Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

This collection contains expenditure data for the 150 largest United States federal government programs, which make up close to 90 percent of total federal spending. The source of information on federal funding activity is the GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF FEDERAL FUNDS (GDFF) series, published annually from 1968-1980 by the Federal Information Exchange System, a component of the Community Services Administration (CSA). The files released here have been further processed by the Intergovernmental Fiscal Analysis Project (at the University of Michigan) and the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), as part of an effort to develop a comprehensive database for monitoring and analyzing the distribution of federal funding in the United States. The files differ not only by units of analysis, but also by what the variables measure. There are three kinds of variables: (1) dollar amount of program expenditures, (2) amount expended per capita, and (3) percent of total federal funds spent on programs in geographic areas. In Part 1, Expenditures by State, the geographic region is the unit of analysis, and data cover the 50 states, the District of Columbia, census regions and divisions, and the nation as a whole. The variables are dollar amounts rounded off to thousands for each of 150 programs measured at 11 time points (10 years plus a transition quarter). In Part 2, Per Capita Expenditures by State, per capita expenditures (rounded off to thousands) for the top 150 federal programs are measured at 11 time points. For Part 3, Percent Concentration of Expenditures by State, percent concentration figures (which are equivalent to state share of total national program expenditures for the top 150 programs) are measured at 11 time points. In Part 4, Dollar Expenditures by State by Year, the record units are geographic units (the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and census regions) by time point. This file contains dollar expenditures (rounded off to thousands) for the top 150 programs. For Part 5, Per Capita by State by Year, the variables are per capita expenditures rounded off to thousands. In Part 6, Percent Concentration by State by Year, the variables are percent concentration figures (equivalent to state shares of total national program expenditures). In Part 7, Dollar Expenditures (Unit Is Program) for Each State by Year, the federal program is the unit of analysis and variables describe program characteristics, including type of recipient, House committee jurisdiction, hard dollars vs. soft dollars, appropriation account number, program name, type of assistance, and type of recipient. The remaining variables describe the program expenditures for each of 11 time points for 66 geographic units. For Part 8, Per Capita Expenditures (Unit Is Program) for Each State by Year, variables include per capita expenditures on the program for the 66 geographic units measured at 11 time points. For Part 9, Percent Concentration (Unit Is Program) for Each State by Year, variables include percent concentration of expenditures (share of the total federal expenditure for the geographic unit) for 66 states/regions for 11 time points.

The Volcker Shock was a period of historically high interest rates precipitated by Federal Reserve Chairperson Paul Volcker's decision to raise the central bank's key interest rate, the Fed funds effective rate, during the first three years of his term. Volcker was appointed chairperson of the Fed in August 1979 by President Jimmy Carter, as replacement for William Miller, who Carter had made his treasury secretary. Volcker was one of the most hawkish (supportive of tighter monetary policy to stem inflation) members of the Federal Reserve's committee, and quickly set about changing the course of monetary policy in the U.S. in order to quell inflation. The Volcker Shock is remembered for bringing an end to over a decade of high inflation in the United States, prompting a deep recession and high unemployment, and for spurring on debt defaults among developing countries in Latin America who had borrowed in U.S. dollars.

Monetary tightening and the recessions of the early '80s

Beginning in October 1979, Volcker's Fed tightened monetary policy by raising interest rates. This decision had the effect of depressing demand and slowing down the U.S. economy, as credit became more expensive for households and businesses. The Fed funds rate, the key overnight rate at which banks lend their excess reserves to each other, rose as high as 17.6 percent in early 1980. The rate was allowed to fall back below 10 percent following this first peak, however, due to worries that inflation was not falling fast enough, a second cycle of monetary tightening was embarked upon starting in August of 1980. The rate would reach its all-time peak in June of 1981, at 19.1 percent. The second recession sparked by these hikes was far deeper than the 1980 recession, with unemployment peaking at 10.8 percent in December 1980, the highest level since The Great Depression. This recession would drive inflation to a low point during Volcker's terms of 2.5 percent in August 1983.

