The analysis of real wages has a long tradition in Germany. The focus of the acquisition is on company wages, on wages of certain branches or for categories of workers as well as on the investigation of long term aggregated nominal and real wages. The study of Ashok V. Desai on the development of real wages in the German Reich between 1871 and 1913 is an important contribution to historical research on wages. The study is innovative and methodically on an exemplary level. But mainly responsible for the upswing in the historical research on wages in the 50s and 60s is an extraordinary publication by Jürgen Kuczynski. “The new historical research on wages in Germany is insolubly connected with Jürgen Kuczynski. In his broad researches the history of wages is only one section among many other themes but it is a very important one can be seen as the core piece of his work.” (Kaufhold, K.H., 1987: Forschungen zur deutschen Preis- und Lohngeschichte (seit 1930). In: Historia Socialis et Oeconomica. Festschrift für Wolfgang Zorn zum 65. Geburtstag. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, S, 83). In his first study on long series on nominal and real wages in Germany he used a broad empirical basis and encouraged more research in this area. His weaknesses are methodological inconsistencies and a restricted representativeness. For example he includes tariff wages but also actually paid wages. Some important industries like food or textile industry are not taken into account. Wages in agriculture were often estimated but without enough material necessary for a good estimation. Wages for work at home are not regraded in the calculation of the index. The weight of cities in the calculation of the index is relatively too high compared to rural regions and therefor it leaks regional representativeness.In his study Desai uses the reports of trade associations for the Reich´s insurance office on the persons who are insured in the accident insurance and their wages as a basis for the calculation of annual nominal average wages. Desais focusses on industrial wages because only for them long term series are available. As the insurance premiums are calculated according to the income level the documents of the trade associations can be used for the calculation of an index for wages development. Desais study is also very useful regarding the calculation of a new index for costs of living based the model of a typical worker family. „F. Grumbach and H. König have used the same sources to derive indices of industrial earnings. The main differences between their series and ours are: (a) we have adopted the industrial classification followed by the Reichsversicherungsamt, while Grumbach and König have made larger industrial groups, (b) we have calculated average annual earnings, while they claim to have calculated average daily earnings (i.e. to have adjusted the annual figures for the average number of days worked per year per worker), and (c) they have failed to correct distortions in the original data” (Desai, A.V., 1968: Real Wages in Germany 1871–1913. Oxford. Clarendon Press, S. 4). Register of tables in HISTAT:A. OverviewsA.1 Overview: Different estimations of the real and nominal gross wages in the German Reich, index 1913 = 100 (1871-1913)A.2 Overview: Development of costs of living, index 1913 = 100 (1871-1913)A.3 Overview: Development of nominal and real wages, index 1913=100 (1844-1937) D. Study by Ashok V. DesaiD.01 Different estimations of real wages in the German Reich, index 1895 = 100 (1871-1913)D.02 Annual average wage (1871-1886)D.03 Annual gross wages in chosen production segments (1887-1913)D.04 Annual average wage in industry, transportation and trade (1871-1913)D.05 Construction of an index for costs of living, 1895 = 100 (1871-1913)D.06 Real wages, in constant prices from 1895 (1871-1913)D.07 Wheat prices and prices for wheat bread (1872-1913)D.08 Rye prices and prices for rye bread (1872-1913)D.09 Average export prices by product groups, index 1895 = 100 (1872-1913)D.10 Average import prices by product groups, index 1895 = 100 (1872-1913)D.11 Average export prices, import prices and terms of trade, index 1895 = 100 (1872-1913) O. Study by Thomas J. OrsaghO. Adjusted indices for costs of living and real wages after Orsgah, index 1913 = 100 (1871-1913)

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents the median household incomes over the past decade across various racial categories identified by the U.S. Census Bureau in San Antonio. It portrays the median household income of the head of household across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. It also showcases the annual income trends, between 2013 and 2023, providing insights into the economic shifts within diverse racial communities.The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into income disparities and variations across racial categories, aiding in data analysis and decision-making..

