U.S. inflation rate for 2023 was 4.13%, a 3.88% decline from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>U.S. inflation rate for 2022 was <strong>8.00%</strong>, a <strong>3.3% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>U.S. inflation rate for 2021 was <strong>4.70%</strong>, a <strong>3.46% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>U.S. inflation rate for 2020 was <strong>1.23%</strong>, a <strong>0.58% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

Inflation in Zimbabwe rose to 10.61 percent in 2018, and is projected to jump dramatically to 736.11 percent in 2024. After that, estimates predict a slow decline for now - however, given Zimbabwe’s history of poor monetary policy, including one of the worst instances of hyperinflation, this seems unrealistic. Inflation history Inflation depends significantly on economic expectations of it, making it hard to reduce inflation once it has hit higher levels. This happened in Zimbabwe in the years approaching 2008, at the end of which a single U.S. dollar was worth over 2.6 trillion Zimbabwe dollars, up from 10,000 Zimbabwe dollars at the start of 2005. This all but destroyed Zimbabwe’s economy, leading to very low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and a government struggling to finance itself. The way ahead In 2009, the Zimbabwean dollar had twelve zeros slashed from the banknotes. This was not enough, and after three decades of rule, former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe was removed from power at the end of 2017. Citizens of the country are trying to hold foreign banknotes; they prefer U.S. dollars or euros, but the South African rand is more common. However, the rand’s performance against other currencies has been lackluster in recent years. This underscores the struggle that the Zimbabwean people have to find a stable currency at the moment.

Inflation Rate in the United States increased to 2.40 percent in May from 2.30 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Interactive historical chart showing the daily U.S. Dollar - Japanese Yen (USDJPY) exchange rate back to 1971.

Interactive historical chart showing the daily Euro - U.S. Dollar (EURUSD) exchange rate back to 1999.

Global Total Energy RD&D Share by Country (Million US Dollars PPP = 2018), 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

United States Spot Exchange Rate: Mexican Peso to US Dollar data was reported at 20.245 MXN/USD in Nov 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 19.196 MXN/USD for Oct 2018. United States Spot Exchange Rate: Mexican Peso to US Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 10.976 MXN/USD from Nov 1993 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 301 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21.391 MXN/USD in Jan 2017 and a record low of 3.108 MXN/USD in Jan 1994. United States Spot Exchange Rate: Mexican Peso to US Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.M015: Spot Exchange Rate.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States was worth 29184.89 billion US dollars in 2024, according to official data from the World Bank. The GDP value of the United States represents 27.49 percent of the world economy. This dataset provides - United States GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Analysis of ‘Maryland Total Personal Income (Thousands of Current Dollars): 2010-2018’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/b3ce32c1-4205-446c-8264-928f0a3f706e on 27 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Maryland Total Personal Income (thousands of current dollars) from 2010 to 2018. Based on Data from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The US dollar index of February 2025 was higher than it was in 2024, although below the peak in late 2022. This reveals itself in a historical graphic on the past 50 years, measuring the relative strength of the U.S. dollar. This metric is different from other FX graphics that compare the U.S. dollar against other currencies. The history of the DXY Index The index shown here – often referred to with the code DXY, or USDX – measures the value of the U.S. dollar compared to a basket of six other foreign currencies. This basket includes the euro, the Swiss franc, the Japanese yen, the Canadian dollar, the British pound, and the Swedish króna. The index was created in 1973, after the arrival of the petrodollar and the dissolution of the Bretton Woods Agreement. Today, most of these currencies remain connected to the United States' largest trade partners. The relevance of the DXY Index The index focuses on trade and the strength of the U.S. dollar against specific currencies. It less on inflation or devaluation, which is measured in alternative metrics like the Big Mac Index. Indeed, as the methodology behind the DXY Index has only been updated once – when the euro arrived in 1999 – some argue this composition is not accurate to the current state of the world. The price development of the U.S. dollar affects many things, including commodity prices in general.

In 2018, the average inflation rate in Egypt amounted to about 20.85 percent, a slight decrease compared to the previous year, when it peaked at 23.53 percent.

Political unrest

Egypt has been shaken by political unrest and turmoil for years now, and these events affect the economy as well. On January 25, 2011, Egyptians started protesting police brutality under then-president Hosni Mubarak, demanding an end to his reign. The protests were met with violence by armed forces, resulting in more unrest and looting. In the end, hundreds of Egyptians had lost their lives and over 6,000 were injured. After Mubarak’s subsequent resignation and the Muslim Brotherhood taking power in the country, Mohamed Morsi was elected President in 2012. He also was overthrown a year later after protests and was imprisoned. The current President, Abdel Fattah es-Sisi, was involved in overthrowing Morsi and took office in June 2014. Sisi introduced a number of economic reforms, but they did not succeed in stabilizing Egypt’s economy.

