Abstract

The 1997 Jordan Population and Family Health Survey (JPFHS) is a national sample survey carried out by the Department of Statistics (DOS) as part of its National Household Surveys Program (NHSP). The JPFHS was specifically aimed at providing information on fertility, family planning, and infant and child mortality. Information was also gathered on breastfeeding, on maternal and child health care and nutritional status, and on the characteristics of households and household members. The survey will provide policymakers and planners with important information for use in formulating informed programs and policies on reproductive behavior and health.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

The 1997 JPFHS sample was designed to produce reliable estimates of major survey variables for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, for the three regions (each composed of a group of governorates), and for the three major governorates, Amman, Irbid, and Zarqa.

The 1997 JPFHS sample is a subsample of the master sample that was designed using the frame obtained from the 1994 Population and Housing Census. A two-stage sampling procedure was employed. First, primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected with probability proportional to the number of housing units in the PSU. A total of 300 PSUs were selected at this stage. In the second stage, in each selected PSU, occupied housing units were selected with probability inversely proportional to the number of housing units in the PSU. This design maintains a self-weighted sampling fraction within each governorate.

UPDATING OF SAMPLING FRAME

Prior to the main fieldwork, mapping operations were carried out and the sample units/blocks were selected and then identified and located in the field. The selected blocks were delineated and the outer boundaries were demarcated with special signs. During this process, the numbers on buildings and housing units were updated, listed and documented, along with the name of the owner/tenant of the unit or household and the name of the household head. These activities took place between January 7 and February 28, 1997.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The 1997 JPFHS used two questionnaires, one for the household interview and the other for eligible women. Both questionnaires were developed in English and then translated into Arabic. The household questionnaire was used to list all members of the sampled households, including usual residents as well as visitors. For each member of the household, basic demographic and social characteristics were recorded and women eligible for the individual interview were identified. The individual questionnaire was developed utilizing the experience gained from previous surveys, in particular the 1983 and 1990 Jordan Fertility and Family Health Surveys (JFFHS).

The 1997 JPFHS individual questionnaire consists of 10 sections: - Respondent’s background - Marriage - Reproduction (birth history) - Contraception - Pregnancy, breastfeeding, health and immunization - Fertility preferences - Husband’s background, woman’s work and residence - Knowledge of AIDS - Maternal mortality - Height and weight of children and mothers.

Cleaning operations

Fieldwork and data processing activities overlapped. After a week of data collection, and after field editing of questionnaires for completeness and consistency, the questionnaires for each cluster were packaged together and sent to the central office in Amman where they were registered and stored. Special teams were formed to carry out office editing and coding.

Data entry started after a week of office data processing. The process of data entry, editing, and cleaning was done by means of the ISSA (Integrated System for Survey Analysis) program DHS has developed especially for such surveys. The ISSA program allows data to be edited while being entered. Data entry was completed on November 14, 1997. A data processing specialist from Macro made a trip to Jordan in November and December 1997 to identify problems in data entry, editing, and cleaning, and to work on tabulations for both the preliminary and final report.

Response rate

A total of 7,924 occupied housing units were selected for the survey; from among those, 7,592 households were found. Of the occupied households, 7,335 (97 percent) were successfully interviewed. In those households, 5,765 eligible women were identified, and complete interviews were obtained with 5,548 of them (96 percent of all eligible women). Thus, the overall response rate of the 1997 JPFHS was 93 percent. The principal reason for nonresponse among the women was the failure of interviewers to find them at home despite repeated callbacks.

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table 1.1 of the survey report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are subject to two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the result of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing (such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding questions either by the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors). Although during the implementation of the 1997 JPFHS numerous efforts were made to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are not only impossible to avoid but also difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The respondents selected in the 1997 JPFHS constitute only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, given the same design and expected size. Each of those samples would have yielded results differing somewhat from the results of the sample actually selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, since the 1997 JDHS-II sample resulted from a multistage stratified design, formulae of higher complexity had to be used. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 1997 JDHS-II was the ISSA Sampling Error Module, which uses the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics, such as fertility and mortality rates.

Note: See detailed estimate of sampling error calculation in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Completeness of reporting - Births by calendar years - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months

Note: See detailed tables in APPENDIX C of the survey report.

The Skills Survey is a series of nationally representative sample surveys of individuals in employment aged 20-60 years old (since 2006, the surveys have additionally sampled those aged 61-65). The surveys aim to investigate the employed workforce in Great Britain. Although they were not originally planned as part of a series and had different funding sources and objectives, continuity in questionnaire design has meant the surveys now provide a unique, national representative picture of change in British workplaces as reported by individual job holders. This allows analysts to examine how various aspects of job quality and skill levels have changed over 30 years.The first surveys in the series were carried out in 1986 and 1992. These surveys also form part of this integrated data series, and are known as the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative (SCELI) and Employment in Britain (EIB) studies respectively.

The 1997 survey was the first to collect primarily data on skills using the job requirements approach. This focused on collecting data on objective indicators of job skill as reported by respondents. The 2001 survey assessed how much had changed between the two surveys and a third survey in 2006 enhanced the time series data, while providing a resource for analysing skill and job requirements in the British economy at that time. The 2012 survey aimed to again add to the time series data and, coinciding as it did with a period of economic recession, to provide insight into whether workers in Britain felt under additional pressure/demand from employers as a result of redundancies and cut backs. In addition, a series dataset, covering 1986, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2006 and 2012 is also available . A follow-up to the 2012 survey was conducted in 2014, revisiting respondents who had agreed to be interviewed again. The 2017 survey was the seventh in the series, designed to examine to what extent pressures had continued as a result of austerity and economic uncertainties triggered, for example, by Brexit as well as examining additional issues such as productivity, fairness at work and the retirement intentions of older workers.