Key observations

• White: In San Antonio, the median household income for the households where the householder is White increased by $6,340(10.01%), between 2013 and 2023. The median household income, in 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars, was $63,313 in 2013 and $69,653 in 2023.
• Black or African American: In San Antonio, the median household income for the households where the householder is Black or African American decreased by $1,913(4.08%), between 2013 and 2023. The median household income, in 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars, was $46,930 in 2013 and $45,017 in 2023.
• Refer to the research insights for more key observations on American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, Some other race and Two or more races (multiracial) households

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race of the head of household: This column presents the self-identified race of the household head, encompassing all relevant racial categories (excluding ethnicity) applicable in San Antonio.
• 2010: 2010 median household income
• 2011: 2011 median household income
• 2012: 2012 median household income
• 2013: 2013 median household income
• 2014: 2014 median household income
• 2015: 2015 median household income
• 2016: 2016 median household income
• 2017: 2017 median household income
• 2018: 2018 median household income
• 2019: 2019 median household income
• 2020: 2020 median household income
• 2021: 2021 median household income
• 2022: 2022 median household income
• 2023: 2023 median household income
• Please note: All incomes have been adjusted for inflation and are presented in 2023-inflation-adjusted dollars.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for San Antonio median household income by race. You can refer the same here

The study is focused on the wagesand salaries proportions in the era before World War I. In respect thereof, a working hypothesis is: The proportion of wages and salaries as to the national income increases in the course of the economic progress because (and as long as) the proportion of the wage and salary earners compared to the total number of income recipients increases too; both proportions are higher in national economies with highly-developed industries as compared to less developed agricultural regions. The correlation between the income proportion generated from employed work and the national income on the one hand, and the weight of the employed part of the population within the body of socio-economic groups on the other, is explained in this study. Moreover, an empirical documentation is realised hereby.

Factual classification of corresponding data tables in ZA-Database HISTAT: A. Growth and distribution of the national income A.1 Growth and distribution of the national income in Saxony (1874-1913) A.2 Growth and distribution of the national income in Baden (1885-1911) A.3 Growth and distribution of the national income in Württemberg (1904-1913) A.4 Nominal and real per capita income in Saxony (1874-1913) A.5 Nominal and real per capita income in Baden (1885-1911) A.6 Nominal and real per capita income in Württemberg (1904-1913)

B. Per capita income and relative distribution B.1 Proportion of employed workforce (1875-1913) B.2 Per capita income and relative distribution in Baden (1885-1911) B.3 Per capita income and relative distribution in Saxony (1876-1913) B.4 Per capita income and relative distribution in Württemberg (1904-1913)

C. Estimated income of physical persons per type of income C.1 Estimated income of physical persons per type of income in Saxony (1874-1913) C.2 Income of physical persons per type of income in Baden (1885-1911) C.3 Income of physical persons per type of income in Württemberg (1904-1913)

D. Employment structure according to occupation census D.1 Employment structure according to occupation census in Saxony (1875-1925) D.2 Employment structure according to occupation census in Baden (1882-1925) D.3 Employment structure according to occupation census in Württemberg (1882-1925)

E.Distribution of income per category E.1 Development of the categorial distribution of income in Germany (1870-1913) E.2 Development of the national wage ratio (1870-1913) E.3 Development of the proportion of employed persons in the national economy (1870-1913) E.4 Development of the national per capita income of the employed workforce (1870-1913) E.5 Development of the national per capita income of self-employed persons (1870-1913)

The Data-compilation is a selection of time-series on wage- and salary development as well as on the development of the national income in Germany from 1850 to 1985. The following studies has been included: - Walther G. Hoffmann (1965): Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts.- Rüdiger Hohls (1991): Arbeit und Verdienst. Entwicklung und Struktur der Arbeitseinkommen im Deutschen Reich und in der Bundesrepublik.- Pierenkemper, Toni (1987): Arbeitsmarkt und Angestellte im deutschen Kaiserreich 1880-1913. Interessen und Strategien als Elemente der Integration eines segmentierten Arbeitsmarktes.- Wiegand, Erich/Zapf, Wolfgang (1982): Wandel der Lebensbedingungen in Deutschland. Wohlfahrtsentwicklung seit der Industrialisierung. Tables in ZA-Online-Database HISTAT: A. Hoffmann, Walther G.: The Growth of the German Economy since the mid of the 19th centuryA.1 The average earned income per annum by industrial sector (1850-1959)A.2 The average earned income per annum in mining and saline (1850-1959)A.3 The average earned income per annum in industry and craft (1850-1959)A.4 The average earned income per annum in transport (1850-1959)A.5 The average earned income per annum in other services (1850-1959)A.6 Net national product (NNP) in factor costs in current prices and national income per capita according to Hoffmann (1850-1959)A.7 Gross value added and real national income per capita in prices of 1913 according to Hoffmann (1850-1959)A.8 The development of average earned income of employees in industry and craft, Index 1913 = 100 (1850-1959) B. Hohls, Rüdiger: The Sectoral Structure of Earnings in GermanyB.1 Nominal annual earnings of employees by industrial sector in Germany in Mark, 1885-1985B.2 Nominal earnings of white collar workers and blue collar workers in Germany, 1890-1940 C. Living costs, prices and earnings, consumer price indexC.1 Development of living costs (index) of medium employees’ households (1924-1978)C.2 Preices and earnings, index 1962 = 100 (1820-2001)C.3 Living costs, consumer price index (1820-2001) D. Pierenkemper, Toni: Employment market and employees in the German ‘Reich’ 1880-1913.D.1 Income of selected white collar categories in Mark (1880-1913)D.2 Real income of selected white collar categories (1880-1913) E. Wiegand, E.: Historical Development of Wages and Living Costs in Germany.E.1 Development of real gross income of blue collar workers in industry, index 1970 = 100 (1925-1978)E.2 Development of real gross income of blue collar workers in industry (1925-1978)E.3 Development of nominal and real national income per capita (1950-1978) E.4 Development of nominal and real national income per capita (1925-1939)E.5 National income: monthly income from dependent personal services per employee (1925-1971)E.6 Overlook: Development of wages, employed workers and gross income from dependent personal services in Germany (1810-1989)

