In 2024, the total population of Taiwan increased to approximately 23.4 million people. The significant drop in 2021 and 2022 was mainly due to people leaving the island during the coronavirus pandemic, while the natural growth rate was also slightly negative. The return of many people in 2023 led to a growth in population. According to national statistics and projections, population numbers entered a general declining path in 2020. Taiwan's demographic development Taiwan experienced rapid population growth in the 1950s and 60s, but alongside with economic development, growth rates decreased significantly. Falling birth figures have also been attributed to Taiwan’s family planning policy, which was aimed at keeping population growth at check. This led to a situation on the island where overall population density was very high and still growing, while the total fertility rate dropped quickly and eventually reached extremely low levels compared internationally. In the 21st century, the challenges of a quickly aging society became more and more apparent and the government initiated family friendly and birth promoting policies. However, fertility still kept on decreasing and reached a historical low in 2010 at 0.9 births per woman on average, and only in recent years has the number of births increased slightly. Implications of an aging society Today's Taiwan, like many East Asian societies, faces the challenges of a rapidly aging population. While the share of the population aged 65 and older accounted to around 18 percent in 2023, it is projected to reach 43 percent in 2060. The old-age dependency ratio, which denotes the relation of people of 65 years and above to the working-age population, is expected to reach around 87 percent in those years. This puts heavy pressure on the working people and the economy as a whole. However, compared to mainland China, which is in a very much comparable demographic situation, Taiwan enjoys the advantage of a relatively wealthy society, which helps to curb the negative economic effects of an aging population.

Abstract

The 2021 NPHC is tthe first census conducted under the federal structure of Nepal. The main census enumeration was originally scheduled to take place over 15 days- from June 8 to 22, 2021, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the enumeration was postponed for five months. Once the impact of the pandemic subsided, the enumeration was carried out according to a new work plan for a 15 dya period from November 11 to 25, 2021.

This report contains statistical tables at the national, provincial, district and municipal levels, derived from the topics covered in the census questionaires. The work of the analyzing the data in detail is still in progress. The report provides insights into the different aspects of the census operation, including its procedure, concepts, methodology, quality control, logistics, communication, data processing, challenges faced, and other management aspects.

This census slightly differs from the previous censuses mainly due to the following activities: i. three modes of data collection (CAPI, PAPI and e-census); ii. a full count of all questions instead of sampling for certain questions, as was done in the previous two censuses, iii. collaboration with Ministry of Health and Population to ascertain the likely maternal mortality cases reported in the census by skilled health personnel; iv. data processing within its premises; v. recuitment of fresh youths as supervisor and enumerators; and vi. using school teachers as master trainers, especially for the local level training of enumerators.

The objectives of the 2021 Population Census were:

a) to develop a set of benchmark data for different purposes. b) to provide distribution of population by demographic, social and economic characteristics. c) to provide data for small administrative areas of the country on population and housing characteristics. d) to provide reliable frames for different types of sample surveys. e) to provide many demographic indicators like birth rates, death rates and migration rates. f) to project population for the coming years.

The total population of Nepal, as of the census day (25 November 2021) is 29,164,578, of which the number of males is 14,253,551 (48.87 %) and the number of females is 14,911,027 (51.13 %). Accordingly, the sex ratio is 95.59 males per 100 females. Annual average population growth rate is 0.92 percent in 2021.

Geographic coverage

National Level, Ecological belt, Urban and Rural, Province, District, Municipality, Ward Level

Analysis unit

The census results provide information up to the ward level (the lowest administrative level of Nepal), household and indivisual.

Universe

The census covered all modified de jure household members (usual residents)

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f] and online

Research instrument

In this census three main questionnaires were developed for data collection. The first was the Listing Form deveoped mainly for capturing the basic household informatioin in each Enumeration area of the whole country. The second questionnaire was the main questionnaire with eight major Sections as mentioned hereunder.

Listing Questionaire Section 1. Introduction Section 2. House information Section 3. Household information Section 4. Agriculture and livestock information Section 5. Other information

Main Questionaire Section 1. Introduction Section 2. Household Information Section 3. Individual Information Section 4. Educational Information Section 5. Migration Section 6. Fertility Section 7.Disability Section 8. Economic Activity

For the first time, the NPHC, 2021 brougt a Community Questionnaire aiming at capturing the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the Wards (the lowest administrative division under Rural/Urban Municipalities). The Community Questionnaire contains 6 Chapters. The information derived from community questionnaire is expected to validate (cross checks) certain information collected from main questionnaire.

