World GDP for 2023 was 100.000 trillion US dollars, a 0% increase from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>World GDP for 2022 was <strong>100.000 trillion US dollars</strong>, a <strong>2.54% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>World GDP for 2021 was <strong>97.527 trillion US dollars</strong>, a <strong>13.96% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>World GDP for 2020 was <strong>85.578 trillion US dollars</strong>, a <strong>2.69% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.

The novel coronavirus pandemic, or COVID-19, had a severe impact on the global economy, causing a decrease of the G20 countries' gross domestic product (GDP) of three percent in 2020. However, the following year, the GDP of these countries grew by over six percent. It continued to grow in the following years, albeit at a slower pace, and is forecast to continue to do so in 2025 and 2026.For more information about the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy, please check out our dedicated topic page.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the BRICS countries have been considered the five foremost developing economies in the world. Originally, the term BRIC was used by economists when talking about the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, however these countries have held annual summits since 2009, and the group has expanded to include South Africa since 2010. China has the largest GDP of the BRICS country, at 16.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2021, while the others are all below three trillion. Combined, the BRICS bloc has a GDP over 25.85 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022, which is slightly more than the United States. BRICS economic development China has consistently been the largest economy of this bloc, and its rapid growth has seen it become the second largest economy in the world, behind the U.S.. China's growth has also been much faster than the other BRICS countries; for example, when compared with the second largest BRICS economy, its GDP was less than double the size of Brazil's in 2000, but is almost six times larger than India's in 2021. Since 2000, the country with the second largest GDP has fluctuated between Brazil, Russia, and India, due to a variety of factors, although India has held this position since 2015 (when the other two experienced recession), and it's growth rate is on track to surpass China's in the coming decade. South Africa has consistently had the smallest economy of the BRICS bloc, and it has just the third largest economy in Africa; its inclusion in this group is due to the fact that it is the most advanced and stable major economy in Africa, and it holds strategic importance due to the financial potential of the continent in the coming decades. Future developments It is predicted that China's GDP will overtake that of the U.S. by the end of the 2020s, to become the largest economy in the world, while some also estimate that India will also overtake the U.S. around the middle of the century. Additionally, the BRICS group is more than just an economic or trading bloc, and its New Development Bank was established in 2014 to invest in sustainable infrastructure and renewable energy across the globe. While relations between its members were often strained or of less significance in the 20th century, their current initiatives have given them a much greater international influence. The traditional great powers represented in the Group of Seven (G7) have seen their international power wane in recent decades, while BRICS countries have seen theirs grow, especially on a regional level. Today, the original BRIC countries combine with the Group of Seven (G7), to make up 11 of the world's 12 largest economies, but it is predicted that they will move further up on this list in the coming decades.

U.S. gdp growth rate for 2023 was 2.54%, a 0.61% increase from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>U.S. gdp growth rate for 2022 was <strong>1.94%</strong>, a <strong>3.86% decline</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>U.S. gdp growth rate for 2021 was <strong>5.80%</strong>, a <strong>8.01% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>U.S. gdp growth rate for 2020 was <strong>-2.21%</strong>, a <strong>4.68% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

In 2024, the U.S. GDP increased from the previous year to about 29.18 trillion U.S. dollars. Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within a country. In 2024, the United States has the largest economy in the world. What is GDP? Gross domestic product is one of the most important indicators used to analyze the health of an economy. GDP is defined by the BEA as the market value of goods and services produced by labor and property in the United States, regardless of nationality. It is the primary measure of U.S. production. The OECD defines GDP as an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident, institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs). GDP and national debt Although the United States had the highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world in 2022, this does not tell us much about the quality of life in any given country. GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is an economic measurement that is thought to be a better method for comparing living standards across countries because it accounts for domestic inflation and variations in the cost of living. While the United States might have the largest economy, the country that ranked highest in terms of GDP at PPP was Luxembourg, amounting to around 141,333 international dollars per capita. Singapore, Ireland, and Qatar also ranked highly on the GDP PPP list, and the United States ranked 9th in 2022.

