3D mesh models can be downloaded for free using the index maps available on the service www.geoportal.gov.pl in group of layers „Data for download”

a two-dimensional footprint of buildings from the BUBD_A object class in the BDOT10K database LiDAR Point Cloud Data (building class) obtained in airborne laser scanning technology (density 4 points/m2 and 12 points/m2 or greater – depending on the area type) digital terrain model (1 m grid size). 3D models of building were developed by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography: 1. based on the CityGML 2.0 standard, the LoD2 level of detail, as part of the task “Construction of 3D models of building” in the project of the Center for Spatial Analysis of Public Administration (CAPAP) for 236 counties covering the area of 10 voivodeship (dark blue): Figure 1 Scope of developing 3D models of buildings in the LoD2 standard 2. based on CityGML 2.0 standard, the LoD1 level of detail, as part of internal works for the entire country; the LoD1 standard for the presentation of buildings uses solid with a base corresponding a two-dimensional footprint of buildings from the BUBD_A object class in the BDOT10K database and the height obtained from LiDAR Point Cloud Data (building class) as the median of points in the building outline. 3D models of building at LoD1 level of detail are available in three layers: Buildings LOD1 2019 – developed on the basis of source data available in the central geodetic and cartographic resource as of 2018/2019 Buildings LOD1 2021 – developed on the basis of source data available in the central geodetic and cartographic resource as of 2021 Buildings LOD1 2022- developed on the basis of source data available in the central geodetic and cartographic resource as of 2022 3D buildings models in the LoD1 standard are available in county packages and have been generated automatically on the basis of current data available in the state geodetic and cartographic resource, with the following assumptions:

Get key insights on Market Research Intellect's 3D Mapping And Modeling In Mapping Market Report: valued at USD 5.2 billion in 2024, set to grow steadily to USD 12.8 billion by 2033, recording a CAGR of 10.5%.Examine opportunities driven by end-user demand, R&D progress, and competitive strategies.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global electronic cartography market size is USD 26.94 billion in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.49% from 2024 to 2031. Market Dynamics of Electronic Cartography Market

Key Drivers for Electronic Cartography Market

Rising use of Smartphones and IoT - The prominent factor that drives the market growth include the widespread use of smartphones, tablets, and electronic devices. In addition rise in the usage of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, heightened the demand for real-time mapping solutions, consequently driving the demand for the electronic cartography market. In addition, growing dependence on location-based services (LBS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and GPS applications for searching nearby theatre halls, gasoline stations, restaurants, urban planning, disaster management, is another factor that drives the demand for electronic cartography during the forecast period.
The increasing need for real-time data mapping to create precise and current digital representations, combined with the capability to analyze and visualize streaming data from sensors, devices, and social media feeds, is expected to propel market growth.

Key Restraints for Electronic Cartography Market

Integrating geographic,and geo-social data from different sources, such as social media and satellite imagery, can be challenging due to differences in data formats and scales.
Lack of expertise among users regarding the adoption of electronic cartography in marine industry may hampered the market growth

Introduction of the Electronic Cartography Market

Electronic cartography is a technology that allows to simulate the surrounding area with the help of special technical means and computer programs. Electronic cartography integrated with various processes such as data processing, data acquisitions, map distribution, and map creation. As the demand for topographical information systems grows, the deployment of digital mapping has grown in the government and public sectors. The Science & Technology Directorate (S&T), in May 2024,has launched a digital indoor map navigator Mappedin. This digital indoor map navigator transform floor plans into interactive and easily maintainable digitized maps, and is currently being used by both response agencies and corporate clients. Mappedin provides high-quality 3D map creation, easy-to-use mapping tools and data, map sharing, and data maintenance, to city executives, building owner operators and first responders to make and deliver maps for a variety of safety-related situations—from advance preparation and planning to assistance during emergency incidents. Additionally the rapid rise in the number of smartphone and internet users has fueled industry expansion. Additionally, the increasing number of connected and semi-autonomous vehicles along with anticipated advancements in self-driving and navigation technologies, are expected to boost the demand for electronic cartography market.

Market Size and Growth: The global digital cartography market is projected to reach a value of USD 26.4 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 13.2% from 2025 to 2033. The increasing demand for accurate and real-time geospatial data, particularly in the commercial and military sectors, is a major driver of market growth. Advancements in technology, such as the rise of 3D mapping and the integration of artificial intelligence, are also contributing to the market's expansion. Key Trends and Market Segmentation: Growth in the digital cartography market is being fueled by several key trends, including the increasing adoption of smartphones and tablets, the rise of autonomous vehicles, and the growing use of geospatial data in business intelligence. The market is segmented based on application (personal use, commercial use, military use, others) and type (2D, 3D). Key players in the global digital cartography market include Google, Microsoft, Apple, Mapbox, and DigitalGlobe. Digital cartography is the creation of maps using digital tools and technologies. It is a rapidly growing field, driven by the increasing availability of digital data and the growing need for accurate and up-to-date maps. The digital cartography market is expected to grow from USD 7.2 billion in 2022 to USD 21.6 billion by 2029, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.7% during the forecast period.