Community questionaire Section 1. Introduction Section 2. Basic information of wards Section 3. Caste and mother tongue information Section 4. Current status of service within wards Section 5. Access of urban services and facilities within wards Section 6. Status of Disaster Risk

It is noteworty that the digital version of questionnare was applied in collecting data within the selected municipalities of Kathmandu Valley. Enumerators mobilized in Kathmandu Valley were well trained to use tablets. Besides, online mode of data collection was adpoted for all the Nepalese Diplomatic Agencies located abroad.

Cleaning operations

For the concistency of data required logics were set in the data entry programme. For the processing and analysis of data SPSS and STATA programme were employed.

Rapid land use transformations and increased climatic uncertainties challenge potential sustainable development pathways for communities and wildlife in regions with strong economic reliance on natural resources. In response to the complex causes and consequences of land use change, participatory scenario development approaches have emerged as key tools for analyzing drivers of change to help chart the future of socio-ecological systems. We assess stakeholder perspectives of land use and land cover change (LULCC) and integrate co-produced scenarios of future land cover change with spatial modeling to evaluate how future LULCC in the wider Serengeti ecosystem might align or diverge with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and the African Union’s Agenda 2063. Across the wider Serengeti ecosystem, population growth, infrastructural development, agricultural economy, and political will in support of climate change management strategies were perceived to be the key drivers of future LULCC. Under eight scenarios, declines in forest area as a proportion of total land area ranged from 0.1% to 4% in 2030 and from 0.1% to 6% in 2063, with the preservation of forest cover linked to the level of protection provided. Futures with well-demarcated protected areas, sound land use plans, and stable governance were highly desired. In contrast, futures with severe climate change impacts and encroached and degazetted protected areas were considered undesirable. Insights gained from our study are important for guiding pathways toward achieving sustainability goals while recognizing societies’ relationship with nature. The results highlight the usefulness of multi-stakeholder engagement, perspective sharing, and consensus building toward shared socio-ecological goals.