Pakistan GDP for 2023 was 338.37 billion US dollars, a 9.72% decline from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Pakistan GDP for 2022 was <strong>374.79 billion US dollars</strong>, a <strong>7.54% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>Pakistan GDP for 2021 was <strong>348.52 billion US dollars</strong>, a <strong>16.01% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>Pakistan GDP for 2020 was <strong>300.43 billion US dollars</strong>, a <strong>6.38% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.

As of the third quarter of 2024, the GDP of the U.S. grew by 2.8 percent from the second quarter of 2024. GDP, or gross domestic product, is effectively a count of the total goods and services produced in a country over a certain period of time. It is calculated by first adding together a country’s total consumer spending, government spending, investments and exports; and then deducting the country’s imports. The values in this statistic are the change in ‘constant price’ or ‘real’ GDP, which means this basic calculation is also adjusted to factor in the regular price changes measured by the U.S. inflation rate. Because of this adjustment, U.S. real annual GDP will differ from the U.S. 'nominal' annual GDP for all years except the baseline from which inflation is calculated. What is annualized GDP? The important thing to note about the growth rates in this statistic is that the values are annualized, meaning the U.S. economy has not actually contracted or grown by the percentage shown. For example, the fall of 29.9 percent in the second quarter of 2020 did not mean GDP is suddenly one third less than a year before. In fact, it means that if the decline seen during that quarter continued at the same rate for a full year, then GDP would decline by this amount. Annualized values can therefore exaggerate the effect of short-term economic shocks, as they only look at economic output during a limited period. This effect can be seen by comparing annualized quarterly growth rates with the annual GDP growth rates for each calendar year.

Iran GDP for 2023 was 401.50 billion US dollars, a 2.88% decline from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Iran GDP for 2022 was <strong>413.39 billion US dollars</strong>, a <strong>15.12% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>Iran GDP for 2021 was <strong>359.10 billion US dollars</strong>, a <strong>49.79% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>Iran GDP for 2020 was <strong>239.74 billion US dollars</strong>, a <strong>15.48% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.

Liechtenstein LI: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Industry data was reported at 40.861 % in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 44.077 % for 2017. Liechtenstein LI: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 40.254 % from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2018, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 44.077 % in 2017 and a record low of 37.260 % in 2015. Liechtenstein LI: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Liechtenstein – Table LI.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Share of GDP. Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Weighted average; Note: Data for OECD countries are based on ISIC, revision 4.

Pakistan GDP per capita for 2023 was $1,407, a 11.47% decline from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Pakistan GDP per capita for 2022 was <strong>$1,589</strong>, a <strong>5.52% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>Pakistan GDP per capita for 2021 was <strong>$1,506</strong>, a <strong>13.9% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>Pakistan GDP per capita for 2020 was <strong>$1,322</strong>, a <strong>7.99% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

South Korea gdp growth rate for 2023 was 1.36%, a 1.26% decline from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>South Korea gdp growth rate for 2022 was <strong>2.61%</strong>, a <strong>1.69% decline</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>South Korea gdp growth rate for 2021 was <strong>4.30%</strong>, a <strong>5.01% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>South Korea gdp growth rate for 2020 was <strong>-0.71%</strong>, a <strong>2.95% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

In 2024, the gross domestic product (GDP) of China amounted to around 18.7 trillion U.S. dollars. In comparison to the GDP of the other BRIC countries India, Russia and Brazil, China came first that year and second in the world GDP ranking. The stagnation of China's GDP in U.S. dollar terms in 2022 and 2023 was mainly due to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar. China's real GDP growth was 3.1 percent in 2022 and 5.4 percent in 2023. In 2024, per capita GDP in China reached around 13,300 U.S. dollars. Economic performance in China Gross domestic product (GDP) is a primary economic indicator. It measures the total value of all goods and services produced in an economy over a certain time period. China's economy used to grow quickly in the past, but the growth rate of China’s real GDP gradually slowed down in recent years, and year-on-year GDP growth is forecasted to range at only around four percent in the years after 2024. Since 2010, China has been the world’s second-largest economy, surpassing Japan.China’s emergence in the world’s economy has a lot to do with its status as the ‘world’s factory’. Since 2013, China is the largest export country in the world. Some argue that it is partly due to the undervalued Chinese currency. The Big Mac Index, a simplified and informal way to measure the purchasing power parity between different currencies, indicates that the Chinese currency yuan was roughly undervalued by 38 percent in 2024. GDP development Although the impressive economic development in China has led millions of people out of poverty, China is still not in the league of industrialized countries on the per capita basis. To name one example, the U.S. per capita economic output was more than six times as large as in China in 2024. Meanwhile, the Chinese society faces increased income disparities. The Gini coefficient of China, a widely used indicator of economic inequality, has been larger than 0.45 over the last decade, whereas 0.40 is the warning level for social unrest.

