This series measures the probability that the expected personal consumption expenditures price index (PCEPI) inflation rate (12-month percent changes) over the next 12 months will range between 1.5 and 2.5 percent.

For additional information on the Price Pressures Measure and its construction, see Introducing the St. Louis Fed Price Pressures Measure (https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/economic-synopses/2015/11/06/introducing-the-st-louis-fed-price-pressures-measure/).

As of April 5, 2023, the MZM Money Stock measure, in SA billions of dollars, has been replaced with the series Revolving Consumer Credit Outstanding (break-adjusted), in SA billions of dollars, from the Federal Reserve’s monthly G.19 release. This change was made because the MZM series was discontinued.

As of February 3, 2020, the Emerging and Developing Asia and Western Hemisphere Consumer Prices Indexes have been replaced with Asia/Pacific Rim and Latin America Consumer Price Indexes respectively. These changes were made to facilitate a more timely updating of the PPM. Switching the Consumer Prices Indexes produced no meaningful change in the PPM series.

As of January 29, 2021, the Adjusted Monetary Base (including Deposits to Satisfy Clearing Balance Contracts) Seasonally Adjusted, in billions of dollars has been replaced with the series, Monetary Base, NSA, in billions of dollars.

Inflation Rate in Brazil increased to 5.35 percent in June from 5.32 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Brazil Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In January 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to January 2024 according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restrains, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

Money Supply M2 in Argentina decreased to 45944645.50 ARS Million in April from 69678887.20 ARS Million in March of 2025. This dataset provides - Argentina Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This series measures the probability that the personal consumption expenditures price index (PCEPI) inflation rate (12-month changes) over the next 12 months will fall below zero.

For additional information on the Price Pressures Measure and its construction, see Introducing the St. Louis Fed Price Pressures Measure (https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/economic-synopses/2015/11/06/introducing-the-st-louis-fed-price-pressures-measure/).

As of April 5, 2023, the MZM Money Stock measure, in SA billions of dollars, has been replaced with the series Revolving Consumer Credit Outstanding (break-adjusted), in SA billions of dollars, from the Federal Reserve’s monthly G.19 release. This change was made because the MZM series was discontinued.

As of February 3, 2020, the Emerging and Developing Asia and Western Hemisphere Consumer Prices Indexes have been replaced with Asia/Pacific Rim and Latin America Consumer Price Indexes respectively. These changes were made to facilitate a more timely updating of the PPM. Switching the Consumer Prices Indexes produced no meaningful change in the PPM series.

As of January 29, 2021, the Adjusted Monetary Base (including Deposits to Satisfy Clearing Balance Contracts) Seasonally Adjusted, in billions of dollars has been replaced with the series, Monetary Base, NSA, in billions of dollars.

Government expenditure, billion currency units in Hong Kong, March, 2025 The most recent value is 112.23 billion Hong Kong Dollar as of Q1 2025, an increase compared to the previous value of 101.79 billion Hong Kong Dollar. Historically, the average for Hong Kong from Q1 1990 to Q1 2025 is 45.71 billion Hong Kong Dollar. The minimum of 10.36 billion Hong Kong Dollar was recorded in Q2 1990, while the maximum of 112.23 billion Hong Kong Dollar was reached in Q1 2025. | TheGlobalEconomy.com

The price of gold per troy ounce increased considerably between 1990 and 2025, despite some fluctuations. A troy ounce is the international common unit of weight used for precious metals and is approximately **** grams. At the end of 2024, a troy ounce of gold cost ******* U.S. dollars. As of * June 2025, it increased considerably to ******** U.S. dollars. Price of – additional information In 2000, the price of gold was at its lowest since 1990, with a troy ounce of gold costing ***** U.S. dollars in that year. Since then, gold prices have been rising and after the economic crisis of 2008, the price of gold rose at higher rates than ever before as the market began to see gold as an increasingly good investment. History has shown, gold is seen as a good investment in times of uncertainty because it can or is thought to function as a good store of value against a declining currency as well as providing protection against inflation. However, unlike other commodities, once gold is mined it does not get used up like other commodities (for example, such as gasoline). So while gold may be a good investment at times, the supply demand argument does not apply to gold. Nonetheless, the demand for gold has been mostly consistent.

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: IDN MEASURE: IRSTCI UNIT_MEASURE: PA ACTIVITY: _Z ADJUSTMENT: _Z TRANSFORMATION: _Z FREQ: M

All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

Graph and download economic data for Currency in Circulation (CURRCIR) from Aug 1917 to Jun 2025 about currency and USA.