This layer shares SEDAC's population projections for U.S. counties for 2020-2100 in increments of 5 years, for each of five population projection scenarios known as Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). This layer supports mapping, data visualizations, analysis and data exports.Before using this layer, read:The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview by Keywan Riahi, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Elmar Kriegler, Jae Edmonds, Brian C. O’Neill, Shinichiro Fujimori, Nico Bauer, Katherine Calvin, Rob Dellink, Oliver Fricko, Wolfgang Lutz, Alexander Popp, Jesus Crespo Cuaresma, Samir KC, Marian Leimbach, Leiwen Jiang, Tom Kram, Shilpa Rao, Johannes Emmerling, Kristie Ebi, Tomoko Hasegawa, Petr Havlik, Florian Humpenöder, Lara Aleluia Da Silva, Steve Smith, Elke Stehfest, Valentina Bosetti, Jiyong Eom, David Gernaat, Toshihiko Masui, Joeri Rogelj, Jessica Strefler, Laurent Drouet, Volker Krey, Gunnar Luderer, Mathijs Harmsen, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Lavinia Baumstark, Jonathan C. Doelman, Mikiko Kainuma, Zbigniew Klimont, Giacomo Marangoni, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Michael Obersteiner, Andrzej Tabeau, Massimo Tavoni. Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 153-168, ISSN 0959-3780, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009.From the 2017 paper: "The SSPs are part of a new scenario framework, established by the climate change research community in order to facilitate the integrated analysis of future climate impacts, vulnerabilities, adaptation, and mitigation. The pathways were developed over the last years as a joint community effort and describe plausible major global developments that together would lead in the future to different challenges for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The SSPs are based on five narratives describing alternative socio-economic developments, including sustainable development, regional rivalry, inequality, fossil-fueled development, and middle-of-the-road development. The long-term demographic and economic projections of the SSPs depict a wide uncertainty range consistent with the scenario literature."According to SEDAC, the purpose of this data is:"To provide subnational (county) population projection scenarios for the United States essential for understanding long-term demographic changes, planning for the future, and decision-making in a variety of applications."According to Francesco Bassetti of Foresight, "The SSP’s baseline worlds are useful because they allow us to see how different socioeconomic factors impact climate change. They include: a world of sustainability-focused growth and equality (SSP1); a “middle of the road” world where trends broadly follow their historical patterns (SSP2); a fragmented world of “resurgent nationalism” (SSP3); a world of ever-increasing inequality (SSP4);a world of rapid and unconstrained growth in economic output and energy use (SSP5).There are seven sublayers, each with county boundaries and an identical set of attribute fields containing projections for these seven groupings across the five SSPs and nine decades.Total PopulationBlack Non-Hispanic PopulationWhite Non-Hispanic PopulationOther Non-Hispanic PopulationHispanic PopulationMale PopulationFemale PopulationMethodology: Documentation for the Georeferenced U.S. County-Level Population Projections, Total and by Sex, Race and Age, Based on the SSPs, v1 (2020 – 2100)Data currency: This layer was created from a shapefile downloaded April 18, 2023 from SEDAC's Georeferenced U.S. County-Level Population Projections, Total and by Sex, Race and Age, Based on the SSPs, v1 (2020 – 2100)Enhancements found in this layer: Every field was given a field alias and field description created from SEDAC's Data Dictionary downloaded April 18, 2023. Citation: Hauer, M., and Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University. 2021. Georeferenced U.S. County-Level Population Projections, Total and by Sex, Race and Age, Based on the SSPs, 2020-2100. Palisades, New York: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). https://doi.org/10.7927/dv72-s254. Accessed 18 April 2023.Hauer, M. E. 2019. Population Projections for U.S. Counties by Age, Sex, and Race Controlled to Shared Socioeconomic Pathway. Scientific Data 6: 190005. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2019.5.Distribution Liability: CIESIN follows procedures designed to ensure that data disseminated by CIESIN are of reasonable quality. If, despite these procedures, users encounter apparent errors or misstatements in the data, they should contact SEDAC User Services at +1 845-465-8920 or via email at ciesin.info@ciesin.columbia.edu. Neither CIESIN nor NASA verifies or guarantees the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of any data provided. CIESIN provides this data without warranty of any kind whatsoever, either expressed or implied. CIESIN shall not be liable for incidental, consequential, or special damages arising out of the use of any data provided by CIESIN.

Rapid environmental change presents a significant challenge to the persistence of natural populations. Rapid adaptation that increases population growth, enabling populations that declined following severe environmental change to grow and avoid extinction, is called evolutionary rescue. Numerous studies have shown that evolutionary rescue can indeed prevent extinction. Here, we extend those results by considering the demographic history of populations. To evaluate how demographic history influences evolutionary rescue, we created 80 populations of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, with three classes of demographic history: diverse populations that did not experience a bottleneck, and populations that experienced either an intermediate or a strong bottleneck. We subjected these populations to a new and challenging environment for six discrete generations and tracked extinction and population size. Populations that did not experience a bottleneck in their demographic history avoided extinction entirely, while more than 20% of populations that experienced an intermediate or strong bottleneck went extinct. Similarly, among the extant populations at the end of the experiment, adaptation increased the growth rate in the novel environment the most for populations that had not experienced a bottleneck in their history. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of considering the demographic history of populations to make useful and effective conservation decisions and management strategies for populations experiencing environmental change that pushes them toward extinction.

This statistic shows the 20 countries with the highest population growth rate in 2024. In SouthSudan, the population grew by about 4.65 percent compared to the previous year, making it the country with the highest population growth rate in 2024. The global population Today, the global population amounts to around 7 billion people, i.e. the total number of living humans on Earth. More than half of the global population is living in Asia, while one quarter of the global population resides in Africa. High fertility rates in Africa and Asia, a decline in the mortality rates and an increase in the median age of the world population all contribute to the global population growth. Statistics show that the global population is subject to increase by almost 4 billion people by 2100. The global population growth is a direct result of people living longer because of better living conditions and a healthier nutrition. Three out of five of the most populous countries in the world are located in Asia. Ultimately the highest population growth rate is also found there, the country with the highest population growth rate is Syria. This could be due to a low infant mortality rate in Syria or the ever -expanding tourism sector.