Graph and download economic data for Average Union Hourly Earnings in Building Trades for United States (A0854BUSA052NNBR) from 1913 to 1933 about earnings, trade, buildings, hours, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: Food in U.S. City Average (CWUR0000SAF1) from Jan 1913 to May 2025 about clerical workers, urban, food, wages, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

This data selection represents a thematic extract from the comprehensive study “The Growth of the German Economy since the mid-19th Century“ (“Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts”) from 1965 by Walter G. Hoffmann. The main objective of Hoffmann’s study is to work out statistical figures concerning the long-term development of the German national economy, as well as the individual fields of this subject area. In doing so, the time series shall enable the verification of various hypotheses concerning economic growth. This aim, however, can only be reached if such time series are based on comparable statistical, methodical, and content-related concepts, and if they are collected for a period with maximum length. Consequently, this data selection comprises more than 800 pages with 250 tables, featuring almost every time series between 1850 and 1960 that can be considered relevant for the economic development. Whenever necessary, these materials were completed by estimates. Moreover, the above-named analyses of long-term tendencies aim at creating a reference system for the numerous short-term changes occuring within most national economies in the course of a century. Here the special focus of Hoffman’s work lies on the visualisation of the gained materials as regards the raise, distribution, and use of the national income. The respective calculation is based on the two production factors of labour and capital and culminates in an overview of production. The calculation of the distribution, on the other hand, deals with the functional and individual, i.e. personal distribution of (earned and capital) income. In its turn, the calculation of use is divided into the sectors of private and public consumption, investment, and the national trade balance.

Topics

Timeseries data available via the downloadsystem HISTAT

Data excerpt: earned income and capital income (income compilation, the following factors have been taken into consideration):

• average yearly earned income in mining and salt-mines (1850-1959).
• average yearly earned income in industry and handicraft (1850-1959).
• average yearly earned income in traffic system without German Federal Railways, German Federal Mail, and shipping (1950-1959).
• average yearly earned income in traffic system (1850-1959).
• average yearly earned income in trade, banks, insurances, and hotel and catering industry (1925-1939).
• average yearly earned income in trade, banks, insurances, and hotel and catering industry (1950-1960).
• average yearly earned income of employed in the public service (1851-1913).
• average yearly earned income in the public service (1925-1950).
• average yearly earned income in other services (1850-1959).
• average yearly earned income by economic sectores (1850-1959).
• earned income by economic sectores (1850-1959).
• rate of return of the industrial sector´s stock corporations (1926-1959).
• distribution of net social product in factor costs in current prices (1850 – 1959).

This dataset contains data on annual average hourly earnings of industrial workers by profession in Kaunas in 1913-1939. Dataset "Annual Average Hourly Earnings of Industrial Workers by Profession in Kaunas (Lithuania), 1913-1939" was published implementing project "Historical Sociology of Modern Restorations: a Cross-Time Comparative Study of Post-Communist Transformation in the Baltic States" from 2018 to 2022. Project leader is prof. Zenonas Norkus. Project is funded by the European Social Fund according to the activity "Improvement of researchers' qualification by implementing world-class R&D projects' of Measure No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712".

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents the median household incomes over the past decade across various racial categories identified by the U.S. Census Bureau in Morris town. It portrays the median household income of the head of household across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. It also showcases the annual income trends, between 2011 and 2021, providing insights into the economic shifts within diverse racial communities.The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into income disparities and variations across racial categories, aiding in data analysis and decision-making..

