This spreadsheet contains data tables of historical estimates modelled for the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' Housing costs (CPIH) and CPI over the period 1950 to 1988 (1949 to 1987 for index values) published alongside the Office for National Statistics' article Consumer price inflation, historical estimates, UK 1950 to 1988.

This table contains 13 series, with data from 1949 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). Data are presented for the current month and previous four months. Users can select other time periods that are of interest to them.

Real potential GDP is the CBO’s estimate of the output the economy would produce with a high rate of use of its capital and labor resources. The data is adjusted to remove the effects of inflation.

Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): All Items excl Food data was reported at 155.675 2002=100 in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 152.125 2002=100 for 2023. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): All Items excl Food data is updated yearly, averaging 66.287 2002=100 from Dec 1949 (Median) to 2024, with 76 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 155.675 2002=100 in 2024 and a record low of 12.525 2002=100 in 1949. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): All Items excl Food data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.I009: Core Inflation Index.

Starting with the July, 2021 report: An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57218), this series was renamed from "Natural Rate of Unemployment (Long-Term)" to "Noncyclical Rate of Unemployment".

The natural rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is the rate of unemployment arising from all sources except fluctuations in aggregate demand. Estimates of potential GDP are based on the long-term natural rate. (CBO did not make explicit adjustments to the short-term natural rate for structural factors before the recent downturn.) The short-term natural rate incorporates structural factors that are temporarily boosting the natural rate beginning in 2008. The short-term natural rate is used to gauge the amount of current and projected slack in labor markets, which is a key input into CBO's projections of inflation.

The United Kingdom's economy grew by 1.1 percent in 2024, after a growth rate of 0.4 percent in 2023, 4.8 percent in 2022, 8.6 percent in 2021, and a record 10.3 percent fall in 2020. During the provided time period, the biggest annual fall in gross domestic product before 2020 occurred in 2009, when the UK economy contracted by 4.6 percent at the height of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. Before 2021, the year with the highest annual GDP growth rate was 1973, when the UK economy grew by 6.5 percent. UK economy growing but GDP per capita falling In 2022, the UK's GDP per capita amounted to approximately 37,371 pounds, with this falling to 37,028 pounds in 2023, and 36,977 pounds in 2024. While the UK economy as a whole grew during this time, the UK's population grew at a faster rate, resulting in the negative growth in GDP per capita. This suggests the UK economy's struggles with productivity are not only stagnating, but getting worse. The relatively poor economic performance of the UK in recent years has not gone unnoticed by the electorate, with the economy consistently seen as the most important issue for voters since 2022. Recent shocks to UK economy In the second quarter of 2020, the UK economy shrank by a record 20.3 percent at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there was a relatively swift economic recovery initially, the economy has struggled to grow much beyond its pre-pandemic size, and was only around 3.1 percent larger in December 2024, when compared with December 2019. Although the labor market has generally been quite resilient during this time, a long twenty-month period between 2021 and 2023 saw prices rise faster than wages, and inflation surge to a high of 11.1 percent in October 2022.

Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): All Items excl Food data was reported at 158.000 2002=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 157.900 2002=100 for Feb 2025. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): All Items excl Food data is updated monthly, averaging 66.300 2002=100 from Jan 1949 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 915 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 158.000 2002=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 12.500 2002=100 in Sep 1949. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): All Items excl Food data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.I009: Core Inflation Index.

This table contains 11 series, with data from 1949 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). Data are presented for the current month and previous four months. Users can select other time periods that are of interest to them.

Graph and download economic data for Noncyclical Rate of Unemployment from Q1 1949 to Q4 2035 about NAIRU, long-term, projection, unemployment, rate, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Natural Rate of Unemployment (Short-Term) (DISCONTINUED) (NROUST) from Q1 1949 to Q4 2031 about NAIRU, short-term, projection, unemployment, rate, and USA.

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the Japanese inflationary process occurred in the period after the World War II, between 1945-1950, its causes and the policies of stabilization, monetary and fiscal reforms. Initially, it analyses the factories that increased the price level. The measures adopted to revert this process were divided into two subperiods: phase 1 (between 1946-1948) and phase 2 (between 1949-1951). Those economic policies and reforms resulted in an economic stabilization.

Phillips curves are central to discussions of inflation dynamics and monetary policy. The hybrid new Keynesian Phillips curve (NKPC) describes how past inflation, expected future inflation, and a measure of real aggregate demand drive the current inflation rate. This paper studies the (potential) weak identification of the NKPC under Generalized Method of Moments and traces this syndrome to a lack of higher-order dynamics in exogenous variables. We employ analytic methods to understand the economics of the NKPC identification problem in the canonical three-equation, new Keynesian model. We revisit the empirical evidence for the USA, the UK, and Canada by constructing tests and confidence intervals based on the Anderson and Rubin (1949) statistic, which is robust to weak identification. We also apply the Guggenberger and Smith (2008) LM test to the underlying NKPC pricing parameters. Both tests yield little evidence of forward-looking inflation dynamics.

