In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price of a basket of goods. The most common measure being the consumer price index. It is the percentage rate of change in price level over time, and also indicates the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money. The annual rate of inflation for 2023, was 4.1 percent higher in the United States when compared to the previous year. More information on inflation and the consumer price index can be found on our dedicated topic page. Additionally, the monthly rate of inflation in the United States can be accessed here. Inflation and purchasing power Inflation is a key economic indicator, and gives economists and consumers alike a look at changes in prices in the wider economy. For example, if an average pair of socks costs 100 dollars one year and 105 dollars the following year, the inflation rate is five percent. This means the amount of goods an individual can purchase with a unit of currency has decreased. This concept is often referred to as purchasing power. The data presents the average rate of inflation in a year, whereas the monthly measure of inflation measures the change in prices compared with prices one year ago. For example, monthly inflation in the U.S. reached a peak in June 2022 at 9.1 percent. This means that prices were 9.1 percent higher than they were in June of 2021. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. The Big Mac Index has been published by The Economist since 1986 and exemplifies purchasing power on a global scale, allowing us to see note the differences between different countries currencies. Switzerland for example, has the most expensive Big Mac in the world, costing consumers 6.71 U.S. dollars as of July 2022, whereas a Big Mac cost 5.15 dollars in the United States, and 4.77 dollars in the Euro area. One of the most important tools in influencing the rate of inflation is interest rates. The Federal Reserve of the United States has the capacity to make changes to the federal interest rate . Changes to the rate of inflation are thought to be an imbalance between supply and demand. After COVID-19 related lockdowns came to an end there was a sudden increase in demand for goods and services with consumers having more funds than usual thanks to reduced spending during lockdown and government funded economic support. Additionally, supply-chain related bottlenecks also due to lockdowns around the world and the Russian invasion of Ukraine meant that there was a decrease in the supply of goods and services. By increasing the interest rate, the Federal Reserve aims to reduce spending, and thus bring demand back into balance with supply.

This series measures the probability that the expected personal consumption expenditures price index (PCEPI) inflation rate (12-month percent changes) over the next 12 months will range between 1.5 and 2.5 percent.

For additional information on the Price Pressures Measure and its construction, see Introducing the St. Louis Fed Price Pressures Measure (https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/economic-synopses/2015/11/06/introducing-the-st-louis-fed-price-pressures-measure/).

As of April 5, 2023, the MZM Money Stock measure, in SA billions of dollars, has been replaced with the series Revolving Consumer Credit Outstanding (break-adjusted), in SA billions of dollars, from the Federal Reserve’s monthly G.19 release. This change was made because the MZM series was discontinued.

As of February 3, 2020, the Emerging and Developing Asia and Western Hemisphere Consumer Prices Indexes have been replaced with Asia/Pacific Rim and Latin America Consumer Price Indexes respectively. These changes were made to facilitate a more timely updating of the PPM. Switching the Consumer Prices Indexes produced no meaningful change in the PPM series.

As of January 29, 2021, the Adjusted Monetary Base (including Deposits to Satisfy Clearing Balance Contracts) Seasonally Adjusted, in billions of dollars has been replaced with the series, Monetary Base, NSA, in billions of dollars.

This series measures the probability that the personal consumption expenditures price index (PCEPI) inflation rate (12-month changes) over the next 12 months will fall below zero.

For additional information on the Price Pressures Measure and its construction, see Introducing the St. Louis Fed Price Pressures Measure (https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/economic-synopses/2015/11/06/introducing-the-st-louis-fed-price-pressures-measure/).

As of April 5, 2023, the MZM Money Stock measure, in SA billions of dollars, has been replaced with the series Revolving Consumer Credit Outstanding (break-adjusted), in SA billions of dollars, from the Federal Reserve’s monthly G.19 release. This change was made because the MZM series was discontinued.

As of February 3, 2020, the Emerging and Developing Asia and Western Hemisphere Consumer Prices Indexes have been replaced with Asia/Pacific Rim and Latin America Consumer Price Indexes respectively. These changes were made to facilitate a more timely updating of the PPM. Switching the Consumer Prices Indexes produced no meaningful change in the PPM series.

As of January 29, 2021, the Adjusted Monetary Base (including Deposits to Satisfy Clearing Balance Contracts) Seasonally Adjusted, in billions of dollars has been replaced with the series, Monetary Base, NSA, in billions of dollars.

