Crypto trader Binance ranked among the largest cryptocurrency exchangers in the world in 2024, with trading volume that was about four times as high as Bybit or OKX. It should be noted that these figures are separate from platforms Binance.US, Binance TR or Binance.KR. The platform from the Cayman Islands faced investigations from the U.S. SEC, which came to a head in November 2023. Binance did not rank as the most used cryptocurrency exchanges used by consumers in the United States. Binance's settlement with the U.S. In November 2023, Binance agreed to pay a four billion U.S. dollar settlement with United States agencies — one of the biggest corporate fines in U.S. history. The U.S. Department of Justice investigated the platform for years for failure to prevent money laundering and growing crypto theft. The company's founder and CEO Changpeng Zhao pleaded guilty to the charges, agreeing to step down. Zhao would remain as the company's majority shareholder. The U.S. Treasury announced Binance will be subject to five years of monitoring and “significant compliance undertakings, including to ensure Binance’s complete exit from the United States.” Mixed signals from crypto companies The Binance settlement occurred in a month when overall crypto trading volume recorded its highest numbers for all of 2023. One of the main causes is the sudden popularity of FTT, a token released by FTX — the company founded by Sam Bankman-Fried. The developments surrounding Binance caused investors to move away from Binance's stablecoin BNB to the stablecoin from FTX. Earlier in November 2023, however, Coinbase saw its shares fall after announcing its quarterly performance figures.

Cryptocurrency enjoyed a prosperous year in 2021 as the asset class enjoyed record returns. In 2021, the crypto industry's total market capitalization grew by 187.5%, peaking at around US$3 trillion, with many of the top coins offering four-digit and even five-digit percentage returns. The value of Bitcoin peaked at almost US$65,000 in mid-April 2021 before falling to US$30,000 by June 2021. Today, over 20,000 different cryptocurrencies exist, with some having little to no following while others enjoy immense popularity, like Bitcoin and Ethereum. The tide turned however as the year came to an end as many economies grappled with numerous macroeconomic headwinds. Financial markets were negatively impacted by these headwinds with both stocks and fixed-income assets struggling. Cryptocurrency would not be spared, leading crypto assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum down as much as 50% in the first half of 2022. Market experts speculate that cryptocurrency may fall even lower by year-end 2022 given the uncertainty that has recently plagued the industry following the collapse of one of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges.

The Fall of FTX Prior to November 2022, FTX was recognized as one of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges in the world, gaining immense popularity during its short existence. The exchange was founded in 2019 with Sam Bankman-Fried co-founding and being the largest stakeholder in the company from inception. Mr Bankman-Fried also co-founded Alameda Research 2017, a quantitative cryptocurrency trading firm.
FTX enjoyed a meteoric rise, peaking in 2021 as the company’s valuation reached US$32 billion. The exchange also issued its own cryptocurrency token called FTT. At its peak in 2021, the exchange had over 1 million users and was the third largest crypto exchange by volume with its token FTT reaching a market cap of $9.39 billion. In 2022, as crypto assets struggled, the FTX exchange stood as one of the brighter lights in the sector. As other cryptocurrency exchanges were challenged on many fronts including bankruptcy earlier in the year, the majority owner of FTX came to the rescue offering financial support to several companies including Robinhood and Voyager. Sam Bankman-Fried would soon gain the nickname “Crypto’s White Knight”. FTX's downfall began when CoinDesk, a news site specializing in bitcoin and digital currencies, released a statement on November 2 2022 revealing that Alameda Research Trading firm was heavily invested in FTT, FTX’s own cryptocurrency, which represented around 40% of the trading firm’s asset holdings. This news put Sam in the spotlight and sparked widespread selloffs in digital assets. The story exposed the depth and complexity of the relationship between FTX and Alameda Research, including that FTX was lending significant quantities of its own token FTT to the trading firm to build up the cash levels. Although the company attempted damage control through public reassurances to its customers, it failed to prevent customers from withdrawing their funds. Four days later on November 6 2022, Binance, the world’s largest crypto exchange announced their decision to sell their entire holdings of the FTT tokens worth approximately US$529 million. Binance’s decision to liquidate its position in FTT was based on a risk management strategy following the collapse of the Terra (LUNA) crypto token earlier in 2022. Subsequent to this announcement, withdrawal requests began to rise rapidly and two days later, FTX was faced with a liquidity crisis and stopped paying back customers. While a bail-out was initially offered by Binance, it was rescinded after the necessary due diligence. As a result, eight days after the story broke, on November 11 2022 the company, FTX filed for bankruptcy.

As of November 2024, FameEX was the largest South Korean cryptocurrency exchange with a 24-hour trading volume of around 8.7 billion U.S. dollars. Upbit and OKX followed with around 7.6 billion and 5.3 billion dollars, respectively. The Korean cryptocurrency market has grown extensively over the past few years, then the market capitalization and transaction amount began to decrease in 2022.