Key observations

• White: In Morris town, the median household income for the households where the householder is White decreased by $1,913(3.16%), between 2011 and 2021. The median household income, in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars, was $60,519 in 2011 and $58,606 in 2021.
• Black or African American: Even though there is a population where the householder is Black or African American, there was no median household income reported by the U.S. Census Bureau for both 2011 and 2021.
• Refer to the research insights for more key observations on American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, Some other race and Two or more races (multiracial) households

https://i.neilsberg.com/ch/morris-town-ny-median-household-income-by-race-trends.jpeg" alt="Morris Town, New York median household income trends across races (2011-2021, in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars)">

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2017-2021 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race of the head of household: This column presents the self-identified race of the household head, encompassing all relevant racial categories (excluding ethnicity) applicable in Morris town.
• 2010: 2010 median household income
• 2011: 2011 median household income
• 2012: 2012 median household income
• 2013: 2013 median household income
• 2014: 2014 median household income
• 2015: 2015 median household income
• 2016: 2016 median household income
• 2017: 2017 median household income
• 2018: 2018 median household income
• 2019: 2019 median household income
• 2020: 2020 median household income
• 2021: 2021 median household income
• 2022: 2022 median household income
• Please note: 2020 1-Year ACS estimates data was not reported by Census Bureau due to impact on survey collection and analysis during COVID-19, thus for large cities (population 65,000 and above) median household income data is not available.
• Please note: All incomes have been adjusted for inflation and are presented in 2022-inflation-adjusted dollars.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Morris town median household income by race. You can refer the same here

The author discusses “growth and economic trend” at the example of Nuremberg. Especially those results economic trend and growth research will be taken into accounts, which are relevant for economic history. A difficulty is that the explanation models for economic growth are not meaningful. There is no empirically valid theory. In the present investigation the author uses the method of the in the USA developed “New Economic History” (“econometric history” or “cliometrics”). Thereby this study is also an attempt to quantify the exactly defined terms of the economic analysis which is in accordance with the request of Simon Kuznets (Kuznets, p., 1954: Summary of Discussion and Postscript, in: Journal of Economic History (4), p. 553). Therefore in the first part of this study theoretical fundamentals will be presented, especially important explanations and hypothesis about economic processes in the 19th century. Subsequently a description and interpretation of variables that are characteristic for the development of Nuremberg will be given. The aim of this work is mainly the quantification of economic variables such as Employment, Production, Income, Prices and their comparison with the hypothesis of the scientific discussion. The concrete differentiation of the subject is a compromise between the collection and preparation of data from problematic statistical sources on the one hand and their presentation on the other hand. The development of employment is described in detail because we found many interesting sources about that subject but also because of content aspects: Looking at employment it is possible to demonstrate the industrialization process, for example through increasing urbanization or the development of unemployment. The second (statistical) part shows, how the tables and data that were used in the time series were found. The focus will be on necessary explanations for the calculation methods.

Data tables in HISTAT A. Tables from the statistical appendix A.01 Labor force by economic sectors (1810-1925) A.02 Social structure of labor force (1810-1913) A.03 Employment and unemployment in annual average (1810-1913) A.04 Average of normal working hours per week (1811-1913) A.05 Working hours at the MAN (1858-1913) A.06 Net production values at MAN, current prices (1858-1896) A.07 Average annual income of different workers, in Mark (1811-1913) A.08 Comparison of real incomes (1811-1913) A.09 Most important expenditure for living (1810-1913) A.10 Weights for the costs of living index (1810-1913) A.11 Prices for food housing, heating, light (in Mark) and the costs of living index (1810-1913)

B. Tables from the text part B.01 Working age population (1810-1913) B.02 Proportion of labor force in industry in the total population of Nuremberg and Berlin (1800-1895) B.03 Proportion of employment textile / clothing and metal processing in industrial workers (1800-1849) B.04 Employment in the tobacco industry and in the production of pencils (1840-1882) B.05 The export of Bier in different cities of Bavaria, in hectoliters (1856-1869) B.06 Beer consumption, export and import (1811-1913) B.07 Components of wages in the brewing industry, in Mark (1810-1895) B.08 Annual income of workers in fabrics in the first half of the 19th century, in Mark (1840-1851)

Western Europe's GDP per capita was roughly double that of Central and Eastern Europe or Southern Europe in the period between 1870 and 1913. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, GDP per capita in the west was equal to 3.7 thousand FY1990 U.S. dollars, roughly two thousand more than the other two regions. Of the three regions, Western Europe experienced the largest GDP per capita growth between 1870 and 1900, although Central and Eastern Europe's growth was higher between 1900 and 1913.