Three-dimensional model of up-to-date mapping buildings. The extrusion process to generate the geometry in 3D is carried out from the restitution of all the roof lines of the building layer of the municipal base cartography at 1:1000 scale. It obtains a level of detail LOD2 (level of definition) of great geometric precision in cover. Next to the download links in I3S/SLPK format of the 3D objects is attached the 2D layer of polygon type of the data model, 01_EDIFICATIONS_P, which provides a unique identifier (ID_3D, also existing in 3D geometries) with the main objective of transferring and representing thematic information in the 3D objects themselves. In the Downloads tab you can get the following formats: - Shapefile Multipatch grouped by districts - OBJ of each building grouped by districts. The free Windows 3D Viewer is suggested for viewing. - FBX of each building grouped by districts. The free Windows 3D Viewer is suggested for viewing. NOTICE: In the geoportal of the Madrid City Council, the information and complete services of this data set are available through the following link: Three-dimensional model of buildings of the municipal base cartography Source: Geoportal City Council of Madrid.

The digital cartography market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for location-based services (LBS), advancements in geographic information systems (GIS), and the proliferation of smart devices. The market, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $45 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The automotive industry's reliance on precise mapping for autonomous vehicles and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) is a significant contributor. Furthermore, the growth of e-commerce and logistics necessitates sophisticated mapping solutions for efficient delivery and route optimization. The increasing adoption of cloud-based GIS platforms and the development of high-resolution satellite imagery are also contributing to market expansion. However, challenges remain. Data accuracy and consistency across different mapping platforms pose an ongoing concern. The high cost of data acquisition and processing, particularly for high-resolution imagery and detailed 3D models, can hinder wider adoption, especially for smaller businesses. Addressing data privacy concerns and ensuring regulatory compliance in data collection and usage are also crucial for sustainable market growth. Despite these restraints, the long-term outlook for the digital cartography market remains positive, driven by continuous technological advancements and the expanding applications of location intelligence across various sectors.

Abstract Technical graphic representation presents problems concerning the reduction of dimensionality from 3D to 2D. AEC (architecture, engineering and construction) projects usually adopt the top view paradigm with two-dimensional orthogonal projection. Recently, three major changes in technical representation were the alteration of orthogonal projection into a three-dimensional perspective view, inclusion of oriented object programing as in BIM (Building Information Model) and the interactions with AR (augmented reality). In this context, the present research evaluates the proposal of symbology based on color Hue as done in Cartography and the impact of three-dimensionality of the symbol in the identification of incompatibilities in a project of a residential building. An application of the visual variable color hue was proposed improve readability to representations and evaluations were performed with expert users, using representations in CAD 2D, BIM and AR in top and perspective views. Results indicate the color hue improve the cognitive process of read, interpret and find incompatibilities in civil projects, while the change of point of view contribute to interaction and manipulation in virtual environments. Both shows significance higher than 6% in ANOVA tests.

The Electronic Cartography System (ECS) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across commercial, aviation, and defense sectors. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors: the rising adoption of advanced navigation technologies, stringent safety regulations necessitating precise and updated cartographic data, and the burgeoning need for efficient route planning and optimization across various transportation modes. The integration of ECS into sophisticated onboard systems, coupled with the proliferation of GPS and other satellite-based navigation technologies, is significantly bolstering market growth. Furthermore, the continuous development of high-resolution digital charts and improved user interfaces enhances the overall efficiency and safety of navigation, thereby fueling market demand. We estimate the current market size to be approximately $10 billion in 2025, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is anticipated to be largely driven by the aviation and defense segments, given the critical role of accurate cartography in these sectors. However, the market faces certain restraints, including high initial investment costs for implementing advanced ECS and the potential for cybersecurity vulnerabilities within digital cartographic systems. Market segmentation reveals significant opportunities within specific application areas. The aviation segment, encompassing both commercial and defense applications, is projected to dominate the market owing to the indispensable nature of accurate and reliable navigational data for safe and efficient flight operations. The marine sector, while exhibiting steady growth, may experience slower expansion compared to aviation due to varying levels of technological adoption across different maritime segments. Technological advancements, such as the development of 3D mapping and integration with augmented reality (AR) technologies, are expected to further propel market growth in the coming years. Key players, including Honeywell Aerospace, Thales, Jeppesen, Universal Avionics, and Garmin, are actively investing in research and development to enhance the functionality and precision of their ECS offerings, intensifying competition and further driving innovation within the sector. Geographic growth will likely be concentrated in regions experiencing significant infrastructure development and expansion of transportation networks, such as Asia-Pacific and North America.