Burundi BI: GDP: Growth: Gross Value Added: Industry: Manufacturing data was reported at 1.208 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of -6.620 % for 2015. Burundi BI: GDP: Growth: Gross Value Added: Industry: Manufacturing data is updated yearly, averaging -1.590 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2016, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.000 % in 2013 and a record low of -7.000 % in 2008. Burundi BI: GDP: Growth: Gross Value Added: Industry: Manufacturing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Burundi – Table BI.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Annual Growth Rate. Annual growth rate for manufacturing value added based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2015 prices, expressed in U.S. dollars. Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 10-33. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 4.;World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.;Weighted average;Note: Data for OECD countries are based on ISIC, revision 4.

The statistic shows global gross domestic product (GDP) from 1985 to 2022, with projections up until 2029. In 2020, global GDP amounted to about 85.52 trillion U.S. dollars, two and a half trillion lower than in 2019. Gross domestic product Gross domestic product, also known as GDP, is the accumulated value of all finished goods and services produced in a country, often measured annually. GDP is significant in determining the economic health, growth and productivity in the country, and is a stat often used when comparing several countries at a time, most likely in order to determine which country has seen the most progress. Until 2020, Global GDP had experienced a growth every year since 2010. However, a strong growth rate does not necessarily lead to all positive outcomes and often has a negative effect on inflation rates. A severe growth in GDP leads to lower unemployment, however lower unemployment often leads to higher inflation rates due to demand increasing at a much higher rate than supply and as a result prices rise accordingly. In terms of unemployment, growth had been fairly stagnant since the economic downturn of 2007-2009, but it remains to be seen what the total impact of the coronavirus pandemic will be on total employment.

Armenia AM: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing data was reported at 11.337 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.350 % for 2020. Armenia AM: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing data is updated yearly, averaging 15.692 % from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2021, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.435 % in 2013 and a record low of 11.337 % in 2021. Armenia AM: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Armenia – Table AM.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Share of GDP. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-3 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 4. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.;World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.;Weighted average;Note: Data for OECD countries are based on ISIC, revision 4.

In 2023 the real gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States increased by 2.5 percent compared to 2022. This rate of annual growth indicates a return to economy normalcy after 2020 saw a dramatic decline in the GDP growth rate due to the the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and high growth in 2021.

What does GDP growth mean?

Essentially, the annual GDP of the U.S. is the monetary value of all goods and services produced within the country over a given year. On the surface, an increase in GDP therefore means that more goods and services have been produced between one period than another. In the case of annualized GDP, it is compared to the previous year. In 2023, for example, the U.S. GDP grew 2.5 percent compared to 2022.

Countries with highest GDP growth rate

Although the United States has by far the largest GDP of any country, it does not have the highest GDP growth, nor the highest GDP at purchasing power parity. In 2021, Libya had the highest growth in GDP, growing more than 177 percent compared to 2020. Furthermore, Luxembourg had the highest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity, a better measure of living standards than nominal or real GDP.

India debt to gdp ratio for 2018 was 46.52%, a 1.06% decline from 2017.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>India debt to gdp ratio for 2017 was <strong>47.58%</strong>, a <strong>0.05% decline</strong> from 2016.</li>
<li>India debt to gdp ratio for 2016 was <strong>47.63%</strong>, a <strong>2.33% decline</strong> from 2015.</li>
<li>India debt to gdp ratio for 2015 was <strong>49.96%</strong>, a <strong>0.06% increase</strong> from 2014.</li>
</ul>Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding on a particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities such as currency and money deposits, securities other than shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by the amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock rather than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually the last day of the fiscal year.