The Data-compilation is a selection of time-series on wage- and salary development as well as on the development of the national income in Germany from 1850 to 1985. The following studies has been included:

• Walther G. Hoffmann (1965): Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts.
• Rüdiger Hohls (1991): Arbeit und Verdienst. Entwicklung und Struktur der Arbeitseinkommen im Deutschen Reich und in der Bundesrepublik.
• Pierenkemper, Toni (1987): Arbeitsmarkt und Angestellte im deutschen Kaiserreich 1880-1913. Interessen und Strategien als Elemente der Integration eines segmentierten Arbeitsmarktes.
• Wiegand, Erich/Zapf, Wolfgang (1982): Wandel der Lebensbedingungen in Deutschland. Wohlfahrtsentwicklung seit der Industrialisierung.

Tables in ZA-Online-Database HISTAT:

A. Hoffmann, Walther G.: The Growth of the German Economy since the mid of the 19th century A.1 The average earned income per annum by industrial sector (1850-1959) A.2 The average earned income per annum in mining and saline (1850-1959) A.3 The average earned income per annum in industry and craft (1850-1959) A.4 The average earned income per annum in transport (1850-1959) A.5 The average earned income per annum in other services (1850-1959) A.6 Net national product (NNP) in factor costs in current prices and national income per capita according to Hoffmann (1850-1959) A.7 Gross value added and real national income per capita in prices of 1913 according to Hoffmann (1850-1959) A.8 The development of average earned income of employees in industry and craft, Index 1913 = 100 (1850-1959)

B. Hohls, Rüdiger: The Sectoral Structure of Earnings in Germany B.1 Nominal annual earnings of employees by industrial sector in Germany in Mark, 1885-1985 B.2 Nominal earnings of white collar workers and blue collar workers in Germany, 1890-1940

C. Living costs, prices and earnings, consumer price index C.1 Development of living costs (index) of medium employees’ households (1924-1978) C.2 Preices and earnings, index 1962 = 100 (1820-2001) C.3 Living costs, consumer price index (1820-2001)

D. Pierenkemper, Toni: Employment market and employees in the German ‘Reich’ 1880-1913. D.1 Income of selected white collar categories in Mark (1880-1913) D.2 Real income of selected white collar categories (1880-1913)

E. Wiegand, E.: Historical Development of Wages and Living Costs in Germany. E.1 Development of real gross income of blue collar workers in industry, index 1970 = 100 (1925-1978) E.2 Development of real gross income of blue collar workers in industry (1925-1978) E.3 Development of nominal and real national income per capita (1950-1978) E.4 Development of nominal and real national income per capita (1925-1939) E.5 National income: monthly income from dependent personal services per employee (1925-1971) E.6 Overlook: Development of wages, employed workers and gross income from dependent personal services in Germany (1810-1989)

Variations of growth, as well as short-term cyclical variations, can be measured by different indicators. The current research relies on two measuring concepts, i.e. multivariate diffusion indeces or the national product. For the period from 1851 to 1913, there are four time series available regarding the development of the German NNP, notably the calculation of formation, distribution and application by Hoffmann (1965), and the calculation of distribution by Hoffmann and Müller (1959). ´In this article, we contribute to the ongoing debate about the data quality by presenting improvements of all four available series. In particular, we improve the output series by calculating a new Index of industrial production and by basing the index on a revised value of industrial output in 1913. In addition, we significantly enhance the capital sock and net investment series, and we present new data about capital income. Furthermore, we present a new series of net foreign capital income. Finally, we add new information about "indirect taxes" to the income and output series, and we thus calculate four series representing an NNP in market prices. Despite our significant improvements, differences between the series remain, and we solve this problem in a second step by computing a compromise estimate of Germany´s NNP for the years 1851 to 1913 as a weighted average of the four corrected original series. The remaining parts of the article analyze long-term growth and business cycles of the German economy employing the new compromise estimate. The revised data show a higher level of economic activity for 1851 as well as for 1913, but with a larger difference for 1851. Thus, the average growth rate of the German economy was lower during the industrialization period. Moreover, the driving force of this growth was a growing total factor productivity, which in turn was driven by structural change from agriculture to industry. The business cycles of the German economy had an average length of about five years during the second half of the nineteenth century; the magnitude of cycles was weaker in the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century than before. Of special interest is our business cycle dating for the 1870s: with the new data the well-known pattern of "Gründerzeit"-boom and "Gründerzeit"-depression can not be confirmed.´ (Burhop, C. / Wolff, G. B., 2005: A Compromise Estimate of German Net National Product, 1851-1913 and its Implications for Growth and Business Cycles, in: Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65 (3), S. 614f). Factual classification of tables in HISTAT:B. Data by C. Burhop and G. B. Wolf:B. Compromise estimate and adjusted estimates of the German net national product on the basis of the prices of 1913(1851-1913)B. Time series for the calculation of the compromise estimate of the German net national product on the basis of the prices from 1913 (1851-1913) D. Data by O. Donner:D. Level of share prices, dividends, stock index, dividend index and stock rate of return for Germany according to Donner (1870-1913) H. Data by W. G. Hoffmann (1965) and W. G. Hoffmann/J. H. Müller (1957):H. Capital stock and investments according to Hoffmann (1850-1913)H. Industrial production and trade according to Hoffmann (1846-1913)H. Comparison of the four estimates of the net national product in Germany according to Hoffmann by prices from 1913 (1851-1913)H. German capital invested abroad and factor foreign income according to Hoffmann (1873-1913)H. Public consumption according to Hoffmann on the basis of the prices of 1913 (1850-1913)

