The average temperature in the contiguous United States reached 55.5 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius) in 2024, approximately 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the 20th-century average. These levels represented a record since measurements started in 1895. Monthly average temperatures in the U.S. were also indicative of this trend. Temperatures and emissions are on the rise The rise in temperatures since 1975 is similar to the increase in carbon dioxide emissions in the U.S. Although CO₂ emissions in recent years were lower than when they peaked in 2007, they were still generally higher than levels recorded before 1990. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and is the main driver of climate change. Extreme weather Scientists worldwide have found links between the rise in temperatures and changing weather patterns. Extreme weather in the U.S. has resulted in natural disasters such as hurricanes and extreme heat waves becoming more likely. Economic damage caused by extreme temperatures in the U.S. has amounted to hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars over the past few decades.

This dataset provides values for TEMPERATURE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

The average temperature in December 2024 was 38.25 degrees Fahrenheit in the United States, the fourth-largest country in the world. The country has extremely diverse climates across its expansive landmass. Temperatures in the United States On the continental U.S., the southern regions face warm to extremely hot temperatures all year round, the Pacific Northwest tends to deal with rainy weather, the Mid-Atlantic sees all four seasons, and New England experiences the coldest winters in the country. The North American country has experienced an increase in the daily minimum temperatures since 1970. Consequently, the average annual temperature in the United States has seen a spike in recent years. Climate Change The entire world has seen changes in its average temperature as a result of climate change. Climate change occurs due to increased levels of greenhouse gases which act to trap heat in the atmosphere, preventing it from leaving the Earth. Greenhouse gases are emitted from various sectors but most prominently from burning fossil fuels. Climate change has significantly affected the average temperature across countries worldwide. In the United States, an increasing number of people have stated that they have personally experienced the effects of climate change. Not only are there environmental consequences due to climate change, but also economic ones. In 2022, for instance, extreme temperatures in the United States caused over 5.5 million U.S. dollars in economic damage. These economic ramifications occur for several reasons, which include higher temperatures, changes in regional precipitation, and rising sea levels.

Temperature in India decreased to 25.02 celsius in 2023 from 25.18 celsius in 2022. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for India Average Temperature.

The surface temperature of the world's oceans reached new record levels in the first months of 2024, continuing the trend started in April 2023. As of August 6, 2024, the global sea surface temperature reached 20.98 degrees Celsius, an increase of 0.76 degrees compared to the 1982-2010 average. Overall, 2024 was a year of record temperatures on land and in the sea, with a temperature anomaly of 1.29 degrees with respect to the 20th century average. As of May 2025, temperatures this year remain lower than 2024 temperatures.

In the last 40 years, trends in heat wave frequency, intensity, and duration have increased steadily around the world. These intense heat waves were characterized persistent atmospheric blocking episode, with a continuous presence of a warm air mass and lack of rain for several consecutive days, that contributed to pronounced positive temperature anomalies, reinforced by extremely low soil moisture, and warm and drought conditions. The year 2023 was the warmest year on record, and the global average temperature was +1.45°C above pre-industrial (1850–1900) values worldwide. In South America 2023 was the warmest since 1900, with 0.81°C above the 1991–2020 reference period. Central South America experienced a sequence of heatwaves series being the most intense during the autumn and spring of 2023. From August to December 2023, the meteorological services of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia reported record-high maximum temperatures in this period in several stations east of the Andes and identified 7 heat waves episodes that affected all these countries. The large-scale circulation patterns show that heatwaves were characterized by an anomalously high-pressure system that facilitated the formation of a heat dome through dry, hot air columns over a warm and dry soil. Several locations experienced temperature of about 10°C above normal, and some locations reported maximum temperatures above 40°C for several days in a row. These heat waves aggravated the drought over Amazonia during the second half of 2023, during an El Niño year. Compound drought-heat favored hydrological drought, while the increased dryness amplified the risk of fires.

