This dataset contains estimates of proportional area of 18 major crops for each county in the United States at roughly decadal time steps between 1840 and 2017, and was used for analyses of historical changes in crop area, diversity, and distribution published in:Crossley, MS, KD Burke, SD Schoville, VC Radeloff. (2020). Recent collapse of crop belts and declining diversity of US agriculture since 1840. Global Change Biology (in press).The original data used to curate this dataset was derived by Haines et al. (ICPSR 35206) from USDA Agricultural Census archives (https://www.nass.usda.gov/AgCensus/). This dataset builds upon previous work in that crop values are georeferenced and rectified to match 2012 county boundaries, and several inconsistencies in the tabular-formatted data have been smoothed-over. In particular, smoothing included conversion of values of production (e.g. bushels, lbs, typical of 1840-1880 censuses) into values of area (using USDA NASS yield data), imputation of missing values for certain crop x county x year combinations, and correcting values for counties whose crop totals exceeded the possible land area.Please contact the PI, Mike Crossley, with any questions or requests: mcrossley3@gmail.com

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Levy County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

The Cropland Data Layer (CDL), hosted on CropScape, provides a raster, geo-referenced, crop-specific land cover map for the continental United States. The CDL also includes a crop mask layer and planting frequency layers, as well as boundary, water and road layers. The Boundary Layer options provided are County, Agricultural Statistics Districts (ASD), State, and Region. The data is created annually using moderate resolution satellite imagery and extensive agricultural ground truth. Users can select a geographic area of interest or import one, then access acreage statistics for a specific year or view the change from one year to another. The data can be exported or added to the CDL. The information is useful for issues related to agricultural sustainability, biodiversity, and land cover monitoring, especially due to extreme weather events. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: CropScape and Cropland Data Layer - National Download. File Name: Web Page, url: https://www.nass.usda.gov/Research_and_Science/Cropland/Release/index.php Downloads available as zipped files at https://www.nass.usda.gov/Research_and_Science/Cropland/Release/index.php --

National CDL's -- by year, 2008-2020. Cropland Data Layer provides a raster, geo-referenced, crop-specific land cover map for the continental United States. The CDL also includes a crop mask layer and planting frequency layers, as well as boundary, water and road layers. The Boundary Layer options provided are County, Agricultural Statistics Districts (ASD), State, and Region. National Cultivated Layer -- based on the most recent five years (2013-2020). National Frequency Layer -- the 2017 Crop Frequency Layer identifies crop specific planting frequency and are based on land cover information derived from the 2008 through 2020CDL's. There are currently four individual crop frequency data layers that represent four major crops: corn, cotton, soybeans, and wheat. National Confidence Layer -- the Confidence Layer spatially represents the predicted confidence that is associated with that output pixel, based upon the rule(s) that were used to classify it. Western/Eastern/Central U.S.

Visit https://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape/ for the interactive map including tutorials and basic instructions. These options include a "Demo Video", "Help", "Developer Guide", and "FAQ".

In 2024, the average value of U.S. farm real estate was 4,170 U.S. dollars per acre. Compared to one decade earlier, the value has increased by almost 40 percent. Generally, the value of U.S. farm real estate has had an upward trend since 1970. U.S. farms The number of farms in the United States has conversely been decreasing each year, reaching about two million farms as of 2022. That year, Texas had the most farms out of any other U.S. state by far, with about 246,000 farms. Missouri and Iowa had the second and third most farms, though neither state exceeded 100,000 farms. Agricultural trade Agricultural products encompass any products from agricultural origin that are meant for human consumption or animal feed. Agricultural products can include livestock products or crops. In 2022, the U.S. exported about 196.4 billion U.S. dollars’ worth of agricultural goods worldwide, increasing from the previous several years. Mexico is a key destination for U.S. agricultural products and imported just over 28 billion dollars’ worth in 2022, more than Europe and Eurasia combined.