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar in U.S. City Average (CWUR0000SA0R) from Jan 1913 to May 2025 about clerical workers, urban, wages, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents the median household incomes over the past decade across various racial categories identified by the U.S. Census Bureau in Winthrop town. It portrays the median household income of the head of household across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. It also showcases the annual income trends, between 2011 and 2021, providing insights into the economic shifts within diverse racial communities.The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into income disparities and variations across racial categories, aiding in data analysis and decision-making..

Key observations

• White: In Winthrop town, the median household income for the households where the householder is White increased by $1,913(2.42%), between 2011 and 2021. The median household income, in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars, was $78,984 in 2011 and $80,897 in 2021.
• Black or African American: Even though there is a population where the householder is Black or African American, there was no median household income reported by the U.S. Census Bureau for both 2011 and 2021.
• Refer to the research insights for more key observations on American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, Some other race and Two or more races (multiracial) households

https://i.neilsberg.com/ch/winthrop-me-median-household-income-by-race-trends.jpeg" alt="Winthrop, Maine median household income trends across races (2011-2021, in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars)">

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2017-2021 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race of the head of household: This column presents the self-identified race of the household head, encompassing all relevant racial categories (excluding ethnicity) applicable in Winthrop town.
• 2010: 2010 median household income
• 2011: 2011 median household income
• 2012: 2012 median household income
• 2013: 2013 median household income
• 2014: 2014 median household income
• 2015: 2015 median household income
• 2016: 2016 median household income
• 2017: 2017 median household income
• 2018: 2018 median household income
• 2019: 2019 median household income
• 2020: 2020 median household income
• 2021: 2021 median household income
• 2022: 2022 median household income
• Please note: 2020 1-Year ACS estimates data was not reported by Census Bureau due to impact on survey collection and analysis during COVID-19, thus for large cities (population 65,000 and above) median household income data is not available.
• Please note: All incomes have been adjusted for inflation and are presented in 2022-inflation-adjusted dollars.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Winthrop town median household income by race. You can refer the same here

Over the first half of the 20th century, the Soviet Union's GDP per capita rose from 1,218 U.S. dollars to 2,8334 U.S. dollars. There was a slight decrease between 1913 and 1929 due to the devastation caused by the First World War and Russian Revolution and the transition to a communist government and socialist economic structure. However, GDP per capita grew over the following three intervals, and the Soviet Union's relative isolation in the 1920s and 1930s meant that it was relatively untouched by the Great Depression in the 1930s. At the end of the recovery period after the Second World War, in 1950, GDP per capita had already exceeded pre-war levels by a significant margin, and the Soviet Union emerged as one of the two global superpowers, alongside the United States.

This study on Prussia by Gerd Hohorst presents a number of estimations of income on a regional basis since 1816 and examines the meaning of the term ‘leading regions’ (as equivalent for: ‘leading sectors’), as well as the competing explanations for the differentiation of regional incomes in Prussia. In fact, this is a first attempt to verify the hypothesis of an agricultural cycle sui generis by means of an interregional comparison of the Prussian provinces East Prussia and Rhineland (implying regional differences as to the process of industrialisation within Prussia).As a conclusion, it can be said that the income and employment divide, as it could be assessed for the development of the Prussian regions already in 1816, was still increasing in the course of the 19th century. These findings support the Sector-Export-Basis Thesis (Borchardt) as well as the Myrdal Thesis.Furthermore, it seems that the population pressure, which was counteracted by the expansion of the inner regional agriculture, led to an increase in the per capita income at first, whereas an intensification of the protoindustrial capacities only held the per capita income on a constant level. Already in the pre-industrial age, this phenomenon had caused a growing divergence in the regional (per capita) incomes because of the complex interrelation of basic agricultural conditions and population growth. Later, particularly the technical progress and the discovery of new raw materials gave rise to a universal restructuring of the named locations. Hereby, regions with protoindustrial experience and an appropriate potential of population were especially favoured, as these factors constitute the elements of a sales-oriented infrastructure and a greater potential of demand; now agricultural monostructures, which could stand their ground against the demo-economic impulses of change, were disadvantaged although they created agricultural bases for export. Since the development in the former led to an increase in their per capita income due to rising labour productivity, the income differences increased as well. This trend was weakened by the fact that the growing population compelled progresses in productivity also in rural regions. On the other hand, the income gap was widened by the declining demand for protoindustrial products which where squeezed out of the market by industrial competition.
Factual classification of corresponding data tables in HISTAT:A.1 Income development trends in the Prussian provinces in marks (1820-1883)A.2 Per capita income in the Prussian provinces (constant weights)in marks (1821-1884)A.2 Per capita income in the Prussian provinces (variable weights) in marks (1820-1883)A.3 Estimated results of the per capita income in the Prussian administrative districts (unrevised, 1816-1883)A.4 Regional development of the per capita income in the Prussian provinces as compared to the whole of Prussia (1816-1913) B. Development of the total price index in the Prussian provinces (1820-1883) C. Estimated results for the agricultural labour force in the Prussian administrative districts, unrevised (1816-1883)