The U.S. M1 money supply reached ***** trillion dollars in 2024, showing a modest increase from the previous year. While M1 grew gradually between 2000 and 2019, it experienced an unprecedented surge in 2020 due to the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The most dramatic spike occurred in May 2020, when M1 jumped from *** to **** trillion dollars - more than tripling in a single month.

The total assets of U.S.-chartered commercial banks grew significantly between 1990 and 2023. In the observed period, only between 2009 and 2010 did the total assets of commercial banks decrease. As of 2023, the total assets of U.S.-chartered commercial banks amounted to approximately 19.88 trillion U.S. dollars.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: IDN MEASURE: IRSTCI UNIT_MEASURE: PA ACTIVITY: _Z ADJUSTMENT: _Z TRANSFORMATION: _Z FREQ: M

All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

Graph and download economic data for M2 for Poland (DISCONTINUED) (MABMM201PLM189N) from Jan 1990 to Dec 2013 about Poland, M2, broad, and monetary aggregates.

Mexico Real Exchange Rate Index: 111 Group Currency: World Currency per USD data was reported at 165.382 1990=100 in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 164.642 1990=100 for Jan 2019. Mexico Real Exchange Rate Index: 111 Group Currency: World Currency per USD data is updated monthly, averaging 120.020 1990=100 from Jan 1968 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 614 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 165.771 1990=100 in Dec 2018 and a record low of 93.184 1990=100 in Oct 1978. Mexico Real Exchange Rate Index: 111 Group Currency: World Currency per USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.M007: Real Exchange Rate Index: 1990=100.

The USD/TND exchange rate rose to 2.9126 on July 4, 2025, up 0.73% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Tunisian Dinar has strengthened 0.99%, and is up by 6.59% over the last 12 months. Tunisian Dinar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Mexico Real Exchange Rate Index: 111 Group Currency: Consumer Price Index data was reported at 1,199.253 1990=100 in Mar 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,194.652 1990=100 for Feb 2019. Mexico Real Exchange Rate Index: 111 Group Currency: Consumer Price Index data is updated monthly, averaging 167.277 1990=100 from Jan 1970 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 591 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,199.253 1990=100 in Mar 2019 and a record low of 0.141 1990=100 in Feb 1970. Mexico Real Exchange Rate Index: 111 Group Currency: Consumer Price Index data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.M007: Real Exchange Rate Index: 1990=100.

The value of M2 money supply in the U.S. amounted to 20.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023, which was a slight decrease compared to the previous year. While between 2000 and 2019, the M2 money supply increased at a relatively slow pace, there was an exceptionally sharp increase in 2020, which was the result of the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mexico External Public Debt: Qtr: Gross: Res: Base Money: Yr 1990 to 92 data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in Dec 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for Sep 2018. Mexico External Public Debt: Qtr: Gross: Res: Base Money: Yr 1990 to 92 data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Mar 1982 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 148 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.732 USD bn in Sep 1990 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Dec 2018. Mexico External Public Debt: Qtr: Gross: Res: Base Money: Yr 1990 to 92 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F022: Domestic & External Public Debt.

Money Supply M2 in Argentina decreased to 45944645.50 ARS Million in April from 69678887.20 ARS Million in March of 2025. This dataset provides - Argentina Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This table contains 42 series, with data for years 1990 - 2012 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years), and is no longer being released. This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada);  Valuation (2 items: Book value; Market value);  Categories (21 items: Total assets; Non-financial assets; Non-residential structures; Machinery and equipment; ...).

Money Supply M3 in Indonesia decreased to 9389.98 IDR Trillion in April from 9436.70 IDR Trillion in March of 2025. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Indonesia Money Supply M3.

Mexico External Public Debt: SF: Res: Base Money: Yr 1990 to Yr 1992 data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in Feb 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for Jan 2019. Mexico External Public Debt: SF: Res: Base Money: Yr 1990 to Yr 1992 data is updated monthly, averaging 150.750 USD mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.732 USD bn in Sep 1990 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Feb 2019. Mexico External Public Debt: SF: Res: Base Money: Yr 1990 to Yr 1992 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F022: Domestic & External Public Debt.

The USD/ARS exchange rate rose to 1,241.5547 on July 4, 2025, up 0.84% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Argentinean Peso has weakened 4.53%, and is down by 35.62% over the last 12 months. Argentinean Peso - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

The USD/ARS exchange rate rose to 1,187.7501 on June 10, 2025, up 0.22% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Argentinean Peso has weakened 5.05%, and is down by 31.68% over the last 12 months. Argentinean Peso - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on June of 2025.

Money Supply M0 in Russia decreased to 16507 RUB Billion in May from 16539 RUB Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - Russia Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.