The total value of U.S. dollars in circulation saw significant growth between 2000 and 2023, with 100-dollar bills making up the bulk of the total. By December 31, 2023, the value of 100-dollar bills in circulation surpassed 1.8 trillion U.S. dollars. In comparison, the total value of U.S. currency in circulation in 2023 was around 2.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

In December 2024, the chained consumer price index (CPI) in the United States increased 2.9 percent since December 2023. This 12 month percent change is a strong indicator of the nation's current inflation. The annual inflation rate based on current dollar value can be accessed here.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

Interactive historical chart showing the daily Euro - U.S. Dollar (EURUSD) exchange rate back to 1999.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar in U.S. City Average (CUUR0000SA0R) from Jan 1913 to Jun 2025 about urban, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Canadian Dollars to U.S. Dollar Spot Exchange Rate (DEXCAUS) from 1971-01-04 to 2025-07-18 about Canada, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Key information about Kenya Exchange Rate against USD

• Kenya Exchange Rate against USD averaged 137.240 (USD/KES) in May 2023, compared with 134.395 USD/KES in the previous month.
• Kenya Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 137.240 in May 2023 and a record low of 6.900 in Dec 1973.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Central Bank of Kenya provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 2000 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Kenya Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Kenya Short Term Interest Rate: Monthly Average: Treasury Bills Rate: 91 Days was reported at 9.760 % pa in Mar 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Treasury Bonds Rate: 10 Years) was reported at 13.490 % pa in May 2022.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Central Bank Rediscount Rate) was set at 9.500 % pa in May 2023.

United States Spot Exchange Rate: US Dollar to EURO data was reported at 1.123 EUR/USD in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.081 EUR/USD for Mar 2025. United States Spot Exchange Rate: US Dollar to EURO data is updated monthly, averaging 1.171 EUR/USD from Jan 1999 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 316 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.576 EUR/USD in Jul 2008 and a record low of 0.853 EUR/USD in Oct 2000. United States Spot Exchange Rate: US Dollar to EURO data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.M: Spot Exchange Rate.

Graph and download economic data for Currency in Circulation (CURRCIR) from Aug 1917 to Jun 2025 about currency and USA.

The value of M2 money supply in the U.S. amounted to 20.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023, which was a slight decrease compared to the previous year. While between 2000 and 2019, the M2 money supply increased at a relatively slow pace, there was an exceptionally sharp increase in 2020, which was the result of the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The USD/CAD exchange rate fell to 1.3598 on July 23, 2025, down 0.05% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Canadian Dollar has strengthened 0.93%, and is up by 1.55% over the last 12 months. Canadian Dollar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Exchange Rate to U.S. Dollar for Kenya (FXRATEKEA618NUPN) from 1950 to 2010 about Kenya, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

Interactive historical chart showing the daily New Zealand Dollar - U.S. Dollar (NZDUSD) exchange rate back to 1991.

United States Spot Exchange Rate: Spanish Peseta to US Dollar data was reported at 144.835 ESP/USD in Oct 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 142.613 ESP/USD for Sep 2018. United States Spot Exchange Rate: Spanish Peseta to US Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 126.335 ESP/USD from Jan 1973 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 550 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 195.174 ESP/USD in Oct 2000 and a record low of 55.800 ESP/USD in Jun 1975. United States Spot Exchange Rate: Spanish Peseta to US Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.M015: Spot Exchange Rate.

Key information about Nigeria Exchange Rate against USD

• Nigeria Exchange Rate against USD averaged 460.702 (USD/NGN) in May 2023, compared with 460.418 USD/NGN in the previous month.
• Nigeria Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 460.702 in May 2023 and a record low of 0.530 in Nov 1980.

CEIC calculates monthly average Exchange Rate against USD from daily average Exchange Rate. Central Bank of Nigeria provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 2002 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Nigeria Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Nigeria Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: NIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 12.570 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End) was set at 18.500 % pa in May 2023.

Graph and download economic data for Brazilian Reals to U.S. Dollar Spot Exchange Rate (EXBZUS) from Jan 1995 to Jun 2025 about Brazil, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

The US dollar index of February 2025 was higher than it was in 2024, although below the peak in late 2022. This reveals itself in a historical graphic on the past 50 years, measuring the relative strength of the U.S. dollar. This metric is different from other FX graphics that compare the U.S. dollar against other currencies. The history of the DXY Index The index shown here – often referred to with the code DXY, or USDX – measures the value of the U.S. dollar compared to a basket of six other foreign currencies. This basket includes the euro, the Swiss franc, the Japanese yen, the Canadian dollar, the British pound, and the Swedish króna. The index was created in 1973, after the arrival of the petrodollar and the dissolution of the Bretton Woods Agreement. Today, most of these currencies remain connected to the United States' largest trade partners. The relevance of the DXY Index The index focuses on trade and the strength of the U.S. dollar against specific currencies. It less on inflation or devaluation, which is measured in alternative metrics like the Big Mac Index. Indeed, as the methodology behind the DXY Index has only been updated once – when the euro arrived in 1999 – some argue this composition is not accurate to the current state of the world. The price development of the U.S. dollar affects many things, including commodity prices in general.

Graph and download economic data for Exchange Rate to U.S. Dollar for Trinidad and Tobago (FXRATETTA618NUPN) from 1950 to 2010 about Trinidad and Tobago, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Exchange Rate to U.S. Dollar for Tanzania (FXRATETZA618NUPN) from 1950 to 2010 about Tanzania, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.