Firstly Holtfrerich presents the Rostov Concept of the leading sector, before he sketches the development of mining in the Ruhr area by means of theoretical approaches concerning theories on production, price, and investment. In doing so, the author attempts to quantify the connections between the development of coal mining in the Ruhr district and other important sectors by means of an input-output scheme. Thereafter he examines how far the development of mining in the Ruhr area in the 19th century in its major phase of growth complies with the Rostov criteria for the leading sector. Finally Holtfrerich verifies the assumption that mining in the Ruhr district has been a leading sector of the German industrialisation.

Chart register Chart 01: Coal mining in the OBAB Dortmund, the Saar area, and the Kingdom of Prussia (1816-1913) Chart 02: Annual average price of coal in the OBAB Dortmund, nominal and real development (1816-1813) Chart 03: Number of operating coal mines in the OBAB Dortmund, and average production of each mine (1816-1892) Chart 04: Proportion of the five and ten greatest mines as to the total coal production of the mines in the OBAB Dortmund; in percent (1852-1890) Chart 05: Contributions of coal mines in the OBAB Dortmund in 1,000 marks (1850-1895) Chart 06: Tax burden for coal mining in the Lower Rhine region and in Westphalia (1880-1903) Chart 07: Burden of the coal mines in the OBAB Dortmund; coal mine contributions (“Bergwerksabgaben”) and taxes in percent of coal sales value (1816-1913) Chart 08: Annually licenced basic capital of the “Montan-Aktiengesellschaften” (coal, iron and steel corporations) founded in the Ruhr (1840-1870) Chart 10: Average number of workers per year (including mine officials) in the field of coal mining in the OBAB Dortmund (1816-1913) Chart 11: Average annual net payroll and annual net basic wages of the miners in the OBAB Dortmund (1850-1913) Chart 12: Wages in coal mining within the OBAB Dortmund (1850-1903) Chart 13: Working hours in coal mining within the OBAB Dortmund (1852-1892) Chart 14: Labour productivity in coal mining in the OBAB Dortmund (1816-1913) Chart 15: Development of capital investment: disposable steam machines (combined engine power in HP) of coal mines within the OBAB Dortmund (1851-1892) Chart 16: Development of investment: annual increase of steam machine power (in HP) (1852-1892) Chart 18: Development of capital productivity and capital intensity (1851-1892) Chart 19: Data on net value added and capital income in the field of coal mining in the OBAB Dortmund (1850-1903) Chart 20: Capital income/dividends and profits per produced ton of coal for coal mining in the Ruhr area (1850-1892) Chart 21: Proportion of the total coal produced in the Lower Rhine/Westphalian bassin, which was coked by the colliery itself, or – from 1882 on – formed into briquettes(1861-1892) Chart 22: Percentage of propulsion power in HP applied in coal mining within the OBAB Dortmund (1875-1895) Chart 23: Own consumption of coal of mines within the OBAB Dortmund (1852-1892) Chart 24: Development of the profit indicator for coal mining in the Ruhr district (1851-1892) Chart 25: Expansion of the German railway system (1835-1892) Chart 26: Figures on the development of Prussian railways (1844-1882) Chart 27: Development of average revenues for the transport of coal on various railways (1861-1877) Chart 28: Development of the proportion of means of transport with regard to the transport of coal from the Ruhr area (1851-1889) Chart 29: Division of domestic sales of the “Rheinisch-Westfälisches Kohlensyndikat” (Coal Syndicate of the Rhineland and Westphalia) per consumption groups in percent (1902-1906) Chart 30: Wroughtiron production and steel production from coal in the OBAB Dortmund and in the OBAB Bonn (part on the right bank of the Rhine) (1852-1882) Chart 31: Crude iron production in the Ruhr area, OBAB Dortmund (1837-1900) Chart 32: Price development for crude iron, bar iron and cast steel in the Ruhr district (1850-1892) Chart 33: Bar iron production in the OBAB Dortmund and in the OBAB Bonn by means of the charcoal hearth process and the “Puddelverfahren”, a method to produce steel from crude iron (1835-1870) Chart 34: The importance of the economic sectors according to their respective employment figures (1852-1875).