Key information about US Consumer Price Index CPI growth

• US Consumer Price Index (CPI) growth was measured at 2.8 % YoY in Feb 2025, compared with a rate of 3.0 % in the previous month.
• US Consumer Price Index growth data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1948 to Feb 2025, with an averaged number of 2.9 % YoY.
• The data reached an all-time high of 14.6 % YoY in Mar 1980 and a record low of -3.0 % YoY in Aug 1949.

On October 29, 1929, the U.S. experienced the most devastating stock market crash in it's history. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 set in motion the Great Depression, which lasted for twelve years and affected virtually all industrialized countries. In the United States, GDP fell to it's lowest recorded level of just 57 billion U.S dollars in 1933, before rising again shortly before the Second World War. After the war, GDP fluctuated, but it increased gradually until the Great Recession in 2008. Real GDP Real GDP allows us to compare GDP over time, by adjusting all figures for inflation. In this case, all numbers have been adjusted to the value of the US dollar in FY2012. While GDP rose every year between 1946 and 2008, when this is adjusted for inflation it can see that the real GDP dropped at least once in every decade except the 1960s and 2010s. The Great Recession Apart from the Great Depression, and immediately after WWII, there have been two times where both GDP and real GDP dropped together. The first was during the Great Recession, which lasted from December 2007 until June 2009 in the US, although its impact was felt for years after this. After the collapse of the financial sector in the US, the government famously bailed out some of the country's largest banking and lending institutions. Since recovery began in late 2009, US GDP has grown year-on-year, and reached 21.4 trillion dollars in 2019. The coronavirus pandemic and the associated lockdowns then saw GDP fall again, for the first time in a decade. As economic recovery from the pandemic has been compounded by supply chain issues, inflation, and rising global geopolitical instability, it remains to be seen what the future holds for the U.S. economy.

Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): Health & Personal Care data was reported at 152.000 2002=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 151.900 2002=100 for Feb 2025. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): Health & Personal Care data is updated monthly, averaging 67.800 2002=100 from Jan 1949 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 915 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 152.000 2002=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 10.100 2002=100 in Feb 1949. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): Health & Personal Care data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.I002: Consumer Price Index: 2002=100.

Ce tableau contient 13 séries, avec des données à partir de 1949 (il n'y a pas nécessairement de données pour toutes les années pour l'ensemble des combinaisons). Les données sont présentées pour le mois actuel et les quatre mois précédents. Les utilisateurs peuvent sélectionner d’autres périodes qui les intéressent.

Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): Shelter: Rent Accommodation data was reported at 159.600 2002=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 159.300 2002=100 for Feb 2025. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): Shelter: Rent Accommodation data is updated monthly, averaging 70.800 2002=100 from Jan 1949 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 915 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 159.600 2002=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 18.500 2002=100 in Mar 1949. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): Shelter: Rent Accommodation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.I002: Consumer Price Index: 2002=100.

居民消费价格指数：所有项目，除了食品在03-01-2025达158.0002002=100，相较于02-01-2025的157.9002002=100有所增长。居民消费价格指数：所有项目，除了食品数据按月更新，01-01-1949至03-01-2025期间平均值为66.3002002=100，共915份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于03-01-2025，达158.0002002=100，而历史最低值则出现于09-01-1949，为12.5002002=100。CEIC提供的居民消费价格指数：所有项目，除了食品数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Statistics Canada，数据归类于全球数据库的加拿大 – Table CA.I009: Core Inflation Index。

居民消费价格指数：年度：所有项目，除了食品在12-01-2024达155.6752002=100，相较于12-01-2023的152.1252002=100有所增长。居民消费价格指数：年度：所有项目，除了食品数据按年更新，12-01-1949至12-01-2024期间平均值为66.2872002=100，共76份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2024，达155.6752002=100，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-1949，为12.5252002=100。CEIC提供的居民消费价格指数：年度：所有项目，除了食品数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Statistics Canada，数据归类于全球数据库的加拿大 – Table CA.I009: Core Inflation Index。

Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): Transportation data was reported at 173.100 2002=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 173.600 2002=100 for Feb 2025. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): Transportation data is updated monthly, averaging 61.700 2002=100 from Jan 1949 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 915 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 176.200 2002=100 in Jun 2022 and a record low of 10.200 2002=100 in Apr 1949. Canada Consumer Price Index (CPI): Transportation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.I002: Consumer Price Index: 2002=100.