Abstract

The first official census of Trinidad and Tobago was administered in 1851; and from that earlier time, decennial censuses were held until 1931 when it was attacked by the world wars. Thereafter, Trinidad and Tobago had conducted six censuses, including the first pre-war census in 1946, followed by a resumption of the decennial census in 1960. The conduct of each of these censuses had brought its own challenges as societal norms and values and country-specific socioeconomic conditions change. For instance, following demands associated with the rise in the standard of living of the society, as well as adhering to the United Nations recommendations on the modification of the census questionnaire design, the entire structure of the census was modified and for the first time in 1980, housing information was added to the general population profile questions.

The main objectives of the Census were as follows: 1) to determine the present size and the distribution of the population; 2) to review and document the present status of the population with regard to socioeconomic characteristics; 3) to view the trends and changes in the pattern of the population growth since the 1990 census; 4) to provide user-friendly and regular publication of results; 5) to present data both nationally and internationally for comparability; 6) to evaluate any qualitative change in selected socio-economic characteristics of the population; 7) to present general appraisals of some selected living and housing conditions in the country; and 8) to provide a comprehensive pool of information for policy-makers to be used as a tool for immediate and future planning purposes.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household;
• Individual.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

This study investigates the limitations of existing water supply systems in addressing water scarcity in the Mankweng Cluster of the Polokwane Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Despite the availability of centralised water infrastructure, such as dams, pipelines, taps, boreholes, and municipal water tankers, many rural communities in the cluster experience prolonged periods without access to water. The research highlights that inadequate maintenance, ageing infrastructure, illegal water connections, vandalism, population growth, and electricity disruptions caused by load-shedding are among the key factors exacerbating economic water scarcity in the area. Through a mixed-methods approach involving questionnaires distributed to 200 households across seven wards and interviews with municipal officials and ward councillors, the study found that most residents are forced to rely on unsafe water sources like rivers and ponds, thereby endangering public health. The findings also reveal that insufficient and inconsistent municipal water delivery services result in community dissatisfaction, protests, and damage to infrastructure. Based on these findings, the study recommends upgrading and expanding water supply infrastructure, particularly through the introduction of a Rotational-Monocrystalline Solar Panel System (RMSPS) to power boreholes, thus reducing reliance on electricity and diesel. It further advocates for stronger collaboration between residents, the municipality, and ward councillors to improve the resilience, sustainability, and community ownership of water systems, ensuring equitable and continuous water access for all.This dataset forms part of a broader research project investigating the state of water supply systems and water service delivery in the Mankweng Cluster of the Polokwane Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The dataset is structured into three distinct Excel sheets, each capturing data from a different group of stakeholders using both quantitative and qualitative research methods.Sheet 1: Household Questionnaire DataThis sheet contains quantitative data collected from 200 households across seven wards of the Mankweng Cluster, namely wards 06, 07, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 34. The data were obtained through structured questionnaires designed to assess the community’s experiences with the existing water supply systems. Variables include the type of water sources used (e.g., taps, boreholes, tankers), frequency and reliability of water access, duration of water outages, alternative sources used during shortages, and household perceptions of municipal water service delivery. The dataset captures demographic and spatial variation across wards, enabling ward-level comparisons on water accessibility and reliability.Sheet 2: Municipal Officials’ Interview DataThis sheet contains qualitative data derived from semi-structured interviews with key municipal officials responsible for water provision and infrastructure management within the Mankweng Cluster. The interviews focus on the institutional, technical, and logistical challenges affecting water supply in the Mankweng Cluster. Topics include infrastructure condition, funding and resource constraints, operational limitations, population pressure, and emergency response mechanisms (e.g., deployment of water tankers). The responses are thematically coded to facilitate content analysis and to understand institutional perspectives on the root causes of water scarcity in rural communities.Sheet 3: Ward Councillors’ Interview DataThe third sheet includes data from interviews with ward councillors representing the seven wards in the Mankweng Cluster. This qualitative dataset explores local governance dynamics, councillors’ interactions with the municipality and community, service delivery complaints, and grassroots-level knowledge of water challenges in their respective wards. The councillors’ insights provide a critical link between the lived experiences of residents and the operational practices of the municipality, shedding light on political accountability and community engagement in water governance.