This data release provides preliminary estimates of annual agricultural use of pesticide compounds in counties of the conterminous United States, for the year 2019, compiled by means of methods described in Thelin and Stone (2013) and Baker and Stone (2015). For all States except California, U.S. Department of Agriculture county-level data for harvested-crop acreage were used in conjunction with proprietary Crop Reporting District-level pesticide-use data to estimate county-level pesticide use. Where Crop Reporting District data were not available or were incomplete, estimated pesticide-use values were calculated with two different methods, resulting in a low and a high estimate based on different assumptions about missing survey data (Thelin and Stone, 2013). Pesticide-use data for California were obtained from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation Pesticide Use Reporting (DPR–PUR) database (California Department of Pesticide Regulation, written commun., 2020). The California county data were appended after the estimation process was completed for the rest of the Nation. Preliminary estimates in this dataset may be revised upon availability of updated crop acreages in the 2022 Agricultural Census, expected to be published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2024. Estimates of annual agricultural pesticide use are provided as downloadable, tab-delimited files, organized by compound, year, state Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, county FIPS code, and amount in kilograms. Tables of annual agricultural pesticide-use estimates beginning in 1992 are available for download on the Pesticide National Synthesis Project webpage: https://doi.org/doi:10.5066/F7NP22KM. Beginning in 2019, estimates are reported for a reduced number of compounds. References cited: Baker, N.T., and Stone, W.W., 2015, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2008–12: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 907, 9 p., accessed July 12, 2015, at https://doi.org/10.3133/ds907. Thelin, G.P., and Stone, W.W., 2013, Estimation of annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 1992–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5009, 54 p., accessed July 12, 2015, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5009/.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Dixie County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Alachua County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Marion County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Jefferson County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Taylor County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Madison County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Suwannee County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Hamilton County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Union County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Orange County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Columbia County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.

This data release provides state-level estimates of annual agricultural use of pesticide compounds by major crop or crop group for states in the conterminous United States, for years 1992-2019, compiled from data used to make county-level estimates by means of methods described in Thelin and Stone (2013) and Baker and Stone (2015). The source of these data is the same as the published county-level pesticide-use estimates for 1992-2009 (Stone, 2013), estimates for 2008-2012 (Baker and Stone, 2015), estimates for 2013-17 (Wieben, 2019), and preliminary estimates for 2018 and 2019 (Wieben, 2021a, Wieben, 2021b, respectively). County-level by-crop estimates are not published because of the increased uncertainty in estimating the geographic distribution of compounds applied to specific crops. High-acreage crops (corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, rice, and alfalfa) are individually aggregated to state level while low-acreage crops are combined into groups (vegetables and fruit, orchards and grapes, pasture and hay, and other crops) prior to aggregating to the state level. This data release contains two tables of state-level annual agricultural pesticide-use estimates by crop or crop group (one for low estimates and one for high estimates) and associated metadata. These data were used to produce annual time-series charts for individual pesticide by crop or crop group for 1992-2019 available on the Pesticide National Synthesis Project webpage: https://doi.org/doi:10.5066/F7NP22KM. Beginning in 2019, estimates are reported for a reduced number of compounds. References cited: Baker, N.T., and Stone, W.W., 2015, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2008-12: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 907, 9 p., accessed July 12, 2015, at http://doi.org/10.3133/ds907. Stone, W.W., 2013, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 1992-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 752, 1 p. pamphlet, 14 tables, accessed July 12, 2015, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/752/. Thelin, G.P., and Stone, W.W., 2013, Estimation of annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 1992-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5009, 54 p., accessed July 12, 2015, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5009/. Wieben, C.M., 2019, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2013-17 (ver. 2.0, May 2020): U.S. Geological Survey data release, accessed January 15, 2021, at https://doi.org/10.5066/P9F2SRYH. Wieben, C.M., 2021a, Preliminary estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P920L09S. Wieben, C.M., 2021b, Preliminary estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2019: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EDTHQL.

