A graphic that displays the dollar performance against other currencies reveals that economic developments had mixed results on currency exchanges. The third quarter of 2023 marked a period of disinflation in the euro area, while China's projected growth was projected to go up. The United States economy was said to have a relatively strong performance in Q3 2023, although growing capital market interest rate and the resumption of student loan repayments might dampen this growth at the end of 2023. A relatively weak Japanese yen Q3 2023 saw pressure from investors towards Japanese authorities on how they would respond to the situation surrounding the Japanese yen. The USD/JPY rate was close to ***, whereas analysts suspected it should be around ** given the country's purchase power parity. The main reason for this disparity is said to be the differences in central bank interest rates between the United States, the euro area, and Japan. Any future aggressive changes from, especially the U.S. Fed might lower those differences. Financial markets responded somewhat disappoint when Japan did not announce major plans to tackle the situation. Potential rent decreases in 2024 Central bank rates peak in 2023, although it is expected that some of these will decline in early 2024. That said, analysts expect overall policies will remain restrictive. For example, the Bank of England's interest rate remained unchanged at **** percent in Q3 2023. It is believed the United Kingdom's central bank will ease its interest rate in 2024 but less than either the U.S. Fed or the European Central Bank. This should be a positive development for the pound compared to either the euro or the dollar.

In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price of a basket of goods. The most common measure being the consumer price index. It is the percentage rate of change in price level over time, and also indicates the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money. The annual rate of inflation for 2023, was 4.1 percent higher in the United States when compared to the previous year. More information on inflation and the consumer price index can be found on our dedicated topic page. Additionally, the monthly rate of inflation in the United States can be accessed here. Inflation and purchasing power Inflation is a key economic indicator, and gives economists and consumers alike a look at changes in prices in the wider economy. For example, if an average pair of socks costs 100 dollars one year and 105 dollars the following year, the inflation rate is five percent. This means the amount of goods an individual can purchase with a unit of currency has decreased. This concept is often referred to as purchasing power. The data presents the average rate of inflation in a year, whereas the monthly measure of inflation measures the change in prices compared with prices one year ago. For example, monthly inflation in the U.S. reached a peak in June 2022 at 9.1 percent. This means that prices were 9.1 percent higher than they were in June of 2021. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. The Big Mac Index has been published by The Economist since 1986 and exemplifies purchasing power on a global scale, allowing us to see note the differences between different countries currencies. Switzerland for example, has the most expensive Big Mac in the world, costing consumers 6.71 U.S. dollars as of July 2022, whereas a Big Mac cost 5.15 dollars in the United States, and 4.77 dollars in the Euro area. One of the most important tools in influencing the rate of inflation is interest rates. The Federal Reserve of the United States has the capacity to make changes to the federal interest rate . Changes to the rate of inflation are thought to be an imbalance between supply and demand. After COVID-19 related lockdowns came to an end there was a sudden increase in demand for goods and services with consumers having more funds than usual thanks to reduced spending during lockdown and government funded economic support. Additionally, supply-chain related bottlenecks also due to lockdowns around the world and the Russian invasion of Ukraine meant that there was a decrease in the supply of goods and services. By increasing the interest rate, the Federal Reserve aims to reduce spending, and thus bring demand back into balance with supply.

U.S. inflation rate for 2023 was 4.13%, a 3.88% decline from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>U.S. inflation rate for 2022 was <strong>8.00%</strong>, a <strong>3.3% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>U.S. inflation rate for 2021 was <strong>4.70%</strong>, a <strong>3.46% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>U.S. inflation rate for 2020 was <strong>1.23%</strong>, a <strong>0.58% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

Interactive historical chart showing the daily U.S. Dollar - Japanese Yen (USDJPY) exchange rate back to 1971.

This dataset tracks annual asian student percentage from 1993 to 2001 for Dollar Baytamarack City Area K12 School vs. Michigan and Dollar Bay-Tamarack City Area Schools School District

Tajikistan Foreign Exchange Rate: NBT: US Dollar data was reported at 10.582 USD/TJS in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10.904 USD/TJS for Mar 2025. Tajikistan Foreign Exchange Rate: NBT: US Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 4.980 USD/TJS from Jan 2001 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 257 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.960 USD/TJS in Mar 2022 and a record low of 2.350 USD/TJS in Jun 2001. Tajikistan Foreign Exchange Rate: NBT: US Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bank of Tajikistan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Tajikistan – Table TJ.M005: Foreign Exchange Rates.