Crypto 24h trading volume declined as 2023 progressed, with figures being ********* lower than in 2022. The decline follows after Binance - one of the biggest crypto exchanges in the world - received lawsuits in the United States. Observations are also that the crypto market was quiet after April, citing a lack of a "strong overarching narrative". This contrasts with 2021 and 2022 when cryptocurrency dominated the news and many people sought fortune in the digital currency. Bitcoin developments Bitcoin's trade volume slowed in the second quarter of 2023, after hitting a noticeable growth at the beginning of the year. The coin outperformed most of the market. Some attribute this to the announcement in June 2023 that BlackRock filed for a Bitcoin ETF. This iShares Bitcoin Trust was to use Coinbase Custody as its custodian. Regulators in the United States had not yet approved any applications for spot ETFs on Bitcoin. Changes in Ethereum staking in 2023 Ethereum's trade volume changed in 2023 due to the rollout of the Shapella (Shanghai and Cappella) upgrade. The update allowed investors to withdraw (unstake) Ethereum deposited into the network. Staking can be somewhat compared to depositing money at a bank, where one would submit money to be held and gains interest as time goes by. Lido has the highest staking pool (a platform that allows for staking) in Ethereum, higher than major crypto exchanges Coinbase and Kraken. As of May **, 2025, the 24h trading volume stands at *****.

We present a high-frequency dataset of algorithmic trading. Given that, the dataset contains different time intervals depending on the timestamp when an arbitrage opportunity occurred. Our dataset has 9,799,130 tick-level records of the Bitcoin-to-Euro exchange rate starting from 2019-01-01 00:00:31 until 2020-03-30 23:59:48. Data covered information about different cryptocurrency pairs from 18 cryptocurrency exchanges. These pairs contained information about exchanges in which it was possible to buy and sell simultaneously. Each row presented the amount of arbitrage that it was possible to earn if a transaction would have been executed. The dataset contains information about the amount of arbitrage that could be earned after executing a transaction in given cryptocurrency exchanges, the quantity which had to be bought to earn arbitrage, the best sell, and the best buy prices, the balance of fiat currency in “Exchange 1” and the balance of cryptocurrency in “Exchange 2”. If there was enough fiat currency in “Exchange 1” and enough cryptocurrency in “Exchange 2” it means that the transaction was successfully executed and given arbitrage amount was earned. This information could be used by investors to discover potential earning capabilities, and create effective arbitrage trading strategies. Moreover, this dataset could serve academics for deeper analysis of efficiency and liquidity questions as well as it could be used to spot and evaluate risks in the market, identify patterns in the market.

Short description of the dataset: ID - Unique ID arb_timestamp - timestamp of arbitrage opportunity arb_exch1 - presents exchanges where one was able to successfully buy Bitcoin arb_exch2 - presents exchanges where one was able to successfully sell Bitcoin arb_ticker - BTCEUR exchange rate arb_prc - percentage earned compared to the invested amount arb_amount - the amount of arbitrage that would be earned if a transaction had been executed arb_quantity - Bitcoin quantity that needed to be bought in order to execute a transaction and to earn arbitrage best_sell_price - best price at which it was possible to sell Bitcoin in "Exchange 2" best_buy_price - best price at which it was possible to buy Bitcoin in "Exchange 1" balance_fiat - the amount of Euros available in “Exchange 1” balance_crypto - the amount of Bitcoin available in “Exchange 2”

In March 2024 Bitcoin BTC reached a new all-time high with prices exceeding 73000 USD marking a milestone for the cryptocurrency market This surge was due to the approval of Bitcoin exchange-traded funds ETFs in the United States allowing investors to access Bitcoin without directly holding it This development increased Bitcoin’s credibility and brought fresh demand from institutional investors echoing previous price surges in 2021 when Tesla announced its 15 billion investment in Bitcoin and Coinbase was listed on the Nasdaq By the end of 2022 Bitcoin prices dropped sharply to 15000 USD following the collapse of cryptocurrency exchange FTX and its bankruptcy which caused a loss of confidence in the market By August 2024 Bitcoin rebounded to approximately 64178 USD but remained volatile due to inflation and interest rate hikes Unlike fiat currency like the US dollar Bitcoin’s supply is finite with 21 million coins as its maximum supply By September 2024 over 92 percent of Bitcoin had been mined Bitcoin’s value is tied to its scarcity and its mining process is regulated through halving events which cut the reward for mining every four years making it harder and more energy-intensive to mine The next halving event in 2024 will reduce the reward to 3125 BTC from its current 625 BTC The final Bitcoin is expected to be mined around 2140 The energy required to mine Bitcoin has led to criticisms about its environmental impact with estimates in 2021 suggesting that one Bitcoin transaction used as much energy as Argentina Bitcoin’s future price is difficult to predict due to the influence of large holders known as whales who own about 92 percent of all Bitcoin These whales can cause dramatic market swings by making large trades and many retail investors still dominate the market While institutional interest has grown it remains a small fraction compared to retail Bitcoin is vulnerable to external factors like regulatory changes and economic crises leading some to believe it is in a speculative bubble However others argue that Bitcoin is still in its early stages of adoption and will grow further as more institutions and governments recognize its potential as a hedge against inflation and a store of value 2024 has also seen the rise of Bitcoin Layer 2 technologies like the Lightning Network which improve scalability by enabling faster and cheaper transactions These innovations are crucial for Bitcoin’s wider adoption especially for day-to-day use and cross-border remittances At the same time central bank digital currencies CBDCs are gaining traction as several governments including China and the European Union have accelerated the development of their own state-controlled digital currencies while Bitcoin remains decentralized offering financial sovereignty for those who prefer independence from government control The rise of CBDCs is expected to increase interest in Bitcoin as a hedge against these centralized currencies Bitcoin’s journey in 2024 highlights its growing institutional acceptance alongside its inherent market volatility While the approval of Bitcoin ETFs has significantly boosted interest the market remains sensitive to events like exchange collapses and regulatory decisions With the limited supply of Bitcoin and improvements in its transaction efficiency it is expected to remain a key player in the financial world for years to come Whether Bitcoin is currently in a speculative bubble or on a sustainable path to greater adoption will ultimately be revealed over time.