Based on current monthly figures, on average, German climate has gotten a bit warmer. The average temperature for January 2025 was recorded at around 2 degrees Celsius, compared to 1.5 degrees a year before. In the broader context of climate change, average monthly temperatures are indicative of where the national climate is headed and whether attempts to control global warming are successful. Summer and winter Average summer temperature in Germany fluctuated in recent years, generally between 18 to 19 degrees Celsius. The season remains generally warm, and while there may not be as many hot and sunny days as in other parts of Europe, heat waves have occurred. In fact, 2023 saw 11.5 days with a temperature of at least 30 degrees, though this was a decrease compared to the year before. Meanwhile, average winter temperatures also fluctuated, but were higher in recent years, rising over four degrees on average in 2024. Figures remained in the above zero range since 2011. Numbers therefore suggest that German winters are becoming warmer, even if individual regions experiencing colder sub-zero snaps or even more snowfall may disagree. Rain, rain, go away Average monthly precipitation varied depending on the season, though sometimes figures from different times of the year were comparable. In 2024, the average monthly precipitation was highest in May and September, although rainfalls might increase in October and November with the beginning of the cold season. In the past, torrential rains have led to catastrophic flooding in Germany, with one of the most devastating being the flood of July 2021. Germany is not immune to the weather changing between two extremes, e.g. very warm spring months mostly without rain, when rain might be wished for, and then increased precipitation in other months where dry weather might be better, for example during planting and harvest seasons. Climate change remains on the agenda in all its far-reaching ways.

Average Temperature: Beijing data was reported at -3.500 Degrees Celsius in Dec 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.800 Degrees Celsius for Nov 2023. Average Temperature: Beijing data is updated monthly, averaging 14.450 Degrees Celsius from Jan 1990 (Median) to Dec 2023, with 408 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 29.600 Degrees Celsius in Jul 2000 and a record low of -6.400 Degrees Celsius in Jan 2000. Average Temperature: Beijing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Meteorological Administration. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Not Classified Category – Table CN.CLIM: Average Temperature.

Additional file 1: Figure S1: Correlation plots between the environmental variables: (A) temperature vs. humidity, (B) temperature vs. wind (C), temperature vs. rainfall (D) humidity vs. wind, (E) humidity vs. rainfall, (F) wind vs. rainfall. Figure S2: Phylogenetic tree of Microsporidia inferred from BI and ML analyses of concatenated ssu rRNA gene sequence data. Values near branches show Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap support values (BS) (PP/BS). Black circles: maximally supported; empty circles: supported > 0.95 PP and > 75% BS. Sequences found in this study are in bold. Figure according to Trzebny et al. (2023): 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107873. Figure S3: Correlation plots between microsporidian-positive mosquitoes and (A) temperature (°C), (B) humidity (%), (C) wind (m/s), and (D) rainfall (mm). The R value indicates the Pearson’s correlation coefficient statistic, the p value is statistically significant, the shadowed area shows the 95% confidence interval, and the black line is the regression line. The month and year of the data points are indicated according to the legend at the bottom. Figure S4. Host mosquito species in which particular microsporidian species were found. Vertical axis: percentage of a given mosquito host.Table S1: Daily values of temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation registered in the study area. Table S2: Descriptive values (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) of each environmental factor. Table S3: Number of mosquitoes collected in each month of the study. Table S4: GenBank accession numbers of the COI sequences found in this study. Table S5: Percentage of mosquitoes collected in each month of the study. Table S6: Correlation values between climatic variables and the occurrence of mosquitoes. Table S7: GenBank accession numbers of the V5 18S rRNA gene sequences found in this study. Table S8: Number of mosquitoes positive for microsporidian DNA. Table S9: Percentage of mosquitoes positive for microsporidian DNA. Table S10: Number of mosquitoes divided by sex, positive for microsporidian DNA. Table S11: Percentage of mosquitoes divided by sex positive for microsporidian DNA. Table S12: Two-way ANOVA F distribution for the relationships between microsporidians detected in mosquitoes and sex of mosquitoes, month (cold-warm) and both factors. Table S13: Indicator species analysis for season. Microsporidians that are significant are shown. The “A component” indicates how exclusive the species was for season, where a value of 1 indicates that the species was exclusively found in that group. The “B component” indicates how frequently the given species was found in replicate samples, where 1 means it was found in every sample. Table S14: Spearman correlation coefficients (rho) for the relationships between microsporidians detected in mosquitoes and environmental factors. Table S15: The number of observed occurrence and co-occurrence in the analysed mosquitoes. Table S16: Identified co-occurring microsporidia in each individual. Table S17: Frequency of co-occurrence pairs in females and males divided by season. The pairs noted in both warm and cold seasons are shown.

