In 2024, Madrid was the city with the most inhabitants in Spain. In that year, more than 3.42 million people lived in the city. Barcelona was the second-largest city with 1.69 million residents.

Madrid was the most visited city destination in Spain in 2023, having welcomed nearly ** million overnight visitors. The Catalonian capital followed second in the ranking that year, with roughly *** million tourists spending at least one night in the destination. How did Madrid rank in tourist visits and accommodation? In 2022, Madrid attracted over 4.5 million domestic and 4.6 million international tourists for stays exceeding one day, despite experiencing a more than 10 percent decrease compared to 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Furthermore, the Spanish capital has consistently ranked among the top ten European cities with the highest number of nights spent by tourists in paid accommodation, securing the 8th position that year. Which regions attracted the most international tourists? Spain's international tourism rebounded strongly from the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, surpassing 100 million visitors in 2022. Catalonia led as the most visited region, attracting over **** million international tourists. The United Kingdom played a pivotal role as the primary source of international tourists, contributing over ** million travelers, followed by France with around ** million visitors.

This dataset is about cities in Spain. It has 488 rows. It features 5 columns: country, population, latitude, and longitude.

In 2022, La Puebla de Alfindén was Spain's most polluted city based on PM2.5 emissions, with a concentration that stood at 15.6 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). Murcia followed in second, with a PM2.5 concentration amounting to 15.2 μg/m³. These levels exceeded WHO guidelines by roughly three times.

All cities with a population > 1000 or seats of adm div (ca 80.000)Sources and ContributionsSources : GeoNames is aggregating over hundred different data sources. Ambassadors : GeoNames Ambassadors help in many countries. Wiki : A wiki allows to view the data and quickly fix error and add missing places. Donations and Sponsoring : Costs for running GeoNames are covered by donations and sponsoring.Enrichment:add country name

In 1500, the largest city was Paris, with an estimated 225 thousand inhabitants, almost double the population of the second-largest city, Naples. As in 1330, Venice and Milan remain the third and fourth largest cities in Western Europe, however Genoa's population almost halved from 1330 until 1500, as it was struck heavily by the bubonic plague in the mid-1300s. In lists prior to this, the largest cities were generally in Spain and Italy, however, as time progressed, the largest populations could be found more often in Italy and France. The year 1500 is around the beginning of what we now consider modern history, a time that saw the birth of many European empires and inter-continental globalization.

Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old data was reported at 1,559.400 EUR/sq m in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,550.700 EUR/sq m for Dec 2017. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,517.500 EUR/sq m from Mar 2010 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,835.500 EUR/sq m in Mar 2010 and a record low of 1,445.100 EUR/sq m in Sep 2014. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Public Works. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.P003: Housing Prices: Free Market: by Region and Major City.

This dataset is about museums in Spain. It has 2 rows. It features 5 columns: country, city, visitors, and latitude.

Chart and table of population level and growth rate for the Madrid, Spain metro area from 1950 to 2025.

This dataset is about companies in Spain. It has 78,600 rows. It features 5 columns: city, country, industry, and foundation year.

Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old: Alicante data was reported at 1,122.200 EUR/sq m in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,101.400 EUR/sq m for Dec 2017. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old: Alicante data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,080.400 EUR/sq m from Mar 2010 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,461.800 EUR/sq m in Jun 2010 and a record low of 1,035.000 EUR/sq m in Mar 2014. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old: Alicante data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Public Works. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.P003: Housing Prices: Free Market: by Region and Major City.

This dataset is about countries in Spain. It has 1 row. It features 5 columns: currency, capital city, continent, and political leader.

Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Spain: Barcelona data was reported at 18.860 mcg/Cub m in 22 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 17.108 mcg/Cub m for 21 May 2025. Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Spain: Barcelona data is updated daily, averaging 11.654 mcg/Cub m from Oct 2019 (Median) to 22 May 2025, with 2038 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 82.557 mcg/Cub m in 05 Mar 2021 and a record low of 1.513 mcg/Cub m in 28 Jan 2025. Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Spain: Barcelona data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table CAMS.AQF: Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: by Cities. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

