The city in the United States with the highest average PM2.5 concentration in 2024 was South Padre Island in Texas, at 21.6 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). That year, Texas also featured another city in the top 10 ranking of most polluted cities in the North American country – Gilmer. Meanwhile, California's city of Shafter had the second-highest PM2.5 concentration, at about 16.1 μg/m³. The state of California typically suffers from high concentrations of PM2.5 due to the large number of wildfires that spread across the west coast of the United States, leaving many cities exposed to smoke.

Byrnihat was the most polluted city in India in 2024, with an average PM2.5 concentration of nearly 130 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). This high level of pollution made the small industrial town on the Assam Meghalaya border the most polluted cities worldwide in 2024. Poor air quality across India India was the fifth-most polluted country in the world in 2024, with an average PM2.5 concentration of 50.6 μg/m³. That same year, the country's capital New Delhi was also the most polluted capital city in the world. Vehicle exhaust and wood burning are some of the main sources of particulate air pollution in India, together with soil, road and construction dust . Impacts of air pollution in India The severe air pollution in India can have detrimental health impacts on the country's population. Fine particle pollutants penetrate deeply in the lungs, causing respiratory problems and can even result in premature death. More than two million deaths are attibuted to air pollution in India every year.

Milan had the highest average PM2.5 concentration among Europe's most populated cities in 2021 and 2022, with 19.7 µg/m3. Milan sits in the Po Valley of Northern Italy, which is one of Europe's most polluted regions due to its geographical location and proximity to industrial activities. Poland's capital Warsaw ranked second, with average PM2.5 concentrations of 16.1 µg/m3 based on levels measured in 2021 and 2022. Warsaw is prone to poor air quality due to factors such as burning solid fuels for household heating. Around 97 percent of the European Union's urban population is exposed to PM2.5 concentrations above World Health Organization guidelines.

Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Chengdu data was reported at 25.000 mcg/Cub m in Sep 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 18.000 mcg/Cub m for Aug 2023. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Chengdu data is updated monthly, averaging 43.000 mcg/Cub m from Nov 2014 (Median) to Sep 2023, with 105 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 136.000 mcg/Cub m in Jan 2017 and a record low of 18.000 mcg/Cub m in Aug 2023. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Chengdu data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Environmental Protection – Table CN.EPJ: Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: City. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses threat to human health in China, particularly in winter. The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to a series of strict control measures in Chinese cities, resulting in a short-term significant improvement in air quality. This is a perfect case to explore driving factors affecting the PM2.5 distributions in Chinese cities, thus helping form better policies for future PM2.5 mitigation. Based on panel data of 332 cities, we analyzed the function of natural and anthropogenic factors to PM2.5 pollution by applying the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model. We found that the PM2.5 concentration of 84.3% of cities decreased after lockdown. Spatially, in the winter of 2020, cities with high PM2.5 concentrations were mainly distributed in Northeast China, the North China Plain and the Tarim Basin. Higher temperature, wind speed and relative humidity were easier to promote haze pollution in northwest of the country, where enhanced surface pressure decreased PM2.5 concentrations. Furthermore, the intensity of trip activities (ITAs) had a significant positive effect on PM2.5 pollution in Northwest and Central China. The number of daily pollutant operating vents of key polluting enterprises in the industrial sector (VOI) in northern cities was positively correlated with the PM2.5 concentration; inversely, the number of daily pollutant operating vents of key polluting enterprises in the power sector (VOP) imposed a negative effect on the PM2.5 concentration in these regions. This work provides some implications for regional air quality improvement policies of Chinese cities in wintertime.

Air pollution levels in cities vary greatly around the world, though they are typically higher in developing regions. In 2024, the cities of Jakarta and Cairo had an average PM2.5 concentrations of 41.7 and 39.9 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m³) respectively. By comparison, PM2.5 levels in London and New York were less than eight μg/m³. Nevertheless, pollution levels in these four major cities are all higher than the World Health Organization's healthy limit, which are set at an annual average of less than five μg/m³. There are many sources of air pollution, such as energy production, transportation, and agricultural activities.

Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Guiyang data was reported at 14.000 mcg/Cub m in Sep 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 11.000 mcg/Cub m for Aug 2023. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Guiyang data is updated monthly, averaging 27.000 mcg/Cub m from Nov 2014 (Median) to Sep 2023, with 105 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.000 mcg/Cub m in Jan 2015 and a record low of 10.000 mcg/Cub m in Aug 2022. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Guiyang data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Environmental Protection – Table CN.EPJ: Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: City. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Ecuador: Guayaquil data was reported at 8.339 mcg/Cub m in 31 Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.180 mcg/Cub m for 30 Mar 2025. Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Ecuador: Guayaquil data is updated daily, averaging 11.033 mcg/Cub m from Oct 2019 (Median) to 31 Mar 2025, with 1986 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 44.308 mcg/Cub m in 17 Dec 2022 and a record low of 4.065 mcg/Cub m in 07 Mar 2020. Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Ecuador: Guayaquil data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table CAMS.AQF: Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: by Cities. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 1 Cities in the Richmond city, VA by Hispanic Black or African American population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each Cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Hispanic Black Population: This column displays the rank of Cities in the Richmond city, VA by their Hispanic Black or African American population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• Cities: The Cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Hispanic Black Population: The Hispanic Black population of the Cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total Cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total Cities population identifies as Hispanic Black. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Richmond city Hispanic Black Population: This tells us how much of the entire Richmond city, VA Hispanic Black population lives in that Cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 5 cities in the Amador County, CA by Asian population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Asian Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Amador County, CA by their Asian population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Asian Population: The Asian population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Asian. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Amador County Asian Population: This tells us how much of the entire Amador County, CA Asian population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Santa María – a Peruvian city located to the west of the Andes mountain range – was the most polluted city in Latin America in 2024, based on fine air particulate matter concentration (PM2.5). That year, the city reported an average PM2.5 concentration of 53.4 micrograms per cubic meter. This was followed by Coyhaique, located in Chile, with an estimated PM2.5 concentration of around 40.5 μg/m³. Pollution in Latin American capitals The Chilean capital, Santiago, registered an average PM2.5 concentration of 21.3 μg/m³ in 2023. Lima, the Peruvian capital, had an estimated PM2.5 concentration of around 19.7 μg/m³, while in the capital of Mexico (Mexico City), air pollution amounted to 22.3 μg/m³. The World Health Organization's air quality standards recommend a maximum annual average concentration of 10 μg/m³. The burden of pollution on health Air particulate pollution has been associated with an increase in mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as development of lung cancer. This is specially concerning considering that nearly 2.8 billion people worldwide are exposed to hazardous levels of air pollution. In particular, South Asia was home to the countries with the highest exposure to hazardous concentrations of air pollution in 2022.

Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Xiamen data was reported at 13.000 mcg/Cub m in Sep 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 15.000 mcg/Cub m for Aug 2023. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Xiamen data is updated monthly, averaging 23.000 mcg/Cub m from Nov 2014 (Median) to Sep 2023, with 105 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 52.000 mcg/Cub m in Jan 2015 and a record low of 8.000 mcg/Cub m in Jun 2020. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Xiamen data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Environmental Protection – Table CN.EPJ: Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: City. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

The datasets are split by census block, cities, counties, districts, provinces, and states. The typical dataset includes the below fields.

Column numbers, Data attribute, Description 1, device_id, hashed anonymized unique id per moving device 2, origin_geoid, geohash id of the origin grid cell 3, destination_geoid, geohash id of the destination grid cell 4, origin_lat, origin latitude with 4-to-5 decimal precision 5, origin_long, origin longitude with 4-to-5 decimal precision 6, destination_lat, destination latitude with 5-to-6 decimal precision 7, destination_lon, destination longitude with 5-to-6 decimal precision 8, start_timestamp, start timestamp / local time 9, end_timestamp, end timestamp / local time 10, origin_shape_zone, customer provided origin shape id, zone or census block id 11, destination_shape_zone, customer provided destination shape id, zone or census block id 12, trip_distance, inferred distance traveled in meters, as the crow flies 13, trip_duration, inferred duration of the trip in seconds 14, trip_speed, inferred speed of the trip in meters per second 15, hour_of_day, hour of day of trip start (0-23) 16, time_period, time period of trip start (morning, afternoon, evening, night) 17, day_of_week, day of week of trip start(mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun) 18, year, year of trip start 19, iso_week, iso week of the trip 20, iso_week_start_date, start date of the iso week 21, iso_week_end_date, end date of the iso week 22, travel_mode, mode of travel (walking, driving, bicycling, etc) 23, trip_event, trip or segment events (start, route, end, start-end) 24, trip_id, trip identifier (unique for each batch of results) 25, origin_city_block_id, census block id for the trip origin point 26, destination_city_block_id, census block id for the trip destination point 27, origin_city_block_name, census block name for the trip origin point 28, destination_city_block_name, census block name for the trip destination point 29, trip_scaled_ratio, ratio used to scale up each trip, for example, a trip_scaled_ratio value of 10 means that 1 original trip was scaled up to 10 trips 30, route_geojson, geojson line representing trip route trajectory or geometry

The datasets can be processed and enhanced to also include places, POI visitation patterns, hour-of-day patterns, weekday patterns, weekend patterns, dwell time inferences, and macro movement trends.