Digital and Crypto Currency Market Outlook

As of 2023, the global digital and crypto currency market size is estimated at USD 2.3 trillion, and it is projected to grow to USD 19.7 trillion by 2032, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26.8%. This remarkable growth can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing adoption of cryptocurrencies for various applications, advancements in blockchain technology, and the growing acceptance of digital currencies by institutional investors.

One of the primary growth factors driving the digital and crypto currency market is the increasing mainstream acceptance and adoption of cryptocurrencies. Over the past decade, digital currencies have transitioned from being a niche financial instrument to a widely recognized asset class. Major corporations, including Tesla and Square, have invested in cryptocurrencies, thereby legitimizing their use and boosting market confidence. Additionally, the acceptance of digital currencies as a means of payment by various online and offline merchants has expanded their utility, further propelling market growth.

The rapid advancements in blockchain technology also play a crucial role in the market's expansion. Blockchain, the underlying technology for most cryptocurrencies, offers a decentralized and secure way of conducting transactions, which is highly appealing in an era of increasing cyber threats and data breaches. Innovations such as smart contracts and decentralized finance (DeFi) have opened new avenues for the application of blockchain technology, thereby driving the demand for digital currencies.

Another significant growth factor is the increasing interest from institutional investors. Hedge funds, venture capital firms, and even traditional banks are now investing in cryptocurrencies, either directly or through financial instruments such as futures and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). This influx of institutional capital not only provides liquidity to the market but also adds a layer of credibility, encouraging more retail investors to participate. The regulatory environment is also becoming more favorable, with several countries implementing frameworks to govern the use and trading of digital currencies, thereby reducing uncertainty and fostering market growth.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the global digital and crypto currency market, driven by technological advancements and a favorable regulatory environment. Asia-Pacific is also emerging as a lucrative market, with countries like Japan and South Korea taking proactive regulatory measures to integrate digital currencies into their financial systems. Europe follows closely, with increasing adoption in countries such as Germany and the UK. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are slowly catching up, driven by increasing internet penetration and the need for financial inclusion.

As the digital and crypto currency market continues to evolve, the emergence of specialized platforms like the Crypto IRA Platform is gaining traction among investors. These platforms offer a unique opportunity for individuals to include cryptocurrencies in their retirement portfolios, providing a diversified investment strategy. The Crypto IRA Platform allows users to invest in a range of digital currencies, offering tax advantages similar to traditional IRAs. This innovation is particularly appealing to tech-savvy investors looking to capitalize on the growth potential of digital assets while planning for their future. By integrating cryptocurrencies into retirement accounts, the Crypto IRA Platform is helping to drive the mainstream adoption of digital currencies, offering a new avenue for long-term investment strategies.

Type Analysis

The digital and crypto currency market can be segmented by type into Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, and others. Bitcoin, the first and most well-known cryptocurrency, continues to dominate the market. Its market capitalization dwarfs that of any other digital currency, making it the most widely accepted and used. Bitcoin's popularity is due to its first-mover advantage, robust security features, and wide acceptance by merchants and financial institutions. However, its scalability issues and high transaction fees remain challenges that need to be addressed.

Ethereum, the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, offers more than just a digital currency. Its blockchain en

Bitcoin ranked as one of the most expensive cryptocurrencies existing by April 2024 - although values changed noticeably. Bitcoin had the most expensive cryptocurrency for a while, but Ethereum was significantly cheaper, with a price that was roughly 30 times less than that of the most well-known digital currency. However, Bitcoin is in a unique position. Ethereum is one of several cryptocurrencies, for instance, that come from blockchains that focus on making financial applications possible. Bitcoin, or a digital equivalent of gold When one categorizes the different types of cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin stands out as it is one of the few that are essentially meant to store digital value. Some describe Bitcoin as a digital version of gold, purely designed to hold or possibly purchasing power over time. It has no other applications built around it, and is considered too slow to perform financial transactions. Stablecoins, the less volatile cryptocurrency Many coins in this ranking stand out as their price seemingly has not changed as much as others. This is because these are stablecoins - cryptocurrencies pegged to the price development of an external asset. This group of digital assets comprise an increasing share within the overall crypto market. Some see these coins as the future of retail payments, whereas others view these coins as a "safe" addition to their crypto investments.