The Spain commercial real estate market is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 5% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Strong tourism in major cities like Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia consistently boosts demand for hospitality and retail properties. Furthermore, a growing population and increasing urbanization are driving demand for residential and office spaces, particularly in multi-family developments. The logistics sector is also experiencing significant growth, driven by e-commerce expansion and improving infrastructure. While the market faces some constraints, such as potential interest rate fluctuations and construction material price increases, these are being mitigated by strong investor confidence and continued government support for infrastructure projects. Key players like Merlin Properties, Kronos Investment Group, and others are actively shaping the market through large-scale developments and strategic acquisitions. Segmentation analysis indicates a balanced portfolio of investment across office, retail, industrial, logistics, multi-family, and hospitality sectors, with Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, and Catalonia leading the regional market share. The market's resilience is evidenced by the consistent performance during recent economic fluctuations, indicating a relatively stable investment opportunity despite inherent market risks. The ongoing expansion in the Spanish economy, particularly in key sectors like tourism and technology, contributes significantly to the commercial real estate market's optimistic outlook. The diversification across asset classes minimizes risk exposure and provides opportunities for investors with varied portfolios. While specific market size figures require further data, considering a CAGR above 5% and a current sizeable market, reasonable estimation suggests significant growth in the coming years. The presence of established and emerging players indicates a healthy and competitive market environment with opportunities for both large-scale and niche players. Continued monitoring of macroeconomic factors and regional specific dynamics remains crucial for forecasting accurate market trends. The long-term projections suggest a promising future for the Spanish commercial real estate industry, particularly for those with diversified investment strategies that capture the various segments and locations presented above. This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Spain commercial real estate market, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. With a focus on key cities like Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, and Catalonia, this report is essential for investors, developers, and industry professionals seeking to understand the dynamics of this dynamic market. We delve into market size and segmentation, identifying key trends, growth drivers, and challenges. Our detailed forecast, based on the Base Year 2025 and Estimated Year 2025, provides valuable insights for strategic decision-making, extending to the Forecast Period 2025-2033 and utilizing data from the Historical Period 2019-2024. Recent developments include: December 2022: GAena, the Spanish public company in charge of general aviation airports in Spain, announced today a call for tenders for 86 duty-free shops, all of which are indivisible, at 27 airports in its network. The bidding documents include six lots in total, which is twice the number of lots available in the previous tender. According to a press release issued by Aena, the tender will double the number of lots to increase and favor competition among global operators. The total commercial space available will exceed 66.000 square meters, allowing for the development of economies of scale., June 2022: Allianz Real Estate, acting on behalf of several Allianz group companies, paid EUR 185 million (USD 196.95 million) for a portfolio of nine prime residential buildings in Madrid's Chamartn district. The transaction consolidates Allianz Real Estate's ownership of the larger block and expands its exposure to the highly attractive Spanish PRS sector, particularly in Madrid. It is located next to Castellana 200, a mixed-use office and retail asset already owned by Allianz Real Estate. The nine assets include 245 residential units as well as additional retail space.. Key drivers for this market are: Government Initiatives Promoting Affordable Housing, Economic Growth and Rising Disposable Incomes. Potential restraints include: Shortage of Skilled Labor, Fluctuating Construction Materials Costs. Notable trends are: Increasing demand for logistics property driving the market.

Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old: Ciudad Real data was reported at 951.800 EUR/sq m in Mar 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 953.500 EUR/sq m for Dec 2017. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old: Ciudad Real data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,041.900 EUR/sq m from Mar 2010 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,730.100 EUR/sq m in Dec 2011 and a record low of 947.400 EUR/sq m in Sep 2014. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old: Ciudad Real data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Public Works. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.P003: Housing Prices: Free Market: by Region and Major City.

This dataset is about countries in Spain. It has 1 row. It features 5 columns: currency, capital city, continent, and electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric.

Description of the Dataset of Properties in Spain

This dataset contains 542 records of properties available in Spain, with a total of 19 columns that describe different aspects of each property, from its location and price to specific characteristics such as surface, number of rooms, and bathrooms, among others. The columns and their main characteristics are detailed below:

1. Energy_Consumption: Energy consumption in kWh/m² per year. Has missing values.
2. Reference: Unique reference code for each property, numeric type.
3. Heating: Heating type. Has missing values.
4. Country: The country where the property is located, is always "es" (Spain).
5. City: City of the property.
6. Zone: Specific zone within the city, 492 valid records.
7. Energy_Class: Energy class of the property. Has missing values.
8. Publish_date: Date and time the property was published in `YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS` format.
9. Sale_Price: Sale price in Euros.
10. Floor: The floor on which the property is located. Has missing values.
11. Street: Address of the property, with 507 unique streets.
12. Bedrooms: Number of bedrooms, presented as text (e.g., `3 bedr.`).
13. Elevator: Indicates whether the property has an elevator (only `Yes` or null).
14. Bathrooms: Number of bathrooms, with values like `1 bath` and `2 baths`.
15. Year_Construction: The year the property was built.
16. Surface: The surface area of the property in square meters.
17. Autonomous_Community: Autonomous Community of the property.
18. Contrat: Type of contract (`sale` or `rent`).
19. Property_Type: Type of property.