Thematic area - Climate change

Name of Indicator - Greenhouse gas emission

DPSIR - Pressure

Indicator type - B – performance indicator

Definition of the indicator

The indicator shows the quantities of greenhouse gas emissions into atmosphere on national level. The emissions are presented by greenhouse gas type. The indicator provides information on emissions in the following sectors: energy, industrial processes and solvents, agriculture, waste and net removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). Annual aggregated GHG per capita, per km2 and per unit of GDP.

Units - Mt/year CO2 equivalent

Policy relevance of the indicator:

The Republic of Moldova is a non-Annex I Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (ratified in 1995). In 2003 Moldova ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Government of the of the Republic of Moldova adopted Environment Strategy for the period 2014-2023 (Government Decision #301 from 24.04.2014) and Strategy on adaptation to climate change till 2020 and it’s Action Plan (Government Decision #1009 from 10.12.2014).

Targets:

According to Copenhagen Agreement, Republic of Moldova aims to reduce, to not less than 25% compared to the base year (1990), the total national level of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020, by implementing economic mechanisms focused on global climate change mitigation, in accordance with the principles and provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The Environmental Protection Strategy for the years 2014-2023 and the Action Plan for its implementation states that a 20 % GHG emissions reduction compared to the base line scenario has to be reached in the Republic of Moldova by 2020.

Republic of Moldova’s iNDC states to reduce unconditional, by 2030, total emissions of national greenhouse gas emissions net, with no less than 67% compared to 1990, in support of the global effort on the trend of increasing global average temperature by 2100 in limit of up to 2 ° C. The objective of reducing emissions could increase up to 78% conditionally - according to an overall agreement that would address important issues such as financial resources with low costs, technology transfer and technical cooperation.

Key question - What is the average trend of GHG emissions for the whole period?

Specific question - What are the emission changes by sectors, by GHG, per capita, per km2, per unit of GDP?

Assessment

The base year for Republic of Moldova is 1990.

The inventory data presents that for base year the total emissions of GHG in CO2 equivalent are 43,42 without net removals from LULUCF sector and 37,53 aggregated emissions including emissions/removals from LULUCF.

For 1991-2013 (the last Inventory data) the net GHG emissions without/with removals decrease respectively from 43,42/37,53 Mt/year CO2 equivalent to 12,84/12,74 Mt/year CO2 equivalent compared with base year. This constitutes a reducing of GHG emissions with 30% and respectively 33% comparing with base year. Figure 1 presents the trend of the aggregated emissions (without and with LULUCF sector).

Table 1 presents the aggregated emissions (without and with LULUCF sector), the main GHG emissions and the share of the total emissions compare with the base year.

The analysis of the inventory presents that for the base year the big share of GHG type has CO2 emission (81%), followed by CH4 emissions (11%) and N2O emissions (7%). The trend is the same for the next years. So, in 2013 the share of CO2 emissions continue to be the highest (65%), CH4 emissions are the second with 21% and the third one are N2O emissions with 13% share from total emissions. The difference between 1990 and 2013 is the share from total emissions between these GHG. During 1990-2010 the share of CO2 emissions decreases, while the share of CH4 and NO2 increase. Nevertheless, during 1990-2013 the emissions of GHG decrease: CO2 emissions with 23,6%, CH4 with 55,3% and N2O with 52,1% (see Figure 2).

Halocarbons emissions (HFCs, PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions have been registered in the Republic of Moldova starting with 1995. This year is considered as a reference year for F-gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF6). Evolution of these emissions denotes a steady trend towards increase in the last years, though their share in the total national emissions structure is insignificant.