Consumers from countries in Africa, Asia, and South America were most likely to be an owner of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, in 2025. This conclusion can be reached after combining ** different surveys from the Statista's Consumer Insights over the course of that year. Nearly one out of three respondents to Statista's survey in Nigeria, for instance, mentioned they either owned or use a digital coin, rather than *** out of 100 respondents in the United States. This is a significant change from a list that looks at the Bitcoin (BTC) trading volume in ** countries: There, the United States and Russia were said to have traded the highest amounts of this particular virtual coin. Nevertheless, African and Latin American countries are noticeable entries in that list too. Daily use, or an investment tool? The survey asked whether consumers either owned or used cryptocurrencies but does not specify their exact use or purpose. Some countries, however, are more likely to use digital currencies on a day-to-day basis. Nigeria increasingly uses mobile money operations to either pay in stores or to send money to family and friends. Polish consumers could buy several types of products with a cryptocurrency in 2019. Opposed to this is the country of Vietnam: Here, the use of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as a payment method is forbidden. Owning some form of cryptocurrency in Vietnam as an investment is allowed, however. Which countries are more likely to invest in cryptocurrencies? Professional investors looking for a cryptocurrency-themed ETF were more often found in Europe than in the United or China, according to a survey in early 2020. Most of the largest crypto hedge fund managers with a location in Europe in 2020, were either from the United Kingdom or Switzerland - the country with the highest cryptocurrency adoption rate in Europe according to Statista's Global Consumer Survey. Whether this had changed by 2025 was not yet clear.

Tesla made headlines in 2021 when it comes to buying Bitcoin (BTC), but the software company MicroStrategy held ********** their amount of the cryptocurrency. This according to an overview created by accessing what information was available from publicly listed companies, such as from their quarterly reports or filings. The figures provided are on how much Bitcoin the companies have bought and keep in their corporate treasury, essentially making cryptocurrencies part of their assets and that company's investment strategy. Two companies stand out in this list: first, Tesla announced in March 2021 it would accept BTC directly - Bitcoins paid for their cars would be retained as Bitcoin, and not converted from BTC to U.S. dollar. This is unlike other companies that accept Bitcoin as a payment method, like Microsoft, which uses a payment processor called BitPay to convert cryptocurrency to fiat currency. Second, there is Coinbase: One of the world's largest cryptocurrency exchanges amid a Bitcoin price surge, the U.S. company went public in April 2021 and was considered a potential blockbuster IPO.

Cryptocurrency Market Outlook

The global cryptocurrency market size was valued at USD 1.5 trillion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 8.8 trillion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 21.5% during the forecast period. The rapid growth of the market can be attributed to increasing acceptance and awareness of cryptocurrencies, advancements in blockchain technology, and the growing need for secure and efficient digital payment systems. As these factors converge, they create a fertile ground for exponential growth in the market, fostering innovations and broader adoption across various sectors.

One of the primary growth factors for the cryptocurrency market is the increasing acceptance and mainstream adoption of digital currencies. Major financial institutions, corporations, and even governments are beginning to recognize the potential benefits of cryptocurrencies. For instance, companies like Tesla and Square have made significant investments in Bitcoin, signaling their confidence in the future of digital currencies. Furthermore, countries such as El Salvador have adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, which underscores the growing legitimacy and acceptance of cryptocurrencies on a global scale.

Another critical factor driving the growth of the cryptocurrency market is the advancement in blockchain technology. Blockchain, the underlying technology behind cryptocurrencies, offers a secure, transparent, and decentralized method of recording transactions. This technology is not only revolutionizing the financial industry but also has applications across various sectors, including healthcare, supply chain management, and voting systems. As blockchain technology continues to develop and mature, it is likely to drive further innovation and adoption of cryptocurrencies, thereby contributing to market growth.

The growing need for secure and efficient digital payment systems is also a significant driver for the cryptocurrency market. Traditional payment methods, such as credit cards and bank transfers, can be slow, expensive, and prone to fraud. In contrast, cryptocurrencies offer a faster, cheaper, and more secure alternative. For example, cross-border remittances can be completed within minutes and at a fraction of the cost when using cryptocurrencies. As businesses and consumers increasingly seek more efficient payment solutions, the demand for cryptocurrencies is expected to rise, fueling market growth.

The regional outlook for the cryptocurrency market reveals significant growth potential across various regions. North America, particularly the United States, is expected to maintain its dominance in the market due to the presence of major cryptocurrency companies, a supportive regulatory environment, and widespread adoption. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to experience the highest growth rate, driven by increasing investments in blockchain technology, favorable government policies, and the rising popularity of digital currencies in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. Europe and Latin America are also expected to witness substantial growth, supported by growing awareness and adoption of cryptocurrencies.

Type Analysis

The cryptocurrency market by type includes Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, and others. Bitcoin, being the first and most well-known cryptocurrency, continues to dominate the market. Its widespread recognition and acceptance have solidified its position as the leading digital currency. Bitcoin's decentralized nature and deflationary monetary policy make it an attractive store of value, often referred to as "digital gold." Despite market volatility, Bitcoin's market capitalization remains significantly higher than other cryptocurrencies, and it is often seen as the benchmark for the industry.

