In 2024, Madrid was the city with the most inhabitants in Spain. In that year, more than 3.42 million people lived in the city. Barcelona was the second-largest city with 1.69 million residents.

This dataset is about cities in Spain. It has 488 rows. It features 5 columns: country, population, latitude, and longitude.

In 2022, La Puebla de Alfindén was Spain's most polluted city based on PM2.5 emissions, with a concentration that stood at 15.6 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). Murcia followed in second, with a PM2.5 concentration amounting to 15.2 μg/m³. These levels exceeded WHO guidelines by roughly three times.

Madrid was the most visited city destination in Spain in 2024, having welcomed nearly **** million overnight visitors. The Catalonian capital followed second in the ranking that year, with roughly *****million tourists spending at least one night in the destination. How did Madrid rank in tourist visits and accommodation? In 2022, Madrid attracted over 4.5 million domestic and 4.6 million international tourists for stays exceeding one day, despite experiencing a more than 10 percent decrease compared to 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Furthermore, the Spanish capital has consistently ranked among the top ten European cities with the highest number of nights spent by tourists in paid accommodation, securing the 8th position that year. Which regions attracted the most international tourists? Spain's international tourism rebounded strongly from the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, surpassing 100 million visitors in 2022. Catalonia led as the most visited region, attracting over **** million international tourists. The United Kingdom played a pivotal role as the primary source of international tourists, contributing over ** million travelers, followed by France with around ** million visitors.

Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Spain: Barcelona data was reported at 18.860 mcg/Cub m in 22 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 17.108 mcg/Cub m for 21 May 2025. Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Spain: Barcelona data is updated daily, averaging 11.654 mcg/Cub m from Oct 2019 (Median) to 22 May 2025, with 2038 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 82.557 mcg/Cub m in 05 Mar 2021 and a record low of 1.513 mcg/Cub m in 28 Jan 2025. Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Spain: Barcelona data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table CAMS.AQF: Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: by Cities. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

This dataset is about museums in Spain. It has 2 rows. It features 5 columns: country, city, visitors, and latitude.

Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Badajoz data was reported at 1,155.800 EUR/sq m in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,138.600 EUR/sq m for Mar 2016. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Badajoz data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,385.700 EUR/sq m from Mar 2010 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,617.400 EUR/sq m in Jun 2010 and a record low of 1,097.500 EUR/sq m in Dec 2013. Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Badajoz data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Public Works. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.P003: Housing Prices: Free Market: by Region and Major City.

In 2025, approximately 23 million people lived in the São Paulo metropolitan area, making it the biggest in Latin America and the Caribbean and the sixth most populated in the world. The homonymous state of São Paulo was also the most populous federal entity in the country. The second place for the region was Mexico City with 22.75 million inhabitants. Brazil's cities Brazil is home to two large metropolises, only counting the population within the city limits, São Paulo had approximately 11.45 million inhabitants, and Rio de Janeiro around 6.21 million inhabitants. It also contains a number of smaller, but well known cities such as Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte and many others, which report between 2 and 3 million inhabitants each. As a result, the country's population is primarily urban, with nearly 88 percent of inhabitants living in cities. Mexico City Mexico City's metropolitan area ranks sevenths in the ranking of most populated cities in the world. Founded over the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan in 1521 after the Spanish conquest as the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the city still stands as one of the most important in Latin America. Nevertheless, the preeminent economic, political, and cultural position of Mexico City has not prevented the metropolis from suffering the problems affecting the rest of the country, namely, inequality and violence. Only in 2023, the city registered a crime incidence of 52,723 reported cases for every 100,000 inhabitants and around 24 percent of the population lived under the poverty line.

Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Spain: Madrid data was reported at 8.000 mcg/Cub m in 22 May 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8.931 mcg/Cub m for 21 May 2025. Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Spain: Madrid data is updated daily, averaging 7.969 mcg/Cub m from Oct 2019 (Median) to 22 May 2025, with 2038 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 61.188 mcg/Cub m in 19 Jan 2021 and a record low of 1.261 mcg/Cub m in 04 Mar 2022. Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: Spain: Madrid data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table CAMS.AQF: Air Quality Forecast: Contaminant Concentration: PM2.5: by Cities. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

This dataset is about countries in Spain. It has 1 row. It features 5 columns: currency, capital city, continent, and GDP.