This dataset (2017-2023) is a compilation of the Land Use/Land Cover datasets created by the 5 Water Management Districts in Florida based on imagery -- Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) 2022.Bay (1/4/2022 – 3/24/2022), Calhoun (1/7/2022 – 1/18/2022),Escambia (11/13/2021 – 1/15/2021), Franklin (1/7/2022 – 1/18/2022), Gadsden (1/7/2022 – 1/16/2022), Gulf (1/7/2022 – 1/14/2022), Holmes (1/8/2022 – 1/18/2022), Jackson (1/7/2022 – 1/14/2022), Jefferson (1/7/2022 – 2/16/2022), Leon (February 2022), Liberty (1/7/2022 – 1/16/2022), Okaloosa (10/31/2021 – 2/13/2022), Santa Rosa (10/26/2021-1/17/2022), Wakulla (1/7/2022 – 1/14/2022), Walton (1/7/2022-1/14/2022), Washington (1/13/2022 – 1/19/2022).Suwannee River Water Management District (SRWMD) 2019-2023.(Alachua 20200102-20200106), (Baker 20200108-20200126), (Bradford 20181020-20190128), (Columbia 20181213-20190106), (Gilchrist 20181020-20190128), (Levy 20181020-20190128), (Suwannee 20181217-20190116), (Union 20181020-20190128).(Dixie 12/17/2021-01/29/2022), (Hamilton 12/17/2021-01/29/2022), (Jefferson 01/07/2022-02/16/2022), (Lafayette 12/17/2021-01/29/2022), (Madison 12/17/2021-01/29/2022), (Taylor 12/17/2021-01/29/2022.Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) 2020. South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) 2021-2023.St. John's River Water Management District (SJRWMD) 2020.Year Flight Season Counties:2020 (Dec. 2019 - Mar 2020) Alachua, Baker, Clay, Flagler, Lake, Marion, Osceola, Polk, Putnam.2021 (Dec. 2020 - Mar 2021) Brevard, Indian River, Nassau, Okeechobee, Orange, St. Johns, Seminole, Volusia. 2022 (Dec. 2021 - Mar 2022) Bradford, Union. Codes are derived from the Florida Land Use, Cover, and Forms Classification System (FLUCCS-DOT 1999) but may have been altered to accommodate region differences by each of the Water Management Districts.

Dataset Abstract: Field-level monitoring of crop types in the United States via the Cropland Data Layer (CDL) has played an important role in improving production forecasts and enabling large-scale study of agricultural inputs and outcomes. Although CDL offers crop type maps across the conterminous US from 2008 onward, such maps are missing in many Midwestern states or are uneven in quality before 2008. To fill these data gaps, we used the now-public Landsat archive and cloud computing services to map corn and soybean at 30m resolution across the US Midwest from 1999-2018. Our training data were CDL from 2008-2018, and we validated the predictions on CDL 1999-2007 where available, county-level crop acreage statistics, and state-level crop rotation statistics. The corn-soybean maps, which we call the Corn-Soy Data Layer (CSDL), are publicly hosted on Google Earth Engine and also available for download on Zenodo. Summary of Methods: Using Google Earth Engine, we trained a random forest classifier to classify each pixel of the study area into corn, soybean, and an aggregated "other crops" class. CDL 2008-2018 data were used as labels. The features input to the model were harmonic regression coefficients fit to the NIR, SWIR1, SWIR2, and GCVI bands/indices of time series from Landsat 5, 7, and 8 Surface Reflectance observations. Cloudy pixels were masked out using the pixel_qa band provided with Landsat Surface Reflectance products. Map Legend: 0 = outside study area 1 = corn 5 = soy 9 = other crop 255 = non-crop (masked by NLCD) Values were chosen to be consistent with CDL values when possible. Usage Notes: We recommend that users consider metrics such as (1) user's and producer's accuracy with CDL and (2) R2 with NASS statistics across space and time to determine in which states/counties and years CSDL is of high quality. This can be done with the CSV file of user's and producer's accuracies included in this Zenodo, and annual county-level statistics and example code we have included in our repo at https://github.com/LobellLab/csdl. Updates: March 1, 2021: Fixed an issue where 255 (non-crop) values were represented as NAs instead. CSDL now contains the 255 values representing non-crop. October 20, 2020: Fixed projection issues in the previous version. The CSDL projection now matches that of CDL. July 13, 2020: We revised how we used NLCD to mask out non-crop pixels from our maps. Instead of using one cropland mask (the union of cropland across all NLCD maps) for all years of CSDL, we used a different cropland mask (the last available NLCD) for each year of CSDL. We also reprojected the CSDL maps to the same projection as CDL to make it easier for users to transition between or combine the two datasets.

A table summarizing the inventoried acreage by crop type and irrigation system was compiled for Lafayette County, Florida. The irrigated acreage totals were derived from analyses of satellite and aerial imagery. Crop types and irrigation system types were verified during field trips that started in January 2020 and concluded in December 2020. In addition, the table provides acreage totals by crop type reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1982, the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1987 through 2017, and Florida Statewide Agricultural Irrigation Demand for 2016-18.