Ethereum, the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, has carved out its niche by offering a versatile platform for decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts. Unlike Bitcoin, which primarily serves as a digital currency, Ethereum's blockchain allows for the creation and execution of decentralized applications. This flexibility has attracted a wide range of developers and businesses, leading to a robust ecosystem of dApps, decentralized finance (DeFi) projects, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Ethereum's continuous development and upcoming upgrades, such as Ethereum 2.0, are expected to further enhance its scalability and security, driving its growth in the market.

Ripple, known for its real-time gross settlement system, currency exchange, and remittanc

At the end of March 2025, the Ethereum cryptocurrency had been processed nearly ** million times on-chain that month. This was about ***** times that of the more commonly known rival Bitcoin, which saw a total of ** million transactions that month. Other leading cryptocurrencies also saw significantly less transaction activity. What kind of transactions were these? Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies which owe their credibility to their technology rather than a central bank. Many of the transactions in this statistic involve cryptocurrency exchanges which exchange these coins for other currencies, including traditional currencies such as U.S. dollars or euros. In selected countries, Bitcoin ATMs also dispense the local currency in exchange for Bitcoin. However, few retailers accept that or any other cryptocurrency on a large scale. Cryptocurrency as an investment Many cryptocurrency enthusiasts point to the high market capitalization of their favorite cryptocurrencies. Moreover, the currency price is an important factor. The price volatility of Bitcoin and others attracts investors, hoping to buy low and sell high.

Cryptocurrency historical datasets from January 2012 (if available) to October 2021 were obtained and integrated from various sources and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) including Yahoo Finance, Cryptodownload, CoinMarketCap, various Kaggle datasets, and multiple APIs. While these datasets used various formats of time (e.g., minutes, hours, days), in order to integrate the datasets days format was used for in this research study. The integrated cryptocurrency historical datasets for 80 cryptocurrencies including but not limited to Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Binance Coin (BNB), Cardano (ADA), Tether (USDT), Ripple (XRP), Solana (SOL), Polkadot (DOT), USD Coin (USDC), Dogecoin (DOGE), Tron (TRX), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC), EOS (EOS), Cosmos (ATOM), Stellar (XLM), Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC), Uniswap (UNI), Terra (LUNA), SHIBA INU (SHIB), and 60 more cryptocurrencies were uploaded in this online Mendeley data repository. Although the primary attribute of including the mentioned cryptocurrencies was the Market Capitalization, a subject matter expert i.e., a professional trader has also guided the initial selection of the cryptocurrencies by analyzing various indicators such as Relative Strength Index (RSI), Moving Average Convergence/Divergence (MACD), MYC Signals, Bollinger Bands, Fibonacci Retracement, Stochastic Oscillator and Ichimoku Cloud. The primary features of this dataset that were used as the decision-making criteria of the CLUS-MCDA II approach are Timestamps, Open, High, Low, Closed, Volume (Currency), % Change (7 days and 24 hours), Market Cap and Weighted Price values. The available excel and CSV files in this data set are just part of the integrated data and other databases, datasets and API References that was used in this study are as follows: [1] https://finance.yahoo.com/ [2] https://coinmarketcap.com/historical/ [3] https://cryptodatadownload.com/ [4] https://kaggle.com/philmohun/cryptocurrency-financial-data [5] https://kaggle.com/deepshah16/meme-cryptocurrency-historical-data [6] https://kaggle.com/sudalairajkumar/cryptocurrencypricehistory [7] https://min-api.cryptocompare.com/data/price?fsym=BTC&tsyms=USD [8] https://min-api.cryptocompare.com/ [9] https://p.nomics.com/cryptocurrency-bitcoin-api [10] https://www.coinapi.io/ [11] https://www.coingecko.com/en/api [12] https://cryptowat.ch/ [13] https://www.alphavantage.co/

This dataset is part of the CLUS-MCDA (Cluster analysis for improving Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis) and CLUS-MCDAII Project: https://aimaghsoodi.github.io/CLUSMCDA-R-Package/ https://github.com/Aimaghsoodi/CLUS-MCDA-II https://github.com/azadkavian/CLUS-MCDA

The global user base of cryptocurrencies increased by nearly *** percent between 2018 and 2020, only to accelerate further in 2022. This is according to calculations from various sources, based on information from trading platforms and on-chain wallets. Increasing demographics might initially be attributed to a rise in the number of accounts and improvements in identification. In 2021, however, crypto adoption continued as companies like Tesla and Mastercard announced their interest in cryptocurrency. Consumers in Africa, Asia, and South America were most likely to be an owner of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, in 2022. How many of these users have Bitcoin? User figures for individual cryptocurrencies are unavailable. Bitcoin, for instance, was created not to be tracked by banks and governments. What comes closest is the trading volume of Bitcoin against domestic fiat currencies. The source assumed, however, that UK residents were the most likely to make Bitcoin transactions with British pounds. This assumption might not be accurate for popular fiat currencies worldwide. Moreover, coins such as Tether or Binance Coin - referred to as "stablecoins" - are often used to buy and sell Bitcoin. Those coins were not included in that particular statistic. Wallet usage declined Total crypto wallet downloads were significantly lower in 2022 than in 2021. The number of downloads of Coinbase, Blockchain.com, and MetaMask, among others, declined as the market hit a "crypto winter" over the year. The crypto market also suffered bad press when FTX - one of the largest crypto exchanges based on market share - collapsed in November 2022. Binance, on the other hand, regained some of the market share it had lost between September and October 2022, growing by *** percentage points in November. As of 2025, the highest forecast for the global user base of cryptocurrencies is projected to reach *** million.