GDP, billion currency units in Hong Kong, March, 2025 The most recent value is 799.71 billion Hong Kong Dollar as of Q1 2025, a decline compared to the previous value of 836.48 billion Hong Kong Dollar. Historically, the average for Hong Kong from Q1 1990 to Q1 2025 is 444.54 billion Hong Kong Dollar. The minimum of 122.48 billion Hong Kong Dollar was recorded in Q1 1990, while the maximum of 836.48 billion Hong Kong Dollar was reached in Q4 2024. | TheGlobalEconomy.com

Key information about Colombia Real Effective Exchange Rate

• Colombia Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER: 2005=100: Month Avg: Colombia) was 113.5 in Jan 2025, compared with the number of 116.7 in the previous month.
• Colombia Real Effective Exchange Rate data is updated monthly and averaged 145.7 from Jan 1990 to Jan 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 145.7 in Nov 2022 and a record low of 80.5 in Mar 1999.

CEIC generates Real Effective Exchange Rate Index with base 2005=100. The Bank of the Republic of Colombia provides Real Effective Exchange Rate Index with base 2010=100. CPI is used as a deflator. An increase in REER indicates reduced competitiveness for the reporting economy.


Related information about Colombia Real Effective Exchange Rate

• In the latest reports, Colombia Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: Colombia: Certificate of Deposits Rate: 90 Days was reported at 13.0 % pa in Jun 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Intervention Rate: Minimum) was set at 9.5 % pa in Jan 2025.
• Colombia Exchange Rate against USD averaged 4,213.5 (USD/COP) in Jun 2023.

Key information about Ireland Money Supply M1

• Ireland Money Supply M1 was reported at 308.671 USD bn in Jan 2025
• This records a decrease from the previous number of 309.724 USD bn for Dec 2024
• Ireland Money Supply M1 data is updated monthly, averaging 114.251 USD bn from Jan 1990 to Jan 2025, with 421 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 330.893 USD bn in Aug 2021 and a record low of 4.151 USD bn in Feb 1990. Ireland Money Supply M1 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Money Supply M1: USD: Monthly

CEIC converts monthly Money Supply M1 into USD. The Central Bank of Ireland provides Money Supply M1 in EUR. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Ireland is part of the Euro Area since January 1999 and the reported figure corresponds to its contribution to the Euro money supply. Since January 1999, data is not fully comparable with data of previous periods as 'Resident' refers to the residents of Ireland and of other Euro Area member states (before that Ireland only).

Private sector credit, billion currency units in Brazil, March, 2025 The most recent value is 6483.82 billion Brazilian Real as of March 2025, an increase compared to the previous value of 6443.77 billion Brazilian Real. Historically, the average for Brazil from January 1990 to March 2025 is 1721.77 billion Brazilian Real. The minimum of 0 billion Brazilian Real was recorded in January 1990, while the maximum of 6483.82 billion Brazilian Real was reached in March 2025. | TheGlobalEconomy.com

Household credit, billion currency units in Australia, March, 2025 The most recent value is 2364.9 billion Australian Dollar as of March 2025, an increase compared to the previous value of 2356.36 billion Australian Dollar. Historically, the average for Australia from January 1990 to March 2025 is 923.08 billion Australian Dollar. The minimum of 88.78 billion Australian Dollar was recorded in January 1990, while the maximum of 2364.9 billion Australian Dollar was reached in March 2025. | TheGlobalEconomy.com

Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 21942 USD Billion in May from 21862.40 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The USD/TND exchange rate rose to 2.9299 on July 14, 2025, up 0.17% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Tunisian Dinar has strengthened 0.55%, and is up by 5.94% over the last 12 months. Tunisian Dinar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Money Supply M3 in Indonesia increased to 9406.59 IDR Trillion in May from 9388.03 IDR Trillion in April of 2025. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Indonesia Money Supply M3.

Mortgage credit, billion currency units in Australia, March, 2025 The most recent value is 2273.5 billion Australian Dollar as of March 2025, an increase compared to the previous value of 2263.58 billion Australian Dollar. Historically, the average for Australia from January 1990 to March 2025 is 847.69 billion Australian Dollar. The minimum of 60.28 billion Australian Dollar was recorded in January 1990, while the maximum of 2273.5 billion Australian Dollar was reached in March 2025. | TheGlobalEconomy.com

India inflation rate for 2024 was 4.95%, a 0.7% decline from 2023.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>India inflation rate for 2023 was <strong>5.65%</strong>, a <strong>1.05% decline</strong> from 2022.</li>
<li>India inflation rate for 2022 was <strong>6.70%</strong>, a <strong>1.57% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>India inflation rate for 2021 was <strong>5.13%</strong>, a <strong>1.49% decline</strong> from 2020.</li>
</ul>Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.