The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by October 29, 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic—both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S.—showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by August 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2024, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price of a basket of goods. The most common measure being the consumer price index. It is the percentage rate of change in price level over time, and also indicates the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money. The annual rate of inflation for 2023, was 4.1 percent higher in the United States when compared to the previous year. More information on inflation and the consumer price index can be found on our dedicated topic page. Additionally, the monthly rate of inflation in the United States can be accessed here. Inflation and purchasing power Inflation is a key economic indicator, and gives economists and consumers alike a look at changes in prices in the wider economy. For example, if an average pair of socks costs 100 dollars one year and 105 dollars the following year, the inflation rate is five percent. This means the amount of goods an individual can purchase with a unit of currency has decreased. This concept is often referred to as purchasing power. The data presents the average rate of inflation in a year, whereas the monthly measure of inflation measures the change in prices compared with prices one year ago. For example, monthly inflation in the U.S. reached a peak in June 2022 at 9.1 percent. This means that prices were 9.1 percent higher than they were in June of 2021. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. The Big Mac Index has been published by The Economist since 1986 and exemplifies purchasing power on a global scale, allowing us to see note the differences between different countries currencies. Switzerland for example, has the most expensive Big Mac in the world, costing consumers 6.71 U.S. dollars as of July 2022, whereas a Big Mac cost 5.15 dollars in the United States, and 4.77 dollars in the Euro area. One of the most important tools in influencing the rate of inflation is interest rates. The Federal Reserve of the United States has the capacity to make changes to the federal interest rate . Changes to the rate of inflation are thought to be an imbalance between supply and demand. After COVID-19 related lockdowns came to an end there was a sudden increase in demand for goods and services with consumers having more funds than usual thanks to reduced spending during lockdown and government funded economic support. Additionally, supply-chain related bottlenecks also due to lockdowns around the world and the Russian invasion of Ukraine meant that there was a decrease in the supply of goods and services. By increasing the interest rate, the Federal Reserve aims to reduce spending, and thus bring demand back into balance with supply.

International merchandise trade data grouped by North American Product Classification System (NAPCS) section. Users have the option of selecting Imports and Exports. Data are in constant dollars terms, calculated using a chained Fisher formula with 2007 as the base year, seasonally adjusted, and are on a Balance of Payments basis.

In 2024, the average exchange rate from U.S. dollars to Indonesian rupiah amounted to approximately 16,162, meaning that one U.S. dollar could buy 16,162 Indonesian rupiah. During the surveyed period, the Indonesian rupiah exchange rate against the U.S. dollar fluctuated and tended to depreciate. Inflation in Indonesia Indonesia's inflation rate has risen in the past few months due to rising food prices and airfares. The annual inflation rate in June 2022 was the highest in the past few years. This value finally passed Indonesia's central bank's inflation target range for that year, between two and four percent. However, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia war, the inflation rate increase in Indonesia is still relatively low compared to other countries, showing a strong economy. Balance of trade in Indonesia Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Indonesia has seen growth in trade, particularly for coal, palm oil, and minerals. Coal exports were briefly prohibited at the beginning of the year to secure domestic supplies, but they quickly resumed and reached record highs in March 2022. With this rising trade and steady development, Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, is also expected to attract more foreign investment, lowering inflation and increasing the country's currency exchange rate.

This table presents historical releases of real manufacturing sales, orders, inventory owned and inventory to sales ratio, 2007 dollars, seasonally adjusted monthly (dollars unless otherwise noted).

This table contains 28665 series, with data for years 1997 - 2017 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada); Seasonal adjustment (2 items: Seasonally adjusted at annual rates; Trading-day adjusted); Prices (2 items: Chained (2007) dollars; 2007 constant prices); North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (273 items: All industries; Goods-producing industries; Service-producing industries; Business sector industries; ...); Release (35 items: December 22, 2017; December 1, 2017; October 31, 2017; September 29, 2017; ...).

This table contains 52 series, with data for years 2002 - 2017 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada); Principal statistics (8 items: Sales of goods manufactured (shipments); New orders; Unfilled orders; Inventories; ...); North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (31 items: Total, durable and non-durable goods; Non-durable goods; Food manufacturing; Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing; ...).

International merchandise trade data grouped by North American Product Classification System (NAPCS) section. Users have the option of selecting Imports and Exports. Data are in constant dollars terms, calculated using a chained Fisher formula with 2007 as the base year, seasonally adjusted, and are on a Balance of Payments basis.

This table presents historical releases of real manufacturing sales, orders, inventory owned and inventory to sales ratio, 2007 dollars, seasonally adjusted monthly (dollars unless otherwise noted).