We divide the atmosphere into distinct spheres based on their physical, chemical, and dynamical traits. In deriving chemical budgets and climate trends, which differ across spheres, we need clearly defined boundaries. Focusing on atmospheric mass and greenhouse gases, our primary spheres are the troposphere and stratosphere (~99.9 % by mass), and the boundary between them is the tropopause. The standard method of locating the tropopause is based on the World Meteorological Organization’s lapse rate tropopause (LRT) defined from the vertical temperature gradient as observed by radiosonde balloons. Every global climate-weather model has one or more methods to calculate the LRT. Both involve subjective choices: expert judgment given meter-scale variability of sonde temperature profiles; methods for calculating gradients from km-thick model layers. Further, LRT and similar methods are consistent only in regions where gradients are primarily vertical (core tropics and..., This dataset was collected from several sources as outlined in the table below The CTM 4-D data is published in https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qbzkh18qq as netcdf files (CTRL data)

Table 1. Observational data sets

type

source

files

profiles

dates

ozone sondes

Wallops (WAL, 38°N), SHADOZV06 Ascension (ASC, 8°S) SHADOZV06 Lauder (LAU, 45°S) NIWA

1,477 831 1,973

1,477/tot 831/tot 1,973/tot

1995-2020 1998-2022 1986-2021

downloaded: .dat's 2023-10-03 (WAL & ASC); csv's 2023-01-08 (LAU) processing: see Table 3.

OMPS

OMPS-NPP_LP-L2-O3-DAILY_v2.6

3,587

~1,160/day

2014-2023

downloaded: 2023-04-01 via wget, https://data.gesdisc.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/SNPP_OMPS_Level2/... accepted profiles: 'O3Convergence' <10; ' O3Status' =2:7; ' O3Quality' =0; 'QMV' =0; 'ASI_PMCFlag' =0. processing: 'TropopauseAltitude' reported using GMAO FP-IT T profiles

ACE-FTS

ACEFTS_L2_v4p0_O3.nc (includes O3, p, T)

1

..., , # Tropopause data used for calibrating the tropopause in global chemistry-climate or chemistry-transport models

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pk0p2ngzt

Description of the data and file structure

The data here focus on tropopause and near-tropopause profiles of P, T, O3 and synthetic age-of-air tracers from sondes, satellites and the UCI chemistry-transport model (CTM).

Files and variables

File: O3sonde_ASC2.nc

Description:Â Post-processed Ascension I. ozonesonde data. Cleaned to give a consistent ascent profile per text.

Format netcdf4
Dimensions: Levels = 1600
Sondes = 831
Variables:
SondeFile
Size: 831x1
Dimensions: Sondes
Datatype: string
Attributes:
id = 'Ascension O3 sonde files used 19980102:20220928'
rev = 'revised Nov 2024, version 2'
YYYY
Size: 831x1
Dimensions: Sondes
Datatype: int32
Attributes:
id = 'Year of sonde YYYY'
MM
Size: 831x1
Dimensions: Sondes
Datatype: int32
Attributes:
id =...,

During 2023, the average temperature recorded in India was 26.15 degrees Celsius, a slight increase from the 26 degrees Celsius recorded in the previous year. This represented the highest average temperature recorded in the South Asian country since 2017.

Trends of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide measurements from the Mauna Loa Baseline Observatory, Hawaii, United States.

In 2023, the observed annual average mean temperature in Australia reached 22.32 degrees Celsius. Overall, the annual average temperature had increased compared to the temperature reported for 1901. Impact of climate change The rising temperatures in Australia are a prime example of global climate change. As a dry country, peak temperatures and drought pose significant environmental threats to Australia, leading to water shortages and an increase in bushfires. Western and South Australia reported the highest temperatures measured in the country, with record high temperatures of over 50°C in 2022. Australia’s emission sources While Australia has pledged its commitment to the Paris Climate Agreement, it still relies economically on a few high greenhouse gas emitting sectors, such as the mining and energy sectors. Australia’s current leading source of greenhouse gas emissions is the generation of electricity, and black coal is still a dominant source for its total energy production. One of the future challenges of the country will thus be to find a balance between economic security and the mitigation of environmental impact.