Each survey comprises a large number of respondents: 4,047 in the 1986 survey; 3,855 in 1992; 2,467 in 1997; 4,470 in 2001; 7,787 in 2006; 3,200 in 2012; and 3,306 in 2017.

The Skills Survey, 1997 was carried out in 1997 as part of the ESRC’s ‘Learning Society’ programme of research, was designed to extend the evidence about trends over time in ‘broad skills’ such as the qualifications required for job entry, the length of time it takes to train and the period taken to learn to do a job well.

The Skills Survey, 1997 had the following objectives:

• to develop further the concept of and methodology for measuring different types of skills using an individual-based survey
• to investigate the impact of various antecedents on skills, including personal characteristics and, especially, forms of education and training
• to investigate the impact of the possession of various skills on pay
• to investigate which skills are changing during the 1990s, and to what extent
• to investigate how skills are distributed among the employed population and how far the pattern of skill and skill change corresponds to a learning society, and consider appropriate policy conclusions

This data collection provides information on the characteristics of a national sample of housing units, including apartments, single-family homes, mobile homes, and vacant housing units. Unlike previous years, the data are presented in nine separate parts: Part 1, Work Done Record (Replacement or Additions to the House), Part 2, Housing Unit Record (Main Record), Part 3, Worker Record, Part 4, Mortgages (Owners Only), Part 5, Manager and Owner Record (Renters Only), Part 6, Person Record, Part 7, Mover Group Record, Part 8, Recodes (One Record per Housing Unit), and Part 9, Weights. Data include year the structure was built, type and number of living quarters, occupancy status, access, number of rooms, presence of commercial establishments on the property, and property value. Additional data focus on kitchen and plumbing facilities, types of heating fuel used, source of water, sewage disposal, heating and air-conditioning equipment, and major additions, alterations, or repairs to the property. Information provided on housing expenses includes monthly mortgage or rent payments, cost of services such as utilities, garbage collection, and property insurance, and amount of real estate taxes paid in the previous year. Also included is information on whether the household received government assistance to help pay heating or cooling costs or for other energy-related services. Similar data are provided for housing units previously occupied by respondents who had recently moved. Additionally, indicators of housing and neighborhood quality are supplied. Housing quality variables include privacy of bedrooms, condition of kitchen facilities, basement or roof leakage, breakdowns of plumbing facilities and equipment, and overall opinion of the structure. For quality of neighborhood, variables include use of exterminator services, existence of boarded-up buildings, and overall quality of the neighborhood. In addition to housing characteristics, some demographic data are provided on household members, such as age, sex, race, marital status, income, and relationship to householder. Additional data provided on the householder include years of school completed, Spanish origin, length of residence, and length of occupancy.

Abstract

The 1997 Viemam Demographic and Health Survey (VNDHS-II) is a nationally representative survey of 5,664 ever-married women age 15-49 selected from 205 sampling clusters throughout Vietnam. The VNDHS-II was designed to provide information on levels of fertility, family planning knowledge and use, infant and child mortality, and indicators of maternal and child health. The survey included a Community/Health Facility Questionnaire that was implemented in each of the sample clusters included in the women's survey. Fieldwork for the survey took place from July to October 1997. All provinces were separated into "project" and "non-project" groups to permit separate estimates for about one-third of provinces where the health infrastructure is being upgraded.

The primary objectives of the second Vietnam National Demographic and Health Survey (VNDHS-II) in 1997 were to provide up-to-date information on fertility levels, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, early childhood mortality, child health and knowledge of AIDS.

VNDHS-II data confirm the patterns of declining fertility and increasing use of contraception that were observed between the 1988 VNDHS-I and the 1994 lntercensal Demographic Survey (ICDS-94).

Geographic coverage

The 1997 Viemam Demographic and Health Survey (VNDHS-II) is a nationally representative survey. Itwas designed to provide separate estimates for the whole country, for urban and rural areas, for 18 project provinces, and for the remaining non-project provinces as well. Project provinces refer to 18 focus provinces targeted for the strengthening of their primary health care systems by the Government's Population and Family Health Project to be implemented over a period of seven years, from 1996 to 2002 (At the outset of this project there were 15 focus provinces, which became 18 by the creation of 3 new provinces from the initial set of 15). These provinces were selected according to criteria based on relatively low health and family planning status, no substantial family planning donor presence, and regional spread. These criteria resulted in the selection of the country's poorer provinces. Nine of these provinces have significant proportions of ethnic minorities among their population.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49

Universe

The population covered by the 1997 VNDHS is defined as the universe of all women age 15-49 in Vietnam.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The Second Vietnam Demographic and Health Survey (VNDHS-1I) covers the population residing in private households in the country. The design for the VNDHS-II calls for a representative probability sample of approximately 5,500 completed individual interviews of ever-married women between the ages of 15 and 49. It was designed principally to produce reliable estimates of demographic rates (particularly fertility and childhood mortality rates), of maternal and child health indicators, and