Terrain data in the form of shadow maps or greyscales can be used directly in various GIS. The shadow map and the card in grey tones are available both as transparent and non-transparent, ensuring that the cards can be combined with e.g. orthophotos or cartographic maps, giving them a 3D expression.

Original CAD data: Floor plan of teaching building construction drawingThe essential features extracted: CADtoGISClassified spatial features: Teaching_buildingFurther generated road network model: Planar floor network model; 3D navigation network modelExample of a small-scale plane model: EX_Planar floor network modelExample of escalator path: EX_Escalator path

Topographic cartography covering the municipality of Reus, compiled in 3 dimensions. It includes information related to the following layers of information: relief, elevation, hydrography, land covers, roads and other transport networks, traffic signs, buildings, constructions and facilities, energy and telecommunications, logs, urban furniture, and toponymy and municipal inventories. Scale of reference: 1:500.

This map represents a research effort focused upon collecting data on the age, height, and history of each lighthouse that shines upon the Atlantic Ocean. Data were manually collected from local, national, and international libraries including Lighthouse Friends, the United States National Park Service, and Wikipedia. The map was produced in ArcGIS Pro for construction of the lighthouse dataset and initial layout, then exported to Blender (3D rendering and animation software). The 2D terrain was then extruded to become a 3D elevation model, and the Atlantic Ocean created as a simulated water surface. Each lighthouse point was transformed into a 3D light source and a true light simulation performed on the scene to render the partially-illuminated terrain and water based on the presence of lighthouses, forming a heatmap (or lightmap!) to underlay the data itself. Lighthouses are shown by height, age, and whether they still serve as a navigational aid.Other Information:The lighthouses dataset was manually assembled by the authors for a variety of sources, including Wikipedia, the National Park Service, Lighthouse Friends, travel and tourism guides, and more. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 30-meter Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to generate the 3D elevation model and enable light and shadow simulation in Blender. Software used: QGIS, Blender, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe InDesign. Map created by Michael Huff, GISP, and Ryan Huff, 2025.

The Atlas of Switzerland – online is based on an updated collection of already existing map topics from former editions, e.g. geology in category Nature and Environment. In parallel, the list of existing thematic topics will be completed by new categories, e.g., History and Future. As a main visualization principle, a map should be presentable in 2D and 3D, thus combining the advantages of orthogonal and perspective map view. 3D visualization techniques that fulfill this requirement are e.g. tubes, fences, billboards, extruded objects, floating objects and layer, or solid 3D objects. In every case, a 2D map will provide object information of the top surface or the tilted objects, whereas a 3D map may contain additional variable values on its z-axis (by means of height, color, texture). Website: https://www.atlasderschweiz.ch

- 01_RAW_DATA contains 2 CSV files: the first contains all drawings used for the analyse, the second all participations. We made attribute join on session

- 02_MAP_DRAWING contains all drawings split by view (location, style, zoom).

- 03_DRAWING_ANCHORS split drawings by view after manual selection and assignment (Location, style, zoom, drawings_anchor).

- 04_ANCHORS contains the vector delineation of pan-scalar anchors (Location, style, zoom,anchor). See workflow_QGIS AllProcess.excalidraw with excalidraw website

- 05_STATISTIC_DRAWING contains statictical attribute information calculte in xls of drawings (Location, style, zoom,drawings_statistics) See workflow_QGIS AllProcess.excalidraw with excalidraw website

- 06_BOUNDED_ANCHOR contains vector data for anchor lines that have been drawn in the same hue (Location, style, zoom,bounded_anchor). See workflow_QGIS AllProcess.excalidraw- with excalidraw website

- 07_WORFLOW_ANCHOR : Contains all QGIS workflows used for AnchorWhat analysis + See workflow_QGIS AllProcess.excalidraw with excalidraw website

- 08_ILLUSTATIONS contains most of the illustrations for the script

- 09_INITIAL_VIEWS: Contain all the view one wich participants were drawings

- 10_3D_VIEWS : Contain the views where drawing were extruded. The height of each pixel corresponds to the number of drawing divided by the number of participant See workflow_QGIS AllProcess.excalidraw- with excalidraw website

- 11_ANNOTED_VIEWS : Contain the 3D view annoted with the anchors.Linked to the illustration folder.

