In 2023, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 309.42, and is projected to increase to 352.27 by 2029. The base period was 1982-84. The monthly CPI for all urban consumers in the U.S. can be accessed here. After a time of high inflation, the U.S. inflation rateis projected fall to two percent by 2027. United States Consumer Price Index ForecastIt is projected that the CPI will continue to rise year over year, reaching 325.6 in 2027. The Consumer Price Index of all urban consumers in previous years was lower, and has risen every year since 1992, except in 2009, when the CPI went from 215.30 in 2008 to 214.54 in 2009. The monthly unadjusted Consumer Price Index was 296.17 for the month of August in 2022. The U.S. CPI measures changes in the price of consumer goods and services purchased by households and is thought to reflect inflation in the U.S. as well as the health of the economy. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates the CPI and defines it as, "a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services." The BLS records the price of thousands of goods and services month by month. They consider goods and services within eight main categories: food and beverage, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education, and other goods and services. They aggregate the data collected in order to compare how much it would cost a consumer to buy the same market basket of goods and services within one month or one year compared with the previous month or year. Given that the CPI is used to calculate U.S. inflation, the CPI influences the annual adjustments of many financial institutions in the United States, both private and public. Wages, social security payments, and pensions are all affected by the CPI.

In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price of a basket of goods. The most common measure being the consumer price index. It is the percentage rate of change in price level over time, and also indicates the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money. The annual rate of inflation for 2023, was 4.1 percent higher in the United States when compared to the previous year. More information on inflation and the consumer price index can be found on our dedicated topic page. Additionally, the monthly rate of inflation in the United States can be accessed here. Inflation and purchasing power Inflation is a key economic indicator, and gives economists and consumers alike a look at changes in prices in the wider economy. For example, if an average pair of socks costs 100 dollars one year and 105 dollars the following year, the inflation rate is five percent. This means the amount of goods an individual can purchase with a unit of currency has decreased. This concept is often referred to as purchasing power. The data presents the average rate of inflation in a year, whereas the monthly measure of inflation measures the change in prices compared with prices one year ago. For example, monthly inflation in the U.S. reached a peak in June 2022 at 9.1 percent. This means that prices were 9.1 percent higher than they were in June of 2021. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. The Big Mac Index has been published by The Economist since 1986 and exemplifies purchasing power on a global scale, allowing us to see note the differences between different countries currencies. Switzerland for example, has the most expensive Big Mac in the world, costing consumers 6.71 U.S. dollars as of July 2022, whereas a Big Mac cost 5.15 dollars in the United States, and 4.77 dollars in the Euro area. One of the most important tools in influencing the rate of inflation is interest rates. The Federal Reserve of the United States has the capacity to make changes to the federal interest rate . Changes to the rate of inflation are thought to be an imbalance between supply and demand. After COVID-19 related lockdowns came to an end there was a sudden increase in demand for goods and services with consumers having more funds than usual thanks to reduced spending during lockdown and government funded economic support. Additionally, supply-chain related bottlenecks also due to lockdowns around the world and the Russian invasion of Ukraine meant that there was a decrease in the supply of goods and services. By increasing the interest rate, the Federal Reserve aims to reduce spending, and thus bring demand back into balance with supply.

Historical and Projected Total Personal Income for Maryland and its Jurisdictions (in thousands of constant 2009 Dollars). Historical data, 1970 - 2010, from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Inflation in Zimbabwe rose to 10.61 percent in 2018, and is projected to jump dramatically to 577.21 percent in 2020. After that, estimates predict a slow decline for now - however, given Zimbabwe’s history of poor monetary policy, including one of the worst instances of hyperinflation, this seems unrealistic.

Inflation history

Inflation depends significantly on economic expectations of it, making it hard to reduce inflation once it has hit higher levels. This happened in Zimbabwe in the years approaching 2008, at the end of which a single U.S. dollar was worth over 2.6 trillion Zimbabwe dollars, up from 10,000 Zimbabwe dollars at the start of 2005. This all but destroyed Zimbabwe’s economy, leading to very low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and a government struggling to finance itself.

The way ahead

In 2009, the Zimbabwean dollar had twelve zeros slashed from the banknotes. This was not enough, and after three decades of rule, former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe was removed from power at the end of 2017. Citizens of the country are trying to hold foreign banknotes; they prefer U.S. dollars or euros, but the South African rand is more common. However, the rand’s performance against other currencies has been lackluster in recent years. This underscores the struggle that the Zimbabwean people have to find a stable currency at the moment.

Historical and Projected Per Capita Personal Income for Maryland and its Jurisdictions (in constant 2009 Dollars): 1970 - 2040. Historical data, 1970 - 2016, from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Projections by the the Maryland Department of Planning.

Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

VITAL SIGNS INDICATOR Economic Output (EC13)

FULL MEASURE NAME Gross regional product

LAST UPDATED July 2019

DESCRIPTION Economic output is measured by the total and per-capita gross regional product and refers to the value of goods and services generated by workers and companies in a region.