Context:

This dataset is an extra updating dataset for the G-Research Crypto Forecasting competition.

Introduction

This is a daily updated dataset, automaticlly collecting market data for G-Research crypto forecasting competition. The data is of the 1-minute resolution, collected for all competition assets and both retrieval and uploading are fully automated. see discussion topic.

The Data

For every asset in the competition, the following fields from Binance's official API endpoint for historical candlestick data are collected, saved, and processed.

1. **timestamp** - A timestamp for the minute covered by the row.
2. **Asset_ID** - An ID code for the cryptoasset.
3. **Count** - The number of trades that took place this minute.
4. **Open** - The USD price at the beginning of the minute.
5. **High** - The highest USD price during the minute.
6. **Low** - The lowest USD price during the minute.
7. **Close** - The USD price at the end of the minute.
8. **Volume** - The number of cryptoasset u units traded during the minute.
9. **VWAP** - The volume-weighted average price for the minute.
10. **Target** - 15 minute residualized returns. See the 'Prediction and Evaluation section of this notebook for details of how the target is calculated.
11. **Weight** - Weight, defined by the competition hosts [here](https://www.kaggle.com/cstein06/tutorial-to-the-g-research-crypto-competition)
12. **Asset_Name** - Human readable Asset name.

Indexing

The dataframe is indexed by timestamp and sorted from oldest to newest. The first row starts at the first timestamp available on the exchange, which is July 2017 for the longest-running pairs.

Usage Example

The following is a collection of simple starter notebooks for Kaggle's Crypto Comp showing PurgedTimeSeries in use with the collected dataset. Purged TimesSeries is explained here. There are many configuration variables below to allow you to experiment. Use either GPU or TPU. You can control which years are loaded, which neural networks are used, and whether to use feature engineering. You can experiment with different data preprocessing, model architecture, loss, optimizers, and learning rate schedules. The extra datasets contain the full history of the assets in the same format as the competition, so you can input that into your model too.

Baseline Example Notebooks:

• Neural Network Starter
• LightGBM Starter
• Catboost Starter
• XGBoost Starter
• TabNet Starter
• Reinforcement Learning (PPO) Starter

These notebooks follow the ideas presented in my "Initial Thoughts" here. Some code sections have been reused from Chris' great (great) notebook series on SIIM ISIC melanoma detection competition here

Loose-ends:

This is a work in progress and will be updated constantly throughout the competition. At the moment, there are some known issues that still needed to be addressed:

• VWAP: - At the moment VWAP calculation formula is still unclear. Currently the dataset uses an approximation calculated from the Open, High, Low, Close, Volume candlesticks. [Waiting for competition hosts input]
• Target Labeling: There exist some mismatches to the original target provided by the hosts at some time intervals. On all the others - it is the same. The labeling code can be seen here. [Waiting for competition hosts] input]
• Filtering: No filtration of 0 volume data is taken place.

Example Visualisations

Opening price with an added indicator (MA50): https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F2234678%2Fb8664e6f26dc84e9a40d5a3d915c9640%2Fdownload.png?generation=1582053879538546&alt=media" alt="">

Volume and number of trades: https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F2234678%2Fcd04ed586b08c1576a7b67d163ad9889%2Fdownload-1.png?generation=1582053899082078&alt=media" alt="">

License

This data is being collected automatically from the crypto exchange Binance.

Bitcoin (BTC) price again reached an all-time high in 2025, as values exceeded over 107,000 USD in June 2025. That particular price hike was connected to the approval of Bitcoin ETFs in the United States, whilst previous hikes in 2021 were due to events involving Tesla and Coinbase, respectively. Tesla’s announcement in March 2021 that it had acquired 1.5 billion U.S. dollars’ worth of the digital coin, for example, as well as the IPO of the U.S.’ biggest crypto exchange fueled mass interest. The market was noticeably different by the end of 2022, however, with Bitcoin prices reaching roughly 94,315.98 as of May 4, 2025, after another crypto exchange, FTX, filed for bankruptcy. Is the world running out of Bitcoin? Unlike fiat currency like the U.S. dollar - as the Federal Reserve can simply decide to print more banknotes - Bitcoin’s supply is finite: BTC has a maximum supply embedded in its design, of which roughly 89 percent had been reached in April 2021. It is believed that Bitcoin will run out by 2040, despite more powerful mining equipment. This is because mining becomes exponentially more difficult and power-hungry every four years, a part of Bitcoin’s original design. Because of this, a Bitcoin mining transaction could equal the energy consumption of a small country in 2021. Bitcoin’s price outlook: a potential bubble? Cryptocurrencies have few metrics available that allow for forecasting, if only because it is rumored that only a few cryptocurrency holders own a large portion of available supply. These large holders - referred to as “whales” - are said to make up of two percent of anonymous ownership accounts, whilst owning roughly 92 percent of BTC. On top of this, most people who use cryptocurrency-related services worldwide are retail clients rather than institutional investors. This means outlooks on whether Bitcoin prices will fall or grow are difficult to measure, as movements from one large whale already having a significant impact on this market.