The purpose of this Poverty Assessment is to provide background material and analysis that will assist the Government in designing this strategy, but it is not itself designed to formulate the strategy. Chapter 1 looks at the macro situation in historical perspective, including structural reform during the 1990s, and the current debt and balance of payments situation. Chapter 2 examines poverty in Nicaragua today and during 1993-98 and includes the results of a qualitative assessment of poverty. Chapter 3 looks at public expenditures in the social sectors and their impact on poverty. Chapter 4 looks at rural poverty and agriculture, while Chapter 5 lays out key issues that would be important to address in a poverty reduction strategy. Some key priorities emerge from the analysis that should be considered: 1) Broad-based growth is essential to reduce poverty. 2) Poverty reduction is limited by population growth. 3) Sustaining rural income growth. 4) Improvements are needed in the public sector to build strong programs that reach the poor. 5) Foreign capital inflows distort expenditures. 6) Donors share the responsibility with the Government to reconsider priorities in order to ensure greater impact of development assistance on poverty reduction. 7) Sustaining the provision of basic social services and building human capital. 8) Establishing effective social protection mechanisms for the poor.

This dataset contains interview data collected from policy makers and water managers in Utah. Interviews were conducted in 2013. Questions focused on water management challenges related to drought preparedness, climate change, population growth, urbanization, and water transfers, as well as water managers' modeling and information needs. Due to privacy concerns, interview transcripts are not provided. More details on the results of the interviews may be found here:

Burnham, Morey, Zhao Ma, Joanna Endter-Wada, and Tim Bardsley, 2016. Water Management Decision Making in the Face of Multiple Forms of Uncertainty and Risk. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 52(6):1366-1384. DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.12459

Brazil and the United States are the two most populous countries in the Americas today. In 1500, the year that Pedro Álvares Cabral made landfall in present-day Brazil and claimed it for the Portuguese crown, it is estimated that there were roughly one million people living in the region. Some estimates for the present-day United States give a population of two million in the year 1500, although estimates vary greatly. By 1820, the population of the U.S. was still roughly double that of Brazil, but rapid growth in the 19th century would see it grow 4.5 times larger by 1890, before the difference shrunk during the 20th century. In 2024, the U.S. has a population over 340 million people, making it the third most populous country in the world, while Brazil has a population of almost 218 million and is the sixth most populous. Looking to the future, population growth is expected to be lower in Brazil than in the U.S. in the coming decades, as Brazil's fertility rates are already lower, and migration rates into the United States will be much higher. Historical development The indigenous peoples of present-day Brazil and the U.S. were highly susceptible to diseases brought from the Old World; combined with mass displacement and violence, their population growth rates were generally low, therefore migration from Europe and the import of enslaved Africans drove population growth in both regions. In absolute numbers, more Europeans migrated to North America than Brazil, whereas more slaves were transported to Brazil than the U.S., but European migration to Brazil increased significantly in the early 1900s. The U.S. also underwent its demographic transition much earlier than in Brazil, therefore its peak period of population growth was almost a century earlier than Brazil. Impact of ethnicity The demographics of these countries are often compared, not only because of their size, location, and historical development, but also due to the role played by ethnicity. In the mid-1800s, these countries had the largest slave societies in the world, but a major difference between the two was the attitude towards interracial procreation. In Brazil, relationships between people of different ethnic groups were more common and less stigmatized than in the U.S., where anti-miscegenation laws prohibited interracial relationships in many states until the 1960s. Racial classification was also more rigid in the U.S., and those of mixed ethnicity were usually classified by their non-white background. In contrast, as Brazil has a higher degree of mixing between those of ethnic African, American, and European heritage, classification is less obvious, and factors such as physical appearance or societal background were often used to determine racial standing. For most of the 20th century, Brazil's government promoted the idea that race was a non-issue and that Brazil was racially harmonious, but most now acknowledge that this actually ignored inequality and hindered progress. Racial inequality has been a prevalent problem in both countries since their founding, and today, whites generally fare better in terms of education, income, political representation, and even life expectancy. Despite this adversity, significant progress has been made in recent decades, as public awareness of inequality has increased, and authorities in both countries have made steps to tackle disparities in areas such as education, housing, and employment.

BAPC prediction of SAH cases and rates among AYAs from 2021 to 2040.