Economic unrest

2017 saw the Egyptian inflation rate skyrocket from 10.2 percent in 2016 to more than double that at 23.5 percent. Ever since, inflation has recovered only slowly, although projections today see it levelling off below ten percent in the future. Around the same year, Egypt’s GDP dropped to below 240 billion U.S. dollars, a historical low. Unemployment, another key indicator, has steadily been between 12 to 13 percent - one reason for this is Egypt’s reliance on agriculture, which does not factor into the unemployment rate. National debt has also increased dramatically over the last few years. All in all, the times of economic unrest are not yet over.

The inflation rate in Namibia decreased by about one percentage point from 4.29 percent in 2018 to 3.72 percent in 2019. It is projected to remain around 4.5 percent through 2030, significantly lower than the 2002 peak of 12.72 percent. Namibia’s historical context Prior to 1990, Namibia was under apartheid South Africa control, and before World War I, the country was a German colony and even suffered a genocide. Given this turbulent oppression, it is expected that social and economic residual ramifications would follow. Namibia’s inflation rate went through a volatile period during the 1990’s and early 2000’s where it reached around twelve percent several times. Over the past decade, Namibia’s inflation rate has largely declined. Namibia’s successful growth Similarly, Namibia’s gross domestic product (GDP) remained under five billion U.S. dollars through the 1990’s. Since then, the country’s GDP has grown to about 14 billion U.S. dollars as of 2019 and will continue to grow through the upcoming years. Namibia’s increasing economic success is in part linked to developing its services industry. Today, the services sector is responsible for employing about 60 percent of the country’s working population. A well-developed services industry is usually a sign of a similarly well-developed economy. The services sector includes the growing tourist industry with an expanding focus on ecotourism, centered around the country’s endangered wildlife.

In the third quarter of 2024, consumer spending reached over **** trillion U.S. dollars in the United States. In the same quarter of the previous year, consumer spending was around **** trillion U.S. dollars.

The euro-to-dollar exchange rate fluctuated significantly in 2022, reaching its lowest recorded value since 2008 during that time. Figures were different later in the year, however, with a rate of 1.17 USD recorded at the end of June 27, 2025. The average (standardized) measure is based on the calculation of many observations throughout the period in question. It is therefore different from an annual measure at a point, which reflects concrete values as of end of the year. Establishment The euro, which was established in 1992, introduced in non-physical form in 1999 and finally rolled out in 2002, is used by 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union. This group of 19 countries is otherwise known as the eurozone or euro area. By 2018, the total value of euro currency in circulation was almost 1.2 trillion euros, or over 3.4 thousand euros per capita. Euro to USD Between 2001 and 2008, the average annual exchange rate of the euro to the U.S. dollar noted a steep increase. In 2008, the euro to U.S. dollar annual average exchange rate was equal to 1.47, which meant that one euro could buy 1.47 U.S. dollars. By 2019, this value had decreased overall, to a value of 1.12 which meant that one euro could buy 1.12 U.S. dollars. Similar dynamics in the euro to U.S. dollar exchange rate were also reflected in the monthly exchange rate recently.

In 2023, the average exchange rate from U.S. dollars to Indonesian rupiah amounted to approximately 15,416, meaning that one U.S. dollar could buy 15,416 Indonesian rupiah. During the surveyed period, the Indonesian rupiah exchange rate against the U.S. dollar fluctuated and tended to depreciate. Inflation in Indonesia Indonesia's inflation rate has risen in the past few months due to rising food prices and airfares. The annual inflation rate in June 2022 was the highest in the past few years. This value finally passed Indonesia's central bank's inflation target range for that year, between two and four percent. However, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia war, the inflation rate increase in Indonesia is still relatively low compared to other countries, showing a strong economy. Balance of trade in Indonesia Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Indonesia has seen growth in trade, particularly for coal, palm oil, and minerals. Coal exports were briefly prohibited at the beginning of the year to secure domestic supplies, but they quickly resumed and reached record highs in March 2022. With this rising trade and steady development, Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, is also expected to attract more foreign investment, lowering inflation and increasing the country's currency exchange rate.

The valuation of the U.S.-based neobank Chime increased considerably between 2018 and 2022. Starting from a value of less than a billion U.S. dollars in 2018, Chime reached a value of ** billion U.S. dollars in 2021. In 2022, the value of Chime remained unchanged.

From May to August 2018, rebar products cost 710 U.S. dollars per short ton. Rebar, which is short for reinforcing bar, is used to reinforce concrete or other aspects of masonry in order to provide tensile strength to large structures.

The price of vacuum and open pan salt in the United States was estimated to stand at *** U.S. dollars per ton in 2024, the highest price for this material seen in the indicated period. The price of solar salt amounted to approximately *** U.S. dollars per ton during the same year.