In 2024, the average air temperature in Japan's capital reached around **** degrees Celsius. Tokyo's annual mean air temperature increased by **** degrees Celsius since 1900, showing the progress of global warming. Weather in Tokyo Tokyo lies in the humid subtropical climate zone. It is affected by the monsoon circulation and has mild, sunny winters and hot, humid, and rainy summers. In most of Japan, the rainy season lasts from early June to mid-July. Furthermore, heavy rainfall is often caused by typhoons, which develop over the Pacific Ocean and regularly approach the archipelago between July and October. In recent years, the Kanto region, including Tokyo Prefecture, was approached by at least two typhoons each year. Since the winters are rather mild in Tokyo, the capital city does not often see snowfall and the snow rarely remains on the ground for more than a few days. Effects of global warming in Japan The increasing air temperature is one of the main consequences of global warming. Other effects are increased flooding frequency and a rise in sea levels due to melting ice caps. Global warming has already influenced Japan's climate in recent years, resulting in more frequent heat waves as well as increased annual rainfall. These weather changes can intensify natural disasters such as typhoons and inhibit the growth of crops. To counter global warming, Japan aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by increasing its renewable and nuclear energy share.

In 2024, the average summer temperature in Germany was 18.5 degrees Celsius. This was basically unchanged compared to the year before. While figures fluctuated during the given timeline, there were regular peaks, and in general, temperatures had grown noticeably since the 1960s. Not beating the heat German summers are getting hotter, and as desired as warm weather may be after months of winter (which, incidentally, also warms up year after year), this is another confirmation of global warming. Higher summer temperatures have various negative effects on both nature and humans. Recent years in Germany have seen a growing number of hot days with a temperature of at least 30 degrees, with 11.5 recorded in 2023. However, this was a decrease compared to the year before. The number of deaths due to heat and sunlight had peaked in 2015. Rain or shine All the German states saw less sunshine hours in 2023 compared to the previous year. The sunniest states were Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and Saarland. Meanwhile, summer precipitation in Germany varied greatly during the same timeline as presented in this graph, but 2022 was one of the dryest years yet.

Average annual atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) reached a record high of 424.61 parts per million (ppm) in 2024. Monthly atmospheric CO₂ concentrations peaked that year in June, at 426.91 ppm. Human activities have caused CO₂ concentrations to soar Annual CO₂ concentrations consistently averaged around 280 ppm before the industrial revolution began, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). However, the mass burning of fossil fuels, and deforestation over the past two centuries has released trillions of tons of CO₂ into the atmosphere. This has caused atmospheric CO₂ levels to climb more than 50 percent above pre-industrial levels. Impacts of high atmospheric greenhouse gas levels The rapidly rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are worrying news for the planet, as they contribute to the climate crisis. GHGs like CO₂, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat radiating from the planet’s surface, preventing it from escaping into space. This causes Earth’s atmosphere to heat and increases land and sea surface temperatures. Higher surface temperatures can unleash severe weather conditions such as extreme heat, droughts, and a higher frequency of high-intensity tropical storms.

In 2023, global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes reached a record high of 37.8 billion metric tons (GtCO₂). Global CO₂ emissions are projected to have reached record levels in 2024. The world has pumped more than 1,800 GtCO₂ into the atmosphere since the industrial revolution began, though almost 45 percent has been produced since 2000. What is carbon dioxide? CO₂ is a colorless, naturally occurring gas that is released after people and animals inhale oxygen. It is a greenhouse gas, meaning it absorbs and releases thermal radiation which in turn creates the “greenhouse effect”. In addition to other greenhouse gases, CO₂ is also a major contributor to the ability of the Earth to maintain a habitable temperature. Without CO₂ and other greenhouse gases, Earth would be too cold to live on. However, while CO₂ alone is not a harmful gas, the abundance of it is what causes climate change. The increased use of electricity, transportation, and deforestation in human society have resulted in the increased emissions of CO₂, which in turn has seen a rise in earth’s temperature. In fact, around 70 percent of global warming since 1851 is attributable to CO₂ emissions from human activities. Who are the largest emitters worldwide? China is the biggest carbon polluter worldwide, having released almost 12 GtCO₂ in 2023. This was more than the combined emissions of the United States and India, the second and third-largest emitters that year, respectively.