This dataset is suitable for the analysis of property characteristics in the Spanish real estate market, whether to identify price trends, surface distribution, energy efficiency, or to assess the popularity of certain areas and types of properties.

In 2025, approximately 23 million people lived in the São Paulo metropolitan area, making it the biggest in Latin America and the Caribbean and the sixth most populated in the world. The homonymous state of São Paulo was also the most populous federal entity in the country. The second place for the region was Mexico City with 22.75 million inhabitants. Brazil's cities Brazil is home to two large metropolises, only counting the population within the city limits, São Paulo had approximately 11.45 million inhabitants, and Rio de Janeiro around 6.21 million inhabitants. It also contains a number of smaller, but well known cities such as Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte and many others, which report between 2 and 3 million inhabitants each. As a result, the country's population is primarily urban, with nearly 88 percent of inhabitants living in cities. Mexico City Mexico City's metropolitan area ranks sevenths in the ranking of most populated cities in the world. Founded over the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan in 1521 after the Spanish conquest as the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the city still stands as one of the most important in Latin America. Nevertheless, the preeminent economic, political, and cultural position of Mexico City has not prevented the metropolis from suffering the problems affecting the rest of the country, namely, inequality and violence. Only in 2023, the city registered a crime incidence of 52,723 reported cases for every 100,000 inhabitants and around 24 percent of the population lived under the poverty line.

Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Badajoz data was reported at 1,155.800 EUR/sq m in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,138.600 EUR/sq m for Mar 2016. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Badajoz data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,385.700 EUR/sq m from Mar 2010 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,617.400 EUR/sq m in Jun 2010 and a record low of 1,097.500 EUR/sq m in Dec 2013. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Badajoz data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Public Works. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.P003: Housing Prices: Free Market: by Region and Major City.

The study area is located within the municipality of Madrid, the capital and most populated city of Spain.

From October 2021 to September 2022, a survey of the feeding patterns of the common wood pigeon was conducted. To detect common wood pigeons eating both in the ground and trees, we walked transects in parks and streets (henceforth urban matrix) at least 5 times per season alternating morning/afternoon. In total, we walked 307 transects: 141 in parks and 166 in the urban matrix. In summer, late spring and early autumn, the census was conducted between the first 3 hours after the sunrise and the 3 last hours before sunset. During the coldest periods of the year, especially in winter when the days are shorter, the census was conducted from 10 AM -12 AM and 4 PM -6 PM. In parks and gardens, we covered the available pedestrian paths, avoiding passing through the same place on the same transect. In the urban matrix, we covered as many streets as possible in each transect, without passing through the same street twice, and avoiding those that had previously been discarded for lacking trees. We used binoculars to avoid misidentification with other birds and to be sure of the items consumed by the pigeons in each tree. We included only those observations in which the pigeons were seen feeding, being conservative in case we had doubts about what part of the tree they were eating. We excluded non-feeding events: drinking, sunbathing, resting, collecting nest material or moving among the branches without clearly perceiving any foraging behaviour.

We considered the urban matrix streets, avenues, small parks (less than 5 hectares) and public and private gardens integrated in the study area. ‘Parks’ refer to the historical green areas located within the city: Parque de El Retiro (114,19 hectares), Parque del Oeste (79 ha), Parque de la Dehesa de la Villa (64,17 ha), Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (7,8 ha) and Quinta Fuente del Berro (7,42 ha); and other large green areas such as Campo del Moro and Parque de Atenas (which together form a continuum of 27,4 ha) and 6.5 kms of the urban section of the Manzanares river together with its adjacent parks, especially Parque Madrid Río (approx. 35 ha). Moreover, we classified the observations as ‘ground’, when the pigeons were observed feeding grass, elm samaras and other seeds or small stones on the ground, and ‘trees’ when we observed them feeding on branches of trees. When more than one individual common wood pigeon per tree was observed, we registered the abundance. We classified the trees as native or exotic according to Flora Ibérica. In case of uncertainty in the identification of the tree species, we consulted the inventory of trees published for each park (Directorate for Water Management and Green Zones of Madrid City Council 2023) and used mobile phone applications such as PlantNet and "Un alcorque, un árbol".

Flowering phenology (pollen calendar) of the main plant species used by the common wood pigeons in the city of Madrid was estiamted using data from Red Palinocam (https://www.comunidad.madrid/servicios/salud/aerobiologia-polen-esporas#red-palinocam).