Snapshot img

Cryptocurrency Market Size 2025-2029

The cryptocurrency market size is forecast to increase by USD 39.75 billion, at a CAGR of 16.7% between 2024 and 2029.

The Cryptocurrency Market is segmented by distribution channel (Sales Personnel, Insurance Agencies), type (Life, Non-life), mode (Offline, Online), end-user (Corporate, Individual), and geography (North America: US, Canada; Europe: France, Germany, UK; APAC: Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea; Rest of World). This segmentation reflects the market's diversity, driven by increasing adoption of Online modes for Individual end-users, particularly in APAC regions like India and South Korea, growing demand for Non-life cryptocurrency products through Insurance Agencies, and Corporate engagement via Sales Personnel in North America and Europe, catering to varied financial and investment needs across global markets.
The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increasing investment in digital assets and the acceptance of cryptocurrency by retailers. This trend signifies a shift in the financial landscape, as more individuals and businesses recognize the potential benefits of decentralized currencies. However, the market's volatility poses a considerable challenge. The unpredictable value fluctuations can create uncertainty for investors and businesses alike, necessitating careful strategic planning and risk management. Companies seeking to capitalize on this market's opportunities must stay informed of the latest trends and be prepared to navigate the inherent risks. E-commerce, luxury goods, insurance, and even cryptocurrency debit cards are increasingly accepting digital currencies as payment methods.
Adopting innovative technologies, such as blockchain and smart contracts, can help mitigate risks and provide a competitive edge. Additionally, collaborations and partnerships with established financial institutions and retailers can further solidify a company's position in the market. Overall, the market presents both opportunities and challenges, requiring strategic agility and a forward-thinking approach.

What will be the Size of the Cryptocurrency Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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The market continues to evolve, with dynamic interplays between decentralized storage solutions, hardware wallets, and crypto wallets shaping the landscape. Merchant adoption is on the rise, driving up market capitalization and pushing the boundaries of cryptocurrency security. Proof-of-work (POW) and hashing algorithms underpin the foundations of this decentralized economy, while cryptocurrency derivatives and decentralized finance (DeFi) offer new avenues for portfolio diversification. Open-source software fuels the innovation, with smart contracts paving the way for automated transactions. Cryptocurrency trading is a constant activity, with options contracts, futures contracts, and other instruments adding complexity. The integration of decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and yield farming further expands the market's reach.

Cryptocurrency's applications extend beyond digital assets, touching upon privacy-enhancing technologies, philanthropy, community development, and more. The integration of decentralized governance, consensus mechanisms, and decentralized identity adds layers of complexity and potential. Risk management is a critical component, with cryptocurrency education and security audits essential for investors. The emergence of privacy coins, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and decentralized applications (dApps) adds to the market's diversity. The market is a dynamic, ever-evolving ecosystem, shaped by ongoing activities and emerging patterns. Quantum computing and regulatory developments pose new challenges, while the integration of cryptocurrency payments, cold storage, and trading volume continues to drive growth.

The future of this decentralized economy is bright, with continuous innovation and adaptation shaping its trajectory.

How is this Cryptocurrency Industry segmented?

The cryptocurrency industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Bitcoin
  Ethereum
  Others
  Ripple
  Bitcoin Cash
  Cardano


Component

  Hardware
  Software


Process

  Mining
  Transaction
  Mining
  Transaction


End-Use

  Trading
  E-commerce and Retail
  Peer-to-Peer Payment
  Remittance
  Trading
  E-commerce and Retail
  Peer-to-Peer Payment
  Remittance


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Italy
    Switzerland
    The Netherlands
    UK


  APAC

    China
    Japan


  South America

    Br

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global digital currency market size is USD XX million in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market of more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a share of over 30% of the global market size of USD XX million.
Asia Pacific held the market of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America market of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa held the major market of around 2% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The mining category held the highest digital currency market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of Digital Currency Market

Key Drivers of Digital Currency Market

Growing Volumes of Currency and Investors to Increase the Demand Globally

With the fastest rate of adaption, Bitcoin is among the most widely used currencies. Flexibility, supportive laws, and rising public interest all contribute to the market's expansion. Additionally, facilities that accept bitcoin for transactions and rising bitcoin value both contribute to the market's expansion. In the banking and financial industries, the primary concerns are financial ones. The depreciation of this currency is one way in which these financial issues impact the economy. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and others are utilized for worldwide balancing and have no financial catastrophes. In areas with weak economic structures, cryptocurrency is the greatest choice for financial items, which promotes the expansion of the global market. The interest in digital currency among people in many different nations is expected to fuel the market's growth in the upcoming years.