The legacy of the Volcker Shock

By the end of Volcker's terms as Fed Chair, inflation was at a manageable rate of around four percent, while unemployment had fallen under six percent, as the economy grew and business confidence returned. While supporters of Volcker's actions point to these numbers as proof of the efficacy of his actions, critics have claimed that there were less harmful ways that inflation could have been brought under control. The recessions of the early 1980s are cited as accelerating deindustrialization in the U.S., as manufacturing jobs lost in 'rust belt' states such as Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania never returned during the years of recovery. The Volcker Shock was also a driving factor behind the Latin American debt crises of the 1980s, as governments in the region defaulted on debts which they had incurred in U.S. dollars. Debates about the validity of using interest rate hikes to get inflation under control have recently re-emerged due to the inflationary pressures facing the U.S. following the Coronavirus pandemic and the Federal Reserve's subsequent decision to embark on a course of monetary tightening.

The US dollar index of February 2025 was higher than it was in 2024, although below the peak in late 2022. This reveals itself in a historical graphic on the past 50 years, measuring the relative strength of the U.S. dollar. This metric is different from other FX graphics that compare the U.S. dollar against other currencies. By July 15, 2025, the DXY index was around 98.01 points. The history of the DXY Index The index shown here – often referred to with the code DXY, or USDX – measures the value of the U.S. dollar compared to a basket of six other foreign currencies. This basket includes the euro, the Swiss franc, the Japanese yen, the Canadian dollar, the British pound, and the Swedish króna. The index was created in 1973, after the arrival of the petrodollar and the dissolution of the Bretton Woods Agreement. Today, most of these currencies remain connected to the United States' largest trade partners. The relevance of the DXY Index The index focuses on trade and the strength of the U.S. dollar against specific currencies. It less on inflation or devaluation, which is measured in alternative metrics like the Big Mac Index. Indeed, as the methodology behind the DXY Index has only been updated once – when the euro arrived in 1999 – some argue this composition is not accurate to the current state of the world. The price development of the U.S. dollar affects many things, including commodity prices in general.

This table contains 45 series, with data for years 1950 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years), and was last released on 2016-01-05. This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 items: Canada ...), Type of currency (45 items: United States dollar; noon spot rate; average; Danish krone; noon spot rate; average; French franc; noon spot rate; average; Belgian franc; noon spot rate; average ...).

Key information about Nigeria Exchange Rate against USD

• Nigeria Exchange Rate against USD averaged 460.702 (USD/NGN) in May 2023, compared with 460.418 USD/NGN in the previous month.
• Nigeria Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 460.702 in May 2023 and a record low of 0.530 in Nov 1980.

CEIC calculates monthly average Exchange Rate against USD from daily average Exchange Rate. Central Bank of Nigeria provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 2002 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Nigeria Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Nigeria Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: NIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 12.570 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End) was set at 18.500 % pa in May 2023.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in China increased to 3317000 USD Million in June from 3285000 USD Million in May of 2025. This dataset provides - China Foreign Exchange Reserves - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In 2002, almost 24 percent of the urban population in Argentina were living on less than 3.65 dollars per day, the highest figure at least since 1980. The figure decreased significantly in recent years to less than 2.6 percent of the population in 2022. In nominal terms, excluding the impact of inflation, household income per capita in Argentina has increased since 2015.

Graph and download economic data for South Korean Won to U.S. Dollar Spot Exchange Rate (DEXKOUS) from 1981-04-13 to 2025-07-25 about Korea, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

Key information about Romania Exchange Rate against USD

• Romania Exchange Rate against USD averaged 4.555 (USD/RON) in May 2023, compared with 4.505 USD/RON in the previous month.
• Romania Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 5.014 in Oct 2022 and a record low of 0.001 in Jan 1973.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. National Bank of Romania provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1998 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Romania Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Romania Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: ROBOR: 3 Months was reported at 6.550 % pa in May 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: Romania: ECB Harmonised ) was reported at 6.300 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Repo Rate) was set at 7.000 % pa in May 2023.

Interactive historical chart showing the daily U.S. Dollar - Singapore Dollar (USDSGD) exchange rate back to 1991.

Key information about Kenya Exchange Rate against USD

• Kenya Exchange Rate against USD averaged 137.240 (USD/KES) in May 2023, compared with 134.395 USD/KES in the previous month.
• Kenya Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 137.240 in May 2023 and a record low of 6.900 in Dec 1973.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Central Bank of Kenya provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 2000 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Kenya Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Kenya Short Term Interest Rate: Monthly Average: Treasury Bills Rate: 91 Days was reported at 9.760 % pa in Mar 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Treasury Bonds Rate: 10 Years) was reported at 13.490 % pa in May 2022.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Central Bank Rediscount Rate) was set at 9.500 % pa in May 2023.