Global 3D GIS Platform is segmented by Application (Urban Planning, Real Estate, Technology, Engineering, Mapping), Type (GIS Mapping, 3D Visualization, Data Analysis, Geospatial Systems, Cartography) and Geography(North America, LATAM, West Europe, Central & Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Oceania, MEA)

OptimalGrowthData

External Code

This repository relies on a modest amount of external code in order to run properly. Unfortunately, due to licensing concerns, that code cannot be directly included in this repository. If you want run the various scripts in this repository, you must first download the open source MATLAB software package gptoolbox. Among a great deal of additional functionality, this package contains the readOFF function which enables users to open the many .off mesh files. Add these functions to the MATLAB path using:

addpath(genpath('/Path/To/gptoolbox'));

Please note that you do not actually need to install gptoolbox. You merely have to clone the GitHub repository and add it to your path. If you would like to install it, please consult the extensive installation instructions on that GitHub page.

Mesh Data Format

Most of the data is surface mesh data stored in .off format. You can view th...

Constructing maps suitable for autonomous vehicles (AVs) is a critical research focus in autonomous driving and AI, extending cartography’s challenges. Building on cartographic principles, we propose the concept of a road scene map along with its modeling method that incorporates dynamic/static traffic elements with geometric/semantic features. Current limitations include unclear road scene graph relationships and a lack of integration among 3D traffic entity detection, map element detection, and scene relation extraction. To address these issues, we propose a method for constructing road scene maps: (1) A multi-task detection model identifies traffic entities and map elements directly in bird’s-eye-view (BEV) space, providing precise location, geometry, and attribute data; (2) A unified road scene relation pattern enables rule-based spatial/semantic relationship extraction. Experiments on nuScenes demonstrate improvements: the detection model achieves 1.5% and 1.9% accuracy gains in traffic entity and map element detection over state-of-the-art methods, while the relation extraction method covers broader perceptual ranges and more complex interactions. Results confirm the effective integration of 3D object detection, map element recognition, and scene relation extraction into a unified map. This integration delivers critical environmental information (locations, geometries, attributes, and spatial/semantic relationships) to AVs, significantly enhancing their perception and reasoning in dynamic road scenarios.

Cartographically, there are now many ways of depicting the spatiotemporal life of human individuals, from flow and animated maps to 3D space-time cubes. However, these scientifically led representations have limited expressive potential for the emotional and inner life of these individuals. Artistic visual forms have been identified as a resource to bring such qualitative communication to and alongside maps. In the ‘Journey as a Flow' project we attempt to represent the geometry and motivation of everyday human motion in relation to various points in the environment and within an environment of other individual flows. We have produced various visual artwork sketches in order to understand the wide range of environmental flows of an individual as well as one's perception of them. We used the space-time cube (i.e. time-geographic aquarium) as a starting point, dictated by the need to create a functional tool in which space and time were both visible, as well as having potential as a 3D tangible object for physical exhibition. This forms the basis for analyses of displacement, interaction and perception. All the modifications of this established geospatial visualisation are inspirations and incorporations from art disciplines. The project outputs therefore include inspirations from cine-plastic art and Escher’s perspective drawings, but the main part of it draws from the Italian renaissance concept of the image conceived as a framed window through which we look at the world. The idea of central perspective has also been used to portray spaces as a flow toward a specific destination. The overall set of representations depict a dynamic version of human lives, while the set of various metaphors deployed drive an artistic interpretation of how some people can perceive (their own / other) flows during their journey. A transformation has therefore occurred from a temporal flow would be conventionally spatial to one that assumes platial properties (i.e. an individually led geography of place).

To date, the ways of testing tactile signs lack systematization. Hence, the aim of our research was to methodically evaluate the legibility of the proposed set of tactile signs. Our solution is based on the sign theory, in which signs have relations with reality, other signs, and users. We employed a two-step procedure by first assessing signs in isolation to verify the ease of decoding and differentiation of signs within the same geometry type, and then evaluating their correct interpretation in context – on a map with signs in different geometries. We validated our approach using signs designed for historic garden maps that formed our case study. We tested these signs across three matrices (for point, line and area signs). Most of the signs were correctly recognized by the study participants in the first attempt. Any illegible signs were redesigned and reevaluated in context using seven pseudomaps. At this stage, minor issues related to single signs arouse, primarily due to inappropriate pseudomap design rules rather than sign geometries themselves. Based on participants’ feedback, we refined the signs again, and finally obtained a standardized set of 52 legible signs, intended for 3D-printed tactile maps using the DLP technique. Our analysis confirms that the proposed signs are legible, regardless of the user’s skills and characteristics.