Graph and download economic data for U.S Individual Income Tax: Tax Rates for Regular Tax: Lowest Bracket (IITTRLB) from 1913 to 2018 about individual, tax, income, rate, and USA.

Within its sector the pig iron industry needs to be differentiated economically especially from the streel industry because there is much interdependence on an operational level. After the systematical list of goods for the contemporary industry statistics (edition 1970, Stuttgart und Mainz, S. 37 f.) the furnace industry (synonymous term for pig iron industry) is responsible for the production of pig iron and ferroalloys but not for the production of pig steel. This definition is based on metallurgic and technological reasons. Pig iron is an intermediate product in the transformation process between iron ore and roll steel. Pig iron itself cannot be rolled or forges therefor it is not a usable product in the terms of the steel industry. Another important differentiation needs to be made in contrast to the sector of foundries; this distinction is not that easy. In terms of metallurgy pig iron is not an entirely new product after repeated fusing and shedding in casting molds. But again an economic distinction can be made: pig iron is an intermediate product which is an economically usable finished product only after fusing. The pig iron industry can therefore be defined as an industry which produces pure primary products for foundries and steelworks. The geographical survey area is the German customs territory which basically includes the German Reich and the grand duchy of Luxemburg. Concerning the temporal differentiation there is a field of tension between political and economic history. 1871 was the year if the foundation of the Reich but economically this is no special date. A more sensible start from an economic point of view would be 1873 as a peak in industrial expansion. But 1871 is a very commonly used date for starting an investigation period of the German Reich. So for pragmatic reason we use 1871 as the starting year.The study is subdivided into two main topics. In the first part the growth of pig iron industry is decomposed in its components and explained in an inter-sectoral way using a neoclassical production model of growth. The necessary inter-sectoral analysis of this growth is undertaken in the second part of the study. Register of tables in HISTAT: 01 Trade union density of pig iron workers 1907-191302 Development of pig iron production in tons03 Number of factories and production per factory in tons.04 Use of iron ore, slag and scrap metal in tons 05 Use of limestones and other aggregates in tons 06 Comparison of consumption between charcoal and coke in melting a ton of pig iron 1881-189607 Coke consumption per ton of pig iron in the four different governmental districts of the Rhine province, 1871-190908 Coke consumption per ton of pig iron in chosen governmental districts of Hanover Province, 1871-190509 Coke consumption per ton of pig iron in the governmental district Oppeln 10 Coke consumption of three Prussian provinces and in the customs territory per ton of pig iron 11 Use of coke in tons12 Use of railway transport services in million ton kilometers 13 Labor input 14 Development of labor productivity and capital intensity 15 Furnace statistics 16 Capital Stock (= capacity in 1000 tons).17 Value of production in 1000 Mark.18 Development of the German average prices for 1 ton of pig iron 19 Development of German average prices of iron ore for 1 ton of ore 20 Costs of ore in 1000 Mark21 Development of German lime prices for 1 ton of limestone 22 Surcharge costs in 1000 Mark23 Development of German coke prices (Dortmund-Essener exchange trade price for 1 ton of furnace coke)24 Costs of energy in 1000 Mark25 Material transport costs per ton of iron pig in Mark 26 Costs of transport in 1000 Mark27 Average yearly wages of furnace workers in the Rhineland and Westphalia in Mark28 Average yearly wages of furnace workers in the government district of Oppeln in Mark29 Average yearly per capita income in of employees in the pig iron industry in Mark 30 Wage costs in 1000 Mark31Development of raw profit in 1000 Mark32 Development of per-unit profit 33 Cost structure of the pig iron industry in 1000 Mark absolute values and relative to the value of production 34 Development of total factor productivity 40 Share of the value of the pig iron industry of the GDP in market prices of 1913, absolute in million Mark and in percent.41 Share of employees in the pig iron industry of the total number of employees in percent.42 Pig iron production by types in tons 54 Most important competition prices for German foundry pig iron in Mark per ton 1866-191355 Most important competition prices for German steel pig iron in Mark per ton 1887-1913