International merchandise trade data grouped by North American Product Classification System (NAPCS) section. Users have the option of selecting Imports and Exports. Data are in constant dollar terms, calculated using a chained Fisher formula with 2007 as the base year, seasonally adjusted, and are on a Balance of Payments basis.

This table presents historical releases of real manufacturing sales, orders, inventory owned and inventory to sales ratio, 2007 dollars, seasonally adjusted monthly (dollars unless otherwise noted).

Canada Retail Sales: Chained 2007 Dollars: sa data was reported at 47,117.700 CAD mn in Aug 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 47,454.800 CAD mn for Jul 2017. Canada Retail Sales: Chained 2007 Dollars: sa data is updated monthly, averaging 37,928.200 CAD mn from Jan 2004 (Median) to Aug 2017, with 164 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 47,524.000 CAD mn in Jun 2017 and a record low of 30,441.200 CAD mn in Jan 2004. Canada Retail Sales: Chained 2007 Dollars: sa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.H006: Retail Sales: NAICS 2012: Seasonally Adjusted. Rebased from 2007p to 2012p. Replacement series ID: 386606497

This table contains 52 series, with data for years 2002 - 2017 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada); Principal statistics (8 items: Sales of goods manufactured (shipments); New orders; Unfilled orders; Inventories; ...); North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (31 items: Total, durable and non-durable goods; Non-durable goods; Food manufacturing; Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing; ...).

Time series data for the statistic Trade_Balance_Palau_with_Vietnam. Indicator Definition:Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US DollarsThe indicator "Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US Dollars" stands at -41.67 Thousand as of 5/31/2025. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value is equal to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is 0.0.The 3 year change in percent is 0.0.The 5 year change in percent is 0.0.The 10 year change in percent is 45.33.The Serie's long term average value is -26.81 Thousand. It's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is 55.42 percent lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change from it's minimum value, on 1/31/2015, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is +34.55 Thousand.The Serie's change from it's maximum value, on 1/31/2011, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is -41.67 Thousand.

This product provides the Economic Indicator of Alberta Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Agri-Food Industries in Chained (2007) Dollars for a seven-year period. Year-over-year Annual Percent Change between year 2010 to 2014 of the Alberta CGP for Agriculture and Food Manufacturing Industries are included.

Time series data for the statistic Trade_Balance_Eritrea_with_Serbia. Indicator Definition:Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US DollarsThe indicator "Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US Dollars" stands at 1E-4 Million as of 5/31/2025. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an decrease of -0.0025 Million compared to the value the year prior.The Serie's long term average value is 0.141 Million. It's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is -0.141 Million lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change from it's minimum value, on 2/28/2014, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is +0.0406 Million.The Serie's change from it's maximum value, on 6/30/2016, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is -4.72 Million.

Time series data for the statistic Trade_Balance_Serbia_with_Dominica. Indicator Definition:Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US DollarsThe Serie's long term average value is -10.08 Thousand. It's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is 9.66 Thousand higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change from it's minimum value, on 10/31/2020, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is +252.50 Thousand.The Serie's change from it's maximum value, on 6/30/2015, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is -19.66 Thousand.

Time series data for the statistic Trade_Balance_Seychelles_with_Antigua_and_Barbuda. Indicator Definition:Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US DollarsThe indicator "Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US Dollars" stands at -0.13 Thousand as of 5/31/2025. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an increase of 0.036 Thousand compared to the value the year prior.The Serie's long term average value is -7.02 Thousand. It's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is 6.89 Thousand higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change from it's minimum value, on 5/31/2021, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is +81.74 Thousand.The Serie's change from it's maximum value, on 8/31/2007, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is -0.2 Thousand.

Time series data for the statistic Trade_Balance_Seychelles_with_Serbia. Indicator Definition:Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US DollarsThe Serie's long term average value is -24.65 Thousand. It's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is -110.16 Thousand lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change from it's minimum value, on 12/31/2024, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is +290.90 Thousand.The Serie's change from it's maximum value, on 3/31/2020, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is -156.26 Thousand.

Time series data for the statistic Trade_Balance_Palau_with_Indonesia. Indicator Definition:Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US DollarsThe indicator "Goods, Value of Trade Balance, US Dollars" stands at -235.69 Thousand as of 5/31/2025, the lowest value since 9/30/2024. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an decrease of -141.36 Thousand compared to the value the year prior.The Serie's long term average value is -41.85 Thousand. It's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is -193.83 Thousand lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change from it's minimum value, on 1/31/2016, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is +389.94 Thousand.The Serie's change from it's maximum value, on 10/31/2011, to it's latest available value, on 5/31/2025, is -256.11 Thousand.