In 2024, the mean temperature deviation in Australia was 1.46 degrees Celsius higher than the reference value for that year, indicating a positive anomaly. Over the course of the last century, mean temperature anomaly measurements in Australia have exhibited an overall increasing trend. Temperature trending upwards Global land temperature anomalies have been fluctuating since the start of their measurement but show an overall upward tendency. Australian mean temperatures have followed this trend and continued to rise as well. Considered the driest inhabited continent on earth, this has severe consequences for the country. In particular, the south of Australia is predicted to become susceptible to drought, which could lead to an increase in bushfires as well. The highest temperatures recorded in Australia as of 2022 were measured in South Australia and Western Australia, both exceeding 50 degrees. The 2019/2020 bushfire season Already prone to wildfires due to its dry climate, the change in temperature has made Australia even more vulnerable to an increase in bushfires. One of the worst wildfires in Australia, and on a global level as well, happened during the 2019/2020 bushfire season. The combination of the hottest days and the lowest annual mean rainfall in 20 years resulted in a destruction of 12.5 million acres. New South Wales was the region with the largest area burned by bushfires in that year, a major part of which was conservation land.

The world's oceans are becoming increasingly acidic, with the average ocean pH falling from 8.11 in 1985 to 8.05 in 2022. This seemingly small change represents a significant increase in acidity, damaging the fine chemical balance of the oceans and posing a risk to marine ecosystems. The more emissions, the more acidic As global CO2 emissions continue to rise, the oceans absorb more CO2 per year, playing a crucial role in regulating atmospheric CO2 levels. The increased dissolution of CO2 in seawater causes the oceans’ pH to decrease. The acidification of the oceans creates conditions that dissolve minerals such as carbonates, which are the backbone of reefs and marine life’s shells and skeletons. In addition, certain species of harmful algae proliferate in acidified waters, putting fish, marine mammals, and the full food chain in danger. Warmer oceans on top of acidification Acidification is not the only climate change-related issue the oceans must adapt to. In 2023, the average ocean surface temperature worldwide was almost one degree Celsius higher than the 20th century average. Such departures from average conditions are called anomalies, and although they fluctuate, the global ocean surface temperature anomaly has shown a marked upward trend over the past decades. A warming ocean brings a series of cascading effects, including the melting of sea ice, sea level rise, and marine heatwaves. On top of that, less carbon sinks to the deep ocean in warmer waters, making them a less efficient carbon pool and therefore aggravating climate change.

In 2023, there were 170 flood disaster events recorded worldwide. This marks a slight decrease from the 176 disasters in 2022 but remains significantly higher than the average 86 floods per year reported in the 1990s. The peak in the past three decades occurred in 2006, with 226 flood disasters.

Devastating human and economic toll Floods continue to take a heavy toll on human lives and economies worldwide. In 2023, approximately 32 million people were impacted by flooding, including injuries and displacement. Although the number of people affected by floods has decreased since the beginning of the century, due in large part to an improvement in flood protection, better warning systems, and forecasting, the economic burden they cause has increased. Economic loss caused by floods amounted to 453 billion U.S. dollars in the past decade, the highest since the 1970s. Five of the ten costliest floods since 1900 have occurred after 2010, underscoring the increasing financial burden of these events.

Regional disparities in flood impact The impact of floods varies significantly across regions. In 2023, Africa bore the brunt of flood-related fatalities, accounting for over 50 percent of global flood deaths. Asia also suffered severely, with over 2,000 casualties in 2023. Southeast Asian countries, including Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Thailand, are among the most exposed to river flood risk worldwide due to factors such as low elevations, frequent tropical cyclones, and prolonged monsoons.