Description of the Dataset of Properties in Spain

This dataset contains 538 records of properties available in Spain, with a total of 19 columns that describe different aspects of each property, from its location and price to specific characteristics such as surface, number of rooms, and bathrooms, among others. The columns and their main characteristics are detailed below:

1. Energy_Consumption: Energy consumption in kWh/m² per year. Has missing values.
2. Reference: Unique reference code for each property, numeric type.
3. Heating: Heating type. Has missing values.
4. Country: The country where the property is located, is always "es" (Spain).
5. City: City of the property.
6. Zone: Specific zone within the city, 492 valid records.
7. Energy_Class: Energy class of the property. Has missing values.
8. Publish_date: Date and time the property was published in `YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS` format.
9. Sale_Price: Sale price in Euros.
10. Floor: The floor on which the property is located. Has missing values.
11. Street: Address of the property, with 507 unique streets.
12. Bedrooms: Number of bedrooms, presented as text (e.g., `3 bedr.`).
13. Elevator: Indicates whether the property has an elevator (only `Yes` or null).
14. Bathrooms: Number of bathrooms, with values like `1 bath` and `2 baths`.
15. Year_Construction: The year the property was built.
16. Surface: The surface area of the property in square meters.
17. Autonomous_Community: Autonomous Community of the property.
18. Contrat: Type of contract (`sale` or `rent`).
19. Property_Type: Type of property.

This dataset is suitable for analyzing property characteristics in the Spanish real estate market, whether to identify price trends, surface distribution, and energy efficiency, or to assess the popularity of certain areas and types of properties.

Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Madrid data was reported at 3,403.800 EUR/sq m in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,273.000 EUR/sq m for Jun 2018. Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Madrid data is updated quarterly, averaging 2,995.900 EUR/sq m from Mar 2010 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,507.200 EUR/sq m in Mar 2012 and a record low of 2,646.100 EUR/sq m in Mar 2014. Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Madrid data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Public Works. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.P003: Housing Prices: Free Market: by Region and Major City.

Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old data was reported at 1,559.400 EUR/sq m in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,550.700 EUR/sq m for Dec 2017. Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,517.500 EUR/sq m from Mar 2010 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,835.500 EUR/sq m in Mar 2010 and a record low of 1,445.100 EUR/sq m in Sep 2014. Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: More than 5 Years Old data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Public Works. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.P003: Housing Prices: Free Market: by Region and Major City.

Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Palencia data was reported at 1,386.400 EUR/sq m in Dec 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,614.100 EUR/sq m for Dec 2013. Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Palencia data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,699.100 EUR/sq m from Mar 2010 (Median) to Dec 2014, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,926.100 EUR/sq m in Dec 2010 and a record low of 1,386.400 EUR/sq m in Dec 2014. Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Palencia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Public Works. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.P003: Housing Prices: Free Market: by Region and Major City.

Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Almeria data was reported at 1,456.900 EUR/sq m in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,355.100 EUR/sq m for Dec 2017. Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Almeria data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,509.500 EUR/sq m from Mar 2010 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,972.800 EUR/sq m in Jun 2011 and a record low of 1,301.800 EUR/sq m in Dec 2016. Spain Avg Housing Price: Free Market: Less than 5 Years Old: Almeria data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Public Works. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.P003: Housing Prices: Free Market: by Region and Major City.

London was by far the largest urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom in 2025, with an estimated population of *** million people, more than three times as large as Manchester, the UK’s second-biggest urban agglomeration. The agglomerations of Birmingham and Leeds / Bradford had the third and fourth-largest populations, respectively, while the biggest city in Scotland, Glasgow, was the fifth largest. Largest cities in Europe Two cities in Europe had larger urban areas than London, with Istanbul having a population of around **** million and the Russian capital Moscow having a population of over **** million. The city of Paris, located just over 200 miles away from London, was the second-largest city in Europe, with a population of more than **** million people. Paris was followed by London in terms of population size, and then by the Spanish cities of Madrid and Barcelona, at *** million and *** million people, respectively. The Italian capital, Rome, was the next largest city at *** million, followed by Berlin at *** million. London’s population growth Throughout the 1980s, the population of London fluctuated from a high of **** million people in 1981 to a low of **** million inhabitants in 1988. During the 1990s, the population of London increased once again, growing from ****million at the start of the decade to **** million by 1999. London's population has continued to grow since the turn of the century, and despite declining between 2019 and 2021, it reached *** million people in 2023 and is forecast to reach almost *** million by 2047.