The observed sectors in inventory are energy sector, industrial process, solvent and other product use, agriculture, land use, land use change, forestry and waste. The total GHG emissions by sectors are presented in Table 2 and the trend is presented in Figure 3. In general, Energy Sector has the greatest contribution to national GHG emissions, with an average share of 70% in 1990 and 65% in 2013 (see Figure 4 and Figure 5). Agriculture Sector was the second sector contributor with an average share of 10%, followed by Industrial Processes with average share of 4% for 1990. The trend of the share of different sectors for 2013 has changed and Industrial Processes has been replaced by Waste Sector with a share of 12% from the total emissions.

Figure 6 shows that starting with 1992 till 2004 there was a reduction of total GHG emissions from the Waste Sector. This trend is explained by the economic decline that occurred in the Republic of Moldova during the period under review, by a significant drop in the wellbeing of population, and respectively, capacity to generate solid and other types of wastes. At the same time, starting with 2005, there has been a clear growing trend of direct GHG emissions from the Waste Sector.

The main indicator for the assessment of the GHG emissions in the international aspects are GHG per capita. The emission of GHG per capita decrease from 9,95 tons CO2 equivalent in 1990 to 3,16 tons CO2 equivalent in 2013. The lower level was during 2007 – 2.18 tons CO2 equivalent per capita (see Figure 7). For comparison the average European level of this indicator is 9.4 tons CO2 equivalent per capita in 2013. The emission of the GHG are directly linked with economic growth of the country, because with increasing of economic activity the consumption of energy and resources increase to. For the period 1990 to 2013 aggregated GHG emissions per unit of GDP decrease from 4.39 tons CO2 equivalent to 1.91 tons CO2 equivalent. Between 1990 to 2007 emissions of GDP in the most European countries decrease for more than 30%. The trend in the aggregated GHG emissions per km2 is the same as the trends of GHG emission per capita and per GDP (see Figure 7).

Key messages: For the period 1990 to 2013: • the total emission throughout the inventory have decrease with 30%. • the emissions of the GHG per capita decrease with 32%. • the energy sector has the greatest contribution to national GHG emissions.

Trend - positive.

Data coverage - 1990-2013

Data source - Republic of Moldova’s Third National Communication to United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Ministry of Environment.

Methodology To calculate GHG emissions as well as GHG inventories, the methodology provided by UNFCCC/IPCC is used. Methodology is based on the calculation of GHGs as a product from the rate of activity for individual sectors and emission factors. The national inventory is structured to match the reporting requirement of the UNFCCC and is divided into six main sectors: (1) Energy, (2) Industrial Processes, (3) Solvents and Other Products Use, (4) Agriculture, (5) Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry and (6) Waste. Emissions of direct (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6) and indirect (NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2) greenhouse gases were estimated based on methodologies contained in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

Reporting obligations - UNFCCC

According to preliminary figures, the growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) in China amounted to 5.0 percent in 2024. For 2025, the IMF expects a GDP growth rate of around 3.95 percent. Real GDP growth The current gross domestic product is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. It refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. When analyzing year-on-year changes, the current GDP is adjusted for inflation, thus making it constant. Real GDP growth is regarded as a key indicator for economic growth as it incorporates constant GDP figures. As of 2024, China was among the leading countries with the largest gross domestic product worldwide, second only to the United States which had a GDP volume of almost 29.2 trillion U.S. dollars. The Chinese GDP has shown remarkable growth over the past years. Upon closer examination of the distribution of GDP across economic sectors, a gradual shift from an economy heavily based on industrial production towards an economy focused on services becomes visible, with the service industry outpacing the manufacturing sector in terms of GDP contribution. Key indicator balance of trade Another important indicator for economic assessment is the balance of trade, which measures the relationship between imports and exports of a nation. As an economy heavily reliant on manufacturing and industrial production, China has reached a trade surplus over the last decade, with a total trade balance of around 992 billion U.S. dollars in 2024.

The gross domestic product (GDP) of all G7 countries decreased sharply in 2009 and 2020 due to the financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The growth decline was heavier after the COVID-19 pandemic than the financial crisis. Moreover, Italy had a negative GDP growth rate in 2012 and 2013 following the euro crisis. In 2023, Germany experienced an economic recession.