Rates of access to improved water and sanitation in Vietnam are better than neighbouring countries, however with 87 million people Vietnam is the thirteenth most populous nation in the world and there remain enormous numbers, particularly the poor, without access. Vietnam is experiencing rapid economic and population growth. In this context the challenge is to keep pace with growth, extend WASH coverage and critically to ensure that WASH services are sustainable. This is particularly the case for sanitation, which is lagging behind water coverage. The general absence of wastewater treatment and sludge management is a significant gap given population density and the volume of wastewater produced, and this represents a severe environmental and public health hazard. Further challenges are presented by climate change and threats to water resources. Vietnam has been identified as one of five countries globally most vulnerable to sea‐level rise. Freshwater availability is threatened by increasingly problematic water quality, compounded by significant seasonal variability. Recent years have seen promising developments in institutional arrangements. Implementation of central policies, sector coordination and sustaining services will be important over coming years. Central control can sometimes inhibit the institution of locally appropriate solutions, and similarly gaps in financial and human capacity of local service providers are barriers to sustainable services.

Liberia is one of the poorest countries, ranking 180th out of the 190 countries in the World Bank’s development database. Based on the national poverty line, 59 percent of Liberians were poor in 2016, the latest year for which household survey data is available. According to World Bank estimations, about 6 out of 10 Liberians continue to live in poverty. Broader welfare measures tell a similar story: Liberia ranked 177th out of 193 countries on the UN Human Development Index and the UN Gender Inequality Index in 2022. Low human development is exemplified by Liberia’s score of 0.32 on the World Bank’s measure of human capital, suggesting that a newborn child will only reach 32 percent of their potential productivity as an adult under current conditions of healthcare and education. Poverty is more prevalent in rural areas, and its incidence increases with distance from the capital, Monrovia, highlighting Liberia’s severe spatial challenges. Rapid population growth, deforestation, and the accelerating impacts of climate change are degrading the country’s abundant natural capital, a dynamic which, in turn, is increasingly tied to the persistence of poverty. Pervasive food insecurity contributes to the high rate of child stunting and to malnutrition more generally. Inadequate sanitation heightens the risk of communicable disease.

1. A major challenge in biodiversity conservation is to facilitate viable populations of large apex predators in ecosystems where they were recently driven to ecological extinction due to resource conflict with humans. 2. Monetary compensation for losses of livestock due to predation is currently a key instrument to encourage human–carnivore coexistence. However, a lack of quantitative estimates of livestock losses due to predation leads to disagreement over the practise of compensation payments. This disagreement sustains the human–carnivore conflict. 3. The level of depredation on year-round, free-ranging, semi-domestic reindeer by large carnivores in Fennoscandia has been widely debated over several decades. In Norway, the reindeer herders claim that lynx and wolverine cause losses of tens of thousands of animals annually and cause negative population growth in herds. Conversely, previous research has suggested that monetary predator compensation can result in positive population growth in the husbandry, with cascading negative effects of high grazer densities on the biodiversity in tundra ecosystems. 4. We utilized a long-term, large-scale dataset to estimate the relative importance of lynx and wolverine predation and density-dependent and climatic food limitation on claims for losses, recruitment and population growth rates in Norwegian reindeer husbandry. 5. Claims of losses increased with increasing predator densities, but with no detectable effect on population growth rates. Density-dependent and climatic effects on claims of losses, recruitment and population growth rates, were much stronger than the effects of variation in lynx and wolverine densities. 6. Synthesis and applications. Our analysis provides a quantitative basis for predator compensation and estimation of the costs of reintroducing lynx and wolverine in areas with free-ranging semi-domestic reindeer. We outline a potential path for conflict management which involves adaptive monitoring programs, open access to data, herder involvement, and development of management strategy evaluation (MSE) models to disentangle complex responses including multiple stakeholders and individual harvester decisions.

Market Size and Trends: The global plant phenotyping market is valued at USD 151.5 million in 2025 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.0% over the forecast period 2025-2033. The increasing demand for high-throughput, non-invasive phenotyping methods to characterize plant traits and improve crop yield drives market growth. Furthermore, advancements in sensors, software, and automation technologies contribute to the adoption of plant phenotyping solutions in research and development and commercial applications. Market Segments and Key Players: The market is segmented by type (equipment, sensor, software) and application (laboratory, greenhouse, field). Key players in the market include WPS, Saga Robotics, Phenomix, Phenospex, Keygene, SMO bvba, BASF SE, Conviron, EarthSense, Heinz Walz GmbH, Qubit Systems, LemnaTec GmbH, Photon Systems Instruments, and others. North America remains the dominant region, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The market is expected to expand significantly in emerging economies due to increasing research and investment in agriculture. Plant phenotyping plays a crucial role in advancing agricultural practices and ensuring global food security. Amidst the rising challenges of climate change, population growth, and demand for sustainable food production, plant phenotyping offers valuable insights into plant performance, enabling researchers and breeders to develop high-yielding, resilient crop varieties. This report explores the burgeoning plant phenotyping market, highlighting key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities.