DATA SOURCE Bureau of Economic Analysis: Regional Economic Accounts 2001-2017 http://www.bea.gov/regional/

CONTACT INFORMATION vitalsigns.info@bayareametro.gov

METHODOLOGY NOTES (across all datasets for this indicator) As gross regional product data is only available on the MSA level, Bay Area data includes 10 counties (the nine core counties + San Benito County); this results in a slightly higher regional GRP as a result of additional population and business activity. Per-capita data reflects the additional population included as a result of San Benito County’s participation in the San Jose MSA. Data is inflation-adjusted by using both nominal and real data developed by BEA and appropriately escalating real GRP data in 2009 dollars to today’s dollars (2017). This inflation adjustment approach is specific to each MSA and is different from the CPI inflation approach used for other datasets on the Vital Signs website.

Long term historical dataset of the broad price-adjusted U.S. dollar index published by the Federal Reserve. The index is adjusted for the aggregated home inflation rates of all included currencies. The price adjustment is especially important with our Asian and South American trading partners due to their significant inflation episodes of the 80s and 90s.

Romania's consumer price index (CPI) reached 105.59 in 2024, indicating an inflation rate of roughly 5.6 percent. This decrease from the previous year's 10.4 percent suggests a significant easing of inflationary pressures. The country has experienced fluctuating inflation rates over the past decade, with the lowest CPI recorded in 2016. Recent Inflation Trends The highest inflation rate in Romania's recent history was observed in November 2022, peaking at 16.76 percent. By December 2024, inflation had moderated to 5.1 percent, a slight drop compared to the previous year. Food prices have contributed to overall inflation, with costs increasing by 5.09 percent in December 2024 compared to the same month in the previous year. Economic Impact and Outlook Despite inflationary pressures, Romania's economy has shown resilience. The country's gross domestic product per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity, increased by 2.3 percent in 2023, reaching 40,665.53 U.S. dollars. This growth, although slowing, represents the highest level observed in recent years. Looking ahead, certain sectors may continue to face price increases. For instance, the apparel market is forecast to see a 37.79 percent rise in price per unit between 2024 and 2029, potentially reaching 34.61 U.S. dollars by the end of that period.

Average Wage Per Job in Maryland and its Jurisdictions(Constant 2009 Dollars) from 2009 to 2016. Data source from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (Table CA30), November 2017.

Maryland Total Personal Income in thousands of Constant 2009 Dollars from 2009 to 2015. Source Data from U.S Bureau of Economic Analysis (Table CA5N)

Analysis of ‘Maryland Historical and Projected Total Personal Income (in thousands of Constant 2009 Dollars):1970-2040’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/94653319-0266-46cf-ba1c-ddf0db1163c5 on 26 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Historical and Projected Total Personal Income for Maryland and its Jurisdictions (in thousands of constant 2009 Dollars). Historical data, 1970 - 2010, from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

This data includes the number of Scholarship award recipients and dollar amounts by TAP college code beginning academic year 2009 (for HESC-administered scholarships only)

Maryland Total Personal Income (thousands of current dollars) from 2009 to 2015. Based on Data from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

In 2023, the average exchange rate from U.S. dollars to Indonesian rupiah amounted to approximately 15,416, meaning that one U.S. dollar could buy 15,416 Indonesian rupiah. During the surveyed period, the Indonesian rupiah exchange rate against the U.S. dollar fluctuated and tended to depreciate. Inflation in Indonesia Indonesia's inflation rate has risen in the past few months due to rising food prices and airfares. The annual inflation rate in June 2022 was the highest in the past few years. This value finally passed Indonesia's central bank's inflation target range for that year, between two and four percent. However, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia war, the inflation rate increase in Indonesia is still relatively low compared to other countries, showing a strong economy. Balance of trade in Indonesia Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Indonesia has seen growth in trade, particularly for coal, palm oil, and minerals. Coal exports were briefly prohibited at the beginning of the year to secure domestic supplies, but they quickly resumed and reached record highs in March 2022. With this rising trade and steady development, Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, is also expected to attract more foreign investment, lowering inflation and increasing the country's currency exchange rate.

United States TFP: Pvt Buss: Current Dollar Capital Income data was reported at 136.190 2009=100 in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 132.925 2009=100 for 2015. United States TFP: Pvt Buss: Current Dollar Capital Income data is updated yearly, averaging 67.840 2009=100 from Dec 1987 (Median) to 2016, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 136.190 2009=100 in 2016 and a record low of 32.172 2009=100 in 1987. United States TFP: Pvt Buss: Current Dollar Capital Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.G069: Total Factor Productivity.

Consumer Price Index CPI in Tanzania increased to 118.28 points in February from 117.57 points in January of 2025. This dataset provides - Tanzania Consumer Price Index (cpi) - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Average Wage Per Job in Maryland and its Jurisdictions(Constant 2009 Dollars) from 2009 to 2015. Data source from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (Table CA30), November 2016.

Long term historical dataset of the daily U.S. Dollar - Chinese Yuan (USDCNY) exchange rate back to 1981.

The USDFJD increased 0.0391 or 1.73% to 2.3000 on Wednesday March 26 from 2.2609 in the previous trading session. Fijian Dollar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.