The SALA Spanish Mexican Database comprises 1260 Mexican speakers (554 males, 706 females) recorded over the Mexican fixed telephone network. This database is partitioned into 7 CD-ROMs The speech databases made within the SALA project were validated by SPEX, the Netherlands, to assess their compliance with the SALA format and content specifications.The speech files are stored as sequences of 8-bit, 8kHz A-law speech files and are not compressed, according to the specifications of SALA. Each prompt utterance is stored within a separate file and has an accompanying ASCII SAM label file.Each speaker uttered the following items: * 6 application words; * 1 sequence of 10 isolated digits; * 4 connected digits: 1 sheet number (6 digits), 1 telephone number (9-11 digits), 1 credit card number (14-16 digits), 1 PIN code (6 digits); * 3 dates: 1 spontaneous date (e.g. birthday), 1 prompted date (word style), 1 relative and general date expression; * 1 spotting phrase using an application word (embedded); * 1 isolated digit; * 3 spelled-out words (letter sequences): 1 spelling of surname; 1 spelling of directory assistance city name; 1 real/artificial name for coverage; * 1 currency money amount; * 1 natural number; * 5 directory assistance names: 1 surname (out of 500); 1 city of birth / growing up (spontaneous); 1 most frequent city (out of 500); 1 most frequent company/agency (out of 500); 1 "forename surname" (set of 150 ) * 2 questions, including "fuzzy" yes/no: 1 predominantly "yes" question, 1 predominantly "no" question; * 9 phonetically rich sentences; * 9 additional spontaneous items * 2 time phrases: 1 time of day (spontaneous), 1 time phrase (word style); * 4 phonetically rich words. The following age distribution has been obtained: 20 speakers are under 16 years old, 801 speakers are between 16 and 30, 291 speakers are between 31 and 45, 124 speakers are between 46 and 60, and 24 speakers are over 60. A phonetic lexicon with canonical transcriptions in SAMPA is also provided.

The Spanish SpeechDat-Car database contains the recordings of 306 Spanish speakers from 4 different regions (156 males, 150 females), recorded over the Spanish GSM telephone network, and in a car. This database is partitioned into 89 CDs (DVDs are also available). The speech data files are in two formats. Four of the 5 microphones were recorded on the computer in the boot of the car. The speech data are stored as sequences of 16 kHz, 16 bit and uncompressed. The fifth microphone was connected to the cell phone, and was recorded on a remote machine. The data are stored as sequences of 8 kHz 8 bit A-law. Each signal file is accompanied by an ASCII SAM label file which contains the relevant descriptive information. This speech database was validated by SPEX (the Netherlands) to assess its compliance with the SpeechDat-Car format and content specifications. Each speaker uttered the following items: - 2 voice activation keywords - 1 sequence of 10 isolated digits - 7 connected digits (1 sheet number -5 digits, 1 spontaneous telephone number, 3 read telephone numbers, 1 credit card number ?14/16 digits, 1 PIN code -6 digits) - 3 dates (1 spontaneous date e.g. birthday, 1 prompted date, 1 relative or general date expression) - 2 word spotting phrases using an embedded application word - 4 isolated digits - 7 spelled words (1 spontaneous e.g. own forename or surname, 1 directory city name, 4 real word/name, 1 artificial name for coverage) - 1 money amount - 1 natural number - 7 directory assistance names (1 spontaneous e.g. own forename or surname, 1 city of birth/growing up, 2 most frequent cities, 2 most frequent company/agency, 1 ?forename surname?) - 9 phonetically rich sentences - 2 time phrases (1 spontaneous time of day, 1word style time phrase) - 4 phonetically rich words - 67 application words (13 mobile phone application words, 22 IVR function keywords, 32 car products keywords) - 2 additional language dependent keywords - Prompts for spontaneous speech The following age distribution has been obtained: 160 speakers are between 18 and 30, 80 speakers are between 31 and 45, 65 speakers are between 46 and 60, and 1speaker is over 60. A pronunciation lexicon with a phonemic transcription in SAMPA is also included.

This dataset is about countries in Spain. It has 1 row. It features 5 columns: currency, capital city, continent, and electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric.

Context

In a paper released early 2019, forecasting in energy markets is identified as one of the highest leverage contribution areas of Machine/Deep Learning toward transitioning to a renewable based electrical infrastructure.

Content

This dataset contains 4 years of electrical consumption, generation, pricing, and weather data for Spain. Consumption and generation data was retrieved from ENTSOE a public portal for Transmission Service Operator (TSO) data. Settlement prices were obtained from the Spanish TSO Red Electric España. Weather data was purchased as part of a personal project from the Open Weather API for the 5 largest cities in Spain and made public here.

Acknowledgements

This data is publicly available via ENTSOE and REE and may be found in the links above.

Inspiration

The dataset is unique because it contains hourly data for electrical consumption and the respective forecasts by the TSO for consumption and pricing. This allows prospective forecasts to be benchmarked against the current state of the art forecasts being used in industry.

• Visualize the load and marginal supply curves.
• What weather measurements, and cities influence most the electrical demand, prices, generation capacity?
• Can we forecast 24 hours in advance better than the TSO?
• Can we predict electrical price by time of day better than TSO?
• Forecast intraday price or electrical demand hour-by-hour.
• What is the next generation source to be activated on the load curve?