VITAL SIGNS INDICATOR Economic Output (EC14)

FULL MEASURE NAME Per-capita gross regional product

LAST UPDATED July 2019

DESCRIPTION Economic output is measured by the total and per-capita gross regional product and refers to the value of goods and services generated by workers and companies in a region.

DATA SOURCE Bureau of Economic Analysis: Regional Economic Accounts 2001-2017 http://www.bea.gov/regional/

California Department of Finance: Population and Housing Estimates 2001-2009 http://www.dof.ca.gov/Forecasting/Demographics/Estimates/ Note: Table E-8

California Department of Finance: Population and Housing Estimates 2010-2017 http://www.dof.ca.gov/Forecasting/Demographics/Estimates/ Note: Table E-5

CONTACT INFORMATION vitalsigns.info@bayareametro.gov

METHODOLOGY NOTES (across all datasets for this indicator) As gross regional product data is only available on the MSA level, Bay Area data includes 10 counties (the nine core counties + San Benito County); this results in a slightly higher regional GRP as a result of additional population and business activity. Per-capita data reflects the additional population included as a result of San Benito County’s participation in the San Jose MSA. Data is inflation-adjusted by using both nominal and real data developed by BEA and appropriately escalating real GRP data in 2009 dollars to today’s dollars (2017). This inflation adjustment approach is specific to each MSA and is different from the CPI inflation approach used for other datasets on the Vital Signs website.

The USD/PKR exchange rate was unchanged at 284.6500 on July 16, 2025. Over the past month, the Pakistan Rupee has weakened 0.48%, and is down by 2.23% over the last 12 months. Pakistan Rupee - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Interactive historical chart showing the daily Australian Dollar - U.S. Dollar (AUDUSD) exchange rate back to 1991.

The euro-to-dollar exchange rate fluctuated significantly in 2022, reaching its lowest recorded value since 2008 during that time. Figures were different later in the year, however, with a rate of 1.17 USD recorded at the end of June 27, 2025. The average (standardized) measure is based on the calculation of many observations throughout the period in question. It is therefore different from an annual measure at a point, which reflects concrete values as of end of the year. Establishment The euro, which was established in 1992, introduced in non-physical form in 1999 and finally rolled out in 2002, is used by 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union. This group of 19 countries is otherwise known as the eurozone or euro area. By 2018, the total value of euro currency in circulation was almost 1.2 trillion euros, or over 3.4 thousand euros per capita. Euro to USD Between 2001 and 2008, the average annual exchange rate of the euro to the U.S. dollar noted a steep increase. In 2008, the euro to U.S. dollar annual average exchange rate was equal to 1.47, which meant that one euro could buy 1.47 U.S. dollars. By 2019, this value had decreased overall, to a value of 1.12 which meant that one euro could buy 1.12 U.S. dollars. Similar dynamics in the euro to U.S. dollar exchange rate were also reflected in the monthly exchange rate recently.

This statistic shows the average value per head of sheep and lambs in the United States from 2001 to 2019. In 2001, this figure stood at 100 U.S. dollars and rose to 203 U.S. dollars by 2019.

Average daily turnover of the U.S. dollar on global foreign exchange (forex) markets increased more than **** fold from 2001 to 2022. In total - covering both spot transactions and forex derivatives like swaps, forwards and options - the average daily turnover of the U.S. dollar as of ********** amounted to *** trillion U.S. dollars. The forex - or foreign exchange market - turnover per day is a figure that is not often measured, only once every three years. No figures are available for 2020, for instance.