Key information about Jordan Exchange Rate against USD

• Jordan Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.709 (USD/JOD) in May 2023, compared with 0.709 USD/JOD in the previous month.
• Jordan Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 0.714 in Sep 1995 and a record low of 0.291 in Jul 1980.

CEIC calculates monthly average Exchange Rate against USD as the average of monthly Buy and Sell rates for the period. Central Bank of Jordan provides average Buy and Sell of Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1999 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Jordan Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Jordan Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: JODIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 8.193 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Rediscount Rate) was set at 8.250 % pa in May 2023.

Key information about South Korea Exchange Rate against USD

• South Korea Exchange Rate against USD averaged 1,327.480 (USD/KRW) in May 2023, compared with 1,322.057 USD/KRW in the previous month.
• South Korea Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 1,707.300 in Jan 1998 and a record low of 50.000 in Jan 1960.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Federal Reserve Board provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to April 1981 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about South Korea Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, South Korea Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: KORIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 3.810 % pa in May 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month End: South Korea: Treasury Bond Yield: 10 Years) was reported at 3.532 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Base Rate: Bank of Korea) was set at 3.500 % pa in May 2023.

In 2001, almost 23 percent of the urban population in Panama were living on less than 3.65 dollars per day, the highest figure in the time period displayed. The figure decreased significantly in recent years to less than 5 percent of the population in 2023.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Taiwan was worth 756.59 billion US dollars in 2023, according to official data from the World Bank. The GDP value of Taiwan represents 0.72 percent of the world economy. This dataset provides - Taiwan GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) International Direct Investment Statistics database provides annual statistics from 1980 onwards on international direct investment to and from the OECD area. Data are broken down by geographical zone and industrial sector for direct investment flows and stocks. The data are presented in the following tables:

Direct Investment by Country
Provides statistics for OECD countries on international direct investment flows (inflows, outflows) and position (inward, outward) by geographical distribution, i.e. to and from partner countries and regions. Data are provided in national currency.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - by Industrial Sectors
Provides statistics for OECD countries on international direct investment flow (inflows, outflows) and positions (inward, outward) by industrial sector, according to the International Standard Industrial Classification Revision 3 secondary level classification.

Exchange Rates
Provides statistics for OECD countries on exchange rates both as yearly averages and end-of-period rates in national currency units per United States dollar (USD). Note: These OECD series relate to exchange rates used at the time of drafting to compute the amounts in US dollars for comparative tables. Data are provided in national currency per US dollar.

Summary Tables
This table provides cross-country comparisons of international direct investment flows (inflows, outflows) and positions (outward, inward). Data are provided in millions of US dollars.

These data were first provided by the UK Data Service in May 2004.

Graph and download economic data for South African Rand to U.S. Dollar Spot Exchange Rate (DEXSFUS) from 1980-01-02 to 2025-07-25 about South Africa, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

The gross domestic product (GDP) in current prices in Japan was about 4.03 trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. Between 1980 and 2024, the GDP rose by approximately 2.90 trillion U.S. dollars, though the increase followed an uneven trajectory rather than a consistent upward trend. The GDP will steadily rise by around 960 billion U.S. dollars over the period from 2024 to 2030, reflecting a clear upward trend.This indicator describes the gross domestic product at current prices. The values are based upon the GDP in national currency converted to U.S. dollars using market exchange rates (yearly average). The GDP represents the total value of final goods and services produced during a year.

Key information about Saudi Arabia Exchange Rate against USD

• Saudi Arabia Exchange Rate against USD averaged 3.750 (USD/SAR) in Jun 2023, compared with 3.750 USD/SAR in the previous month.
• Saudi Arabia Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to Jun 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 4.500 in Nov 1971 and a record low of 3.301 in Oct 1978.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Saudi Central Bank provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to June 1996 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Saudi Arabia Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Saudi Arabia Short Term Interest Rate: Monthly Avg: SIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 5.829 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Official Repo Rate) was set at 5.750 % pa in Jun 2023.