This country economic memorandum (CEM) Update, dealing with Mauritania's natural resources, seeks to help the authorities in the formulation of their long-term strategy to accelerate growth and improve the living standards of the population by focusing the attention on the management of the country's natural resource wealth. The CEM Update also aims at filling the analytical gap on petroleum issues, which were only marginally covered in the 2004 CEM. The report stresses that the key challenge of Mauritania is to make full use of its physical and human assets to accelerate growth and improve the living standards of the population. However, the risks facing Mauritania on the eve of the oil boom are substantial since on the eve of the oil era, Mauritania already displays a distorted economy and dependent polity that tends to prioritize rent redistribution over wealth creation. These factors combined together increase the risks of not making effective use of the projected increase in mineral rents. The recommendations of the CEM Update focus selectively on six domains of intervention: 1) get the macroeconomic basics right; 2) strengthen the framework to manage natural resource revenues; 3) invest judiciously in priority areas; 4) focus on the political economy and prevent rent seeking activities; 5) build capacity to manage the petroleum sector appropriately; and 6) revive the non-oil economy.

There are approximately 8.16 billion people living in the world today, a figure that shows a dramatic increase since the beginning of the Common Era. Since the 1970s, the global population has also more than doubled in size. It is estimated that the world's population will reach and surpass 10 billion people by 2060 and plateau at around 10.3 billion in the 2080s, before it then begins to fall. Asia When it comes to number of inhabitants per continent, Asia is the most populous continent in the world by a significant margin, with roughly 60 percent of the world's population living there. Similar to other global regions, a quarter of inhabitants in Asia are under 15 years of age. The most populous nations in the world are India and China respectively; each inhabit more than three times the amount of people than the third-ranked United States. 10 of the 20 most populous countries in the world are found in Asia. Africa Interestingly, the top 20 countries with highest population growth rate are mainly countries in Africa. This is due to the present stage of Sub-Saharan Africa's demographic transition, where mortality rates are falling significantly, although fertility rates are yet to drop and match this. As much of Asia is nearing the end of its demographic transition, population growth is predicted to be much slower in this century than in the previous; in contrast, Africa's population is expected to reach almost four billion by the year 2100. Unlike demographic transitions in other continents, Africa's population development is being influenced by climate change on a scale unseen by most other global regions. Rising temperatures are exacerbating challenges such as poor sanitation, lack of infrastructure, and political instability, which have historically hindered societal progress. It remains to be seen how Africa and the world at large adapts to this crisis as it continues to cause drought, desertification, natural disasters, and climate migration across the region.

The tropical forage seed market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for livestock feed in regions with tropical climates. The market, currently estimated at $500 million in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $800 million by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the growing global population necessitates increased livestock production to meet rising protein demands, thereby boosting the need for high-yielding forage seeds. Secondly, advancements in seed technology, including the development of improved varieties with enhanced nutritional value, disease resistance, and drought tolerance, are contributing significantly to market growth. Furthermore, government initiatives promoting sustainable agriculture and livestock farming in tropical regions are providing further impetus. Key players such as Ubon Forage Seeds, Heritage Seeds, and others are actively investing in research and development to enhance product offerings and expand their market reach. However, the market faces certain challenges. Climate change, with its unpredictable weather patterns and increasing frequency of extreme weather events, poses a significant threat to forage production. Fluctuations in raw material prices and the dependence on favorable weather conditions for optimal seed production can also impact market stability. Despite these constraints, the long-term outlook remains positive, with ongoing investments in climate-resilient seed varieties and sustainable agricultural practices expected to mitigate these risks. The segmentation of the market, based on factors such as seed type, application, and region, presents opportunities for targeted marketing and specialized product development. Companies are focusing on building strong distribution networks and forging strategic partnerships to capture larger market shares. The market’s continued growth trajectory hinges on the successful adaptation to climate change, technological innovation, and the sustained global demand for animal protein.

AAPC for both sexes in 21 regions from 1990 to 2021.