how to use them in the context of data analysis of this censuses can be found in the accompanying working paper, Montebruno, Piero (2018) ‘Adjustment Weights 1891-1911: Weights to adjust entrepreneurs taking account of non-response and misallocation bias in Censuses 1891-1911’, Working Paper 11: ESRC project ES/M010953: ‘Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses’, University of Cambridge, Department of Geography and Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. The files can be opened by any text editor, database management system (Access) or statistical package (Stata, SPSS) This dataset should be cited as Adjustment Weights 1891-1911, "The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911", by Bennett, Robert J., Montebruno, Piero, Smith, Harry J. Please cite using its DOI.

The Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM), England and Wales, 1921 study contains the standardised England and Wales data for 1921.

The Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) project has produced a standardised, integrated dataset of most of the censuses of Great Britain for the period 1851 to 1911: England and Wales for 1851-1861, 1881-1921 and Scotland for 1851-1901, and 1921 making available to academic researchers, detailed information at parish level about everyone resident in Great Britain collected at most of the decennial censuses between 1851-1921.

The name and address details for individuals are not currently included in the database; for reasons of commercial sensitivity, these are held under Special Licence access conditions under SN 9281 Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) Names and Addresses, England and Wales, 1921: Special Licence Access. See the catalogue record for 9281 for instructions on how to apply for those data.

These data are available via an online system at https://icem.ukdataservice.ac.uk/

Further information about I-CeM can be found on the "https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/icem/" target="_blank"> I-CeM Integrated Microdata Project webpages.

BBCE data for entrepreneurs by sector for counties. The downloads include the total number of the economically active population from the BBCE broken down by sector, sex, for employers, own-account proprietors, and workers. All data are weighted for 1861 archival loss (E&W) and census non-response bias in 1891-1911.

These digital boundaries were created by the Great Britain Historical GIS Project and form part of the Great Britain Historical Database, which contains a wide range of geographically-located statistics, selected to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain, generally at sub-county scales.

They represent the boundaries of Registration Districts in England and Wales as in use at the date of each Census of Population between 1851 and 1911, 1911 being the last census to report extensively on these units.

BBCE data for entrepreneurs aligned with Law-Robson definitions for towns with a population of 10,000 and over in England and Wales 1851-1911. Definitions of urban areas converted to digital files and GIS from Law, C. M. (1967) The growth of urban population in England and Wales, 1801-1911, Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, 41, 125-43; Robson, B.T. (1973) Urban Growth: An approach, Methuen, London. Detailed definitions and method given in WP 6. The downloads include the total population (from census publications), and the total number of the economically active population from the BBCE broken down by sex, for employers, own-account proprietors, and workers. All data are weighted for 1861 archival loss (E&W) and census non-response bias in 1891-1911.

This spreadsheet is designed to be used in conjunction with the Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) collection of historic census data covering the period 1851 to 1921. For further details of the I-CeM data collection, please visit the comprehensive project website at:

https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/icem/

Outline information on the I-CeM project are also provided on the README page of this spreadsheet.

This file is specifically related to the I-CeM data collection variable HOLLERBP

This dataset contains the RecID for each individual who was a worker 1851-1911 in England and Wales census, for 1851-81 according to the NUM reconstruction process and their I-CeM occupation code (occode) cleaned and changed as part of the BBCE creation process. Data: RecID (I-CeM unique identifier) Occode (I-CeM occupation code cleaned by BBCE): March 2020 updated files.

The British Business Census of Entrepreneurs, 1851-1911 (BBCE) is a quality-controlled, consistent, and integrated database that is as complete as feasible for all British business proprietors in the period 1851-1911, and aligned to modern definitions used up to the 2011 census. It covers England and Wales for 1851-1911, and Scotland for 1851-1901. It includes as fully as possible all: Employers (those who employed others); Sole proprietor own account self-employed (those who employed no-one else); and Directors of corporations (Limited Companies). BBCE mainly derives from the Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) Project (see SN 7856), to which BBCE is linked via individual RecID; but BBCE also infills missing or truncated data in I-CeM using census transcripts from S&N and coding from CEBs, and also provides entrepreneur data for 1871. BBCE makes available employment status codes for all years 1851-1911, occupational coding to main occupation and portfolios, coding of partnerships and directors, and extracts workforce size where given by employers over 1851-81, and for farmers the acreage occupied. There is data linkage and coding of individuals identifiable in the census who were directors of corporations, together with information on their companies.

Further information may be found on the https://www.bbce.uk/">BBCE project website.

Publications, working papers and presentations are also regularly updated at the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/driversofentrepreneurship/">Drivers of entrepreneurship and small business project website.

The original data producers and copyright holders of I-CeM are Professors K. Schurer and E.J. Higgs, and the original data producer and copyright holder for S&N is Nigel Bayley.