The US dollar index of February 2025 was higher than it was in 2024, although below the peak in late 2022. This reveals itself in a historical graphic on the past 50 years, measuring the relative strength of the U.S. dollar. This metric is different from other FX graphics that compare the U.S. dollar against other currencies. The history of the DXY Index The index shown here – often referred to with the code DXY, or USDX – measures the value of the U.S. dollar compared to a basket of six other foreign currencies. This basket includes the euro, the Swiss franc, the Japanese yen, the Canadian dollar, the British pound, and the Swedish króna. The index was created in 1973, after the arrival of the petrodollar and the dissolution of the Bretton Woods Agreement. Today, most of these currencies remain connected to the United States' largest trade partners. The relevance of the DXY Index The index focuses on trade and the strength of the U.S. dollar against specific currencies. It less on inflation or devaluation, which is measured in alternative metrics like the Big Mac Index. Indeed, as the methodology behind the DXY Index has only been updated once – when the euro arrived in 1999 – some argue this composition is not accurate to the current state of the world. The price development of the U.S. dollar affects many things, including commodity prices in general.

Inflation in Zimbabwe rose to 10.61 percent in 2018, and is projected to jump dramatically to 736.11 percent in 2024. After that, estimates predict a slow decline for now - however, given Zimbabwe’s history of poor monetary policy, including one of the worst instances of hyperinflation, this seems unrealistic. Inflation history Inflation depends significantly on economic expectations of it, making it hard to reduce inflation once it has hit higher levels. This happened in Zimbabwe in the years approaching 2008, at the end of which a single U.S. dollar was worth over 2.6 trillion Zimbabwe dollars, up from 10,000 Zimbabwe dollars at the start of 2005. This all but destroyed Zimbabwe’s economy, leading to very low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and a government struggling to finance itself. The way ahead In 2009, the Zimbabwean dollar had twelve zeros slashed from the banknotes. This was not enough, and after three decades of rule, former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe was removed from power at the end of 2017. Citizens of the country are trying to hold foreign banknotes; they prefer U.S. dollars or euros, but the South African rand is more common. However, the rand’s performance against other currencies has been lackluster in recent years. This underscores the struggle that the Zimbabwean people have to find a stable currency at the moment.

Forex daily volume was nearly *** billion U.S. dollars for the USD currency, an amount ***** times higher than for the euro (EUR). The forex - or foreign exchange market - turnover per day is a figure that is not often measured, only once every three years. No figures are available for 2020, for instance. What figures are available, however, indicate that the USD currency far outweighs that of many other currencies all over the world. What is the forex market? The forex market is based on the fluctuations in the value of currency interest rates. For example, the U.S. dollar performs differently against other major currencies. If one can properly predict these fluctuations, they can buy a weaker currency with a stronger one. After the currencies rebalance, the original currency will be worth more in terms of the exchange rate, giving the investor a profit. There are many foreign exchange trading services, including many multinational banks which already work in multiple currencies. Other currency trading functions Countries and central banks typically hold foreign currencies. These international reserves help facilitate the transactions in international trade, which is one reason China’s foreign reserves are so high. Countries can buy and sell foreign currencies to maintain a particular exchange rate. This is necessary for currencies which are pegged to another currency, such as the U.S. dollar. However, some countries are accused of exchange rate manipulation to make their exports seem more attractive. Finally, certain currencies are considered safer. Citizens and firms in a country with an unstable currency will buy these currencies to avoid volatility, or even hyperinflation, in their home currency.

In 2023, Google's ad revenue amounted to 264.59 billion U.S. dollars. The company generates advertising revenue through its Google Ads platform, which enables advertisers to display ads, product listings and service offerings across Google’s extensive ad network (properties, partner sites, and apps) to web users. Google advertising Advertising accounts for the majority of Google’s revenue, which amounted to a total of 305.63 billion U.S. dollars in 2023. The majority of Google's advertising revenue comes from search advertising. Google market share These revenue figures come as no surprise, as Google accounts for the majority of the online and mobile search market worldwide. As of September 2023, Google was responsible for more than 84 percent of global desktop search traffic. The company holds a market share of more than 80 percent in a wide range of digital markets, having little to no domestic competition in many of them. China, Russia, and to a certain extent, Japan, are some of the few notable exceptions, where local products are more preferred.