Growing Interest in Digital Currency to Propel Market Growth

Another factor driving the digital currency sector is the expansion of sophisticated technology and software in many emerging economies. The need to improve the currency market in every country is being driven by the quickly growing senior population, the rise in web applications, the rapid expansion, and individual awareness among people. Because of the digital currency's ease of use and rising market value, a large number of market participants are investing in it and growing their holdings as a result of the market's growth. The numerous uses of digital money in buying, selling, and sorting contribute to increased investment in this digital current, which is anticipated to present market expansion prospects.

Restraint Factors Of Digital Currency Market

Unofficial and Decentralized Changing Platforms to Limit the Sales

Digital currencies are unrestricted, uncontrolled, and decentralized platforms for trading. Currency users have been complaining a lot about money laundering, currency misuse, and money loss. The digital currency is always fluctuating, occasionally indicating an increase or decrease in the exchange rate that impacts investors' capital. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin expresses his apprehension regarding the Libra currency on Facebook. Investors using the digital currency Libra are not adequately protected during transactions. The currency rate, which influences the currency used for investment, is easily hacked by many cyberattacks. The main thing preventing this sector from growing is the misuse of digital currency and security concerns.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Digital Currency Market

There have been several effects of COVID-19 on the market for digital currencies. The pandemic caused a global economic crisis, which resulted in a general sell-off throughout financial markets, including cryptocurrency markets, which caused a huge initial decline. However, institutional investors looking for alternative assets showed more interest in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin because they perceived them as a possible hedge against traditional market volatility. All things considered, CO...

Price swings of the Luna token were noticeably high in 2021, recording a volatility of nearly 500 percent in May 2021. Measured in a metric called volatility, the percentage shown here reflect how much the price of Ethereum in U.S. dollars changed historically over a preceding 10-day window. Changes can be either up or down, with a higher volatility reflecting that an asset is more risky, as price movements are less easy to predict and can swing in any direction. Luna's changes can generally be attributed to two events. First, the integration of Terra - the blockchain behind the LUNA token as well as stablecoin UST (TerraUSD) - on Crypto.com in July 2021, allowing users of one of the world's largest crypto exchanges to stay informed about Terra. Second, there was the Terra network's actual release on Wormhole in August 2021. This connected Terra to the world of Decentralized Finance or DeFi, where it quickly became one of the main blockchains in terms of DeFi total value locked (TVL).

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Crypto Cold Storage Wallet market size will be USD 1634.5 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.80% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 653.80 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 490.3 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 375.94 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.8% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 81.73 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 32.69 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Institutional investors are the fastest-growing segment in the cryptocurrency cold wallet space

Market Dynamics of Crypto Cold Storage Wallet Market

Key Drivers for Crypto Cold Storage Wallet Market

Rising concerns about security and the need for secure storage solution: Rising concerns over security and the need for secure storage solutions are the major prime factors driving growth in the Crypto Cold Storage Wallet market. As cyberattacks and hacking incidents against cryptocurrencies are on the rise, users become more aware of vulnerabilities with online wallets and exchanges. This creates ever-growing demand for cold storage options that offer at least some enhanced security features like offline storage and multi-signature capabilities. Such concern among users to keep their digital assets safe makes them invest in proper cold storage solutions. Consequently, as security becomes an important priority in the crypto space, this market for cold storage wallets will expand at a very fast rate to engage more users seeking peace of mind for their investment. For instance, In May 2019, Ledger, famed for its hardware wallets, has continued to strengthen its security features, releasing the Ledger Nano X, which incorporates Bluetooth connectivity and improved security protocols.

Restraint Factor for the Crypto Cold Storage Wallet Market

High costs associated with advanced cold storage solutions: The high-end cold storage solutions that come with costly solutions are major impediments in the way of market growth for Crypto Cold Storage Wallet. The heavy upfront investment required for most secure storage options, like hardware wallets or multi-signature setups, would most probably prevent people and small-scale businesses from adopting these technologies. Additionally, maintenance and security updates add to the sum total of the costs that may reduce the attraction value. Consequentially, cold storage can be viewed as a luxury and not a necessity, therefore the market would not expand. This cost may be another barrier towards extensive adoption since the adoption is greatly restricted by this cost, especially in areas where users only have a few sources of finance and are not willing to spend highly on cryptocurrency security.

Trends for the Crypto Cold Storage Wallet Market

Increasing Demand for Improved Security in Response to Escalating Cyber Threats: In light of the surge in cyberattacks and breaches in exchanges, both retail and institutional crypto investors are increasingly opting for cold storage solutions to ensure better asset protection. Cold wallets, which keep private keys offline, provide a higher level of security compared to hot wallets that are connected to the internet. As awareness regarding crypto security rises, there is a corresponding increase in the demand for hardware wallets and paper wallets that offer long-term, hacker-resistant storage. This trend is particularly pronounced among institutions that manage substantial crypto assets, as they emphasize regulatory compliance and strategies for safeguarding their assets.

Growing Popularity of User-Friendly and Multi-Currency Wallets: The crypto cold storage market is advancing with wallets that accommodate a broader array of cryptocurrencies and present more intuitive...