The dataset is delivered as gzipped CSV archive files that are uploaded to your AWS s3 bucket upon request.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 5 cities in the Malheur County, OR by Some Other Race (SOR) population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Other Race Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Malheur County, OR by their Some Other Race (SOR) population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Other Race Population: The Other Race population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Other Race. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Malheur County Other Race Population: This tells us how much of the entire Malheur County, OR Other Race population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Ajaplan was the most polluted city in Mexico in 2024, based on fine air particulate matter concentration (PM2.5). Throughout the year, the city had an average particulate matter concentration of 24.3 micrograms per cubic meter. The average particulate matter pollution in the national capital Mexico City stood at 19.5 micrograms per cubic meter that year. How bad is fine air pollution in Mexico? Fine air particulate pollution (PM2.5) refers to particles with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometers. Due to their small size, once inhaled they can penetrate body tissue, and trigger respiratory issues such as asthma and allergies, in addition to being associated with an increase in mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The World Health Organization's air quality standards recommend a maximum annual average concentration of 10 µg/m³. Nevertheless, Mexico's PM2.5 levels in 2024 averaged over 17 µg/m³. This positioned Mexico in 55th place amongst the countries with the highest PM2.5 concentration that year, far below Chad, which ranked first in the list with pollution levels reaching over 90 µg/m³. Mexico also had some of the cities with the highest air pollution across Latin America, together with Chile and Peru. Where are the world’s most polluted cities? Despite pollution levels above those recommended by the World Health Organization, Mexico City didn’t even make it to the top 25 most polluted capital cities in 2024. That year, the ranking was topped by Indian capital New Delhi, with an average PM2.5 concentration of nearly 108.3 µg/m³. In fact, the majority of the most air polluted cities worldwide in 2024 were located in India, with the average PM2.5 concentration reaching as high as 128.2 µg/m³. Pakistan also had some of the world’s most polluted cities.

Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Changchun data was reported at 13.000 mcg/Cub m in Sep 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.000 mcg/Cub m for Aug 2023. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Changchun data is updated monthly, averaging 35.000 mcg/Cub m from Nov 2014 (Median) to Sep 2023, with 105 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 134.000 mcg/Cub m in Nov 2015 and a record low of 10.000 mcg/Cub m in Aug 2023. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Changchun data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Environmental Protection – Table CN.EPJ: Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: City. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Changde data was reported at 24.000 mcg/Cub m in Sep 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 26.000 mcg/Cub m for Aug 2023. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Changde data is updated monthly, averaging 34.000 mcg/Cub m from Jun 2018 (Median) to Sep 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 121.000 mcg/Cub m in Jan 2019 and a record low of 14.000 mcg/Cub m in Jul 2022. Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: Monthly Average: Changde data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Environmental Protection – Table CN.EPJ: Air Quality: PM2.5 Concentration: City. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 5 cities in the Conejos County, CO by Non-Hispanic Some Other Race (SOR) population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Non-Hispanic Other Race Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Conejos County, CO by their Non-Hispanic Some Other Race (SOR) population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Non-Hispanic Other Race Population: The Non-Hispanic Other Race population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Non-Hispanic Other Race. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Conejos County Non-Hispanic Other Race Population: This tells us how much of the entire Conejos County, CO Non-Hispanic Other Race population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Percent of Related Children Age 5-17 in Families in Poverty for San Francisco County/City, CA (PP5T17CA06075A156NCEN) from 1989 to 2023 about San Francisco County/City, CA; San Francisco; 5 to 17 years; family; CA; percent; child; poverty; and USA.

In 2023, people in Nottingham were exposed to annual average particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations of 9.1 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). This was almost double the average PM2.5 concentration observed in Edinburgh, that year. The UK capital – London – had an average PM2.5 concentration of 8.4 μg/m³ in 2023. While this was considerably lower than PM2.5 concentrations in the most polluted capital cities in Europe, levels in London were still above World Health Organization guidelines of five μg/m³.