In 2023, the military spending worldwide amounted to 2.44 trillion U.S. dollars, which was the highest during the period under consideration. Comparatively, global military spending was at 1.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2001, and at 1.7 trillion U.S. dollars in 2010, past the peak of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Russia-Ukraine War The Russia-Ukraine War has been a major driver of more recent military spending increases. From 2021 to 2022, the ratio of Ukraine’s military spending to their GDP increased substantially from 3.8 percent to 33.5 percent. By comparison, this ratio increased in Russia from 3.6 percent in 2021 to only 4 percent in 2022. As a result, large amounts of bilateral aid have gone towards Ukraine. While EU institutions have contributed the most in total, the United States has contributed the most military aid towards Ukraine. Spending by nation Globally, the United States had the largest amount of military spending by large in 2023. The United States spent nearly 916 billion U.S. dollars in 2023 towards defense, compared to 296 billion U.S. dollars and 109 billion U.S. dollars spent by China and Russia respectively. As a percentage of GDP, Ukraine spent the most globally, contributing nearly 37 percent of their GDP to defense, followed by Algeria at 8.2 percent and Saudi Arabia at 7.1 percent.

In 2024, Major League Baseball, the North American professional baseball league, reported overall revenue of **** billion U.S. dollars, corresponding to an average revenue of roughly ***** million U.S. dollars per team. The MLB's revenue is generated from several sources such as broadcast rights, merchandise sales, ticket sales, and sponsorships. The MLB continues to be one of the most profitable sports leagues in the world, with revenues consistently growing year over year. MLB franchise values MLB teams have some of the highest franchise values out of all professional sports leagues worldwide. For instance, as of 2024, the New York Yankees were the fourth most valuable sports team worldwide. The average franchise value of MLB teams has experienced positive year-on-year growth since 2002, registering an increase of over *** million U.S. dollars between 2024 and 2025. Overall, the New York Yankees were the highest valued MLB team in 2024, worth an estimated *** billion U.S. dollars and significantly higher than the second most valuable franchise in the league, the Los Angeles Dodgers. Broadcasting MLB in the U.S. The profitability of Major League Baseball in the United States can partly be explained by the millions of fans who consistently watch their favorite franchises compete on television. Championship games are especially busy for broadcasters, with the average TV viewership of the MLB World Series games in the U.S. attracting over **** million fans in 2024. The league’s strong TV viewership has led to lucrative deals with broadcasters in the country, with the annual value of MLB TV deals in the U.S. totaling **** billion U.S. dollars in the 2024 season.

In 2021, the average price of a movie ticket in the United States added up to **** U.S. dollars, up from **** dollars in 2016. This represents an increase of nearly ** percent over half a decade. COVID-19's impact on movie theaters After two consecutive years of growth, the number of cinema sites in the U.S. decreased again in 2020, amidst the coronavirus outbreak. That year, there were ***** movie theaters across the country, down from ***** theaters in 2019 – an annual decrease of *** percent. Furthermore, the box office revenue in the U.S. and Canada has been struggling to recover. In 2021, it added up to **** billion dollars. This amounts to less than ** percent of the ****-billion-dollar revenue recorded in 2019, before the pandemic. The future of the film industry When considering the period from 1995 to 2022, adventure and action were the best-performing movie genres in Canada and the U.S. Altogether, they amassed a box office revenue of nearly *** billion dollars throughout those 27 years. Moreover, forecasts for the overall filmed entertainment revenues remain promising in both countries. Between 2019 and 2024, this market was projected to increase by over ** percent in the U.S. and by almost ** percent in Canada.

ExxonMobil's operating revenue amounted to approximately 349.6 billion U.S. dollars in 2024. ExxonMobil is a United States-based multinational oil and gas corporation. It ranks among the largest companies worldwide based on revenue alongside other publicly-traded supermajors such as Shell and BP, as well as state-owned entities like Sinopec and Saudi Aramco. ExxonMobil's financials 2022 was one of ExxonMobil's most profitable years since its founding through a merger in 1999. The Russia-Ukraine war led to a steep rise in oil and gas prices as traders feared supply bottlenecks. The ensuing business year reflected how much company's within the industry profited from such high commodity prices, with ExxonMobil's net income climbing to nearly 56 billion U.S. dollars. ExxonMobil's production output and product sales In 2024, the company's Upstream division produced some three million barrels of oil and other liquids per day, in addition to 8.1 billion cubic feet of natural gas. ExxonMobil's production output increased for liquids and natural gas. By comparison, ExxonMobil's petroleum product sales decreased compared to the previous year, reaching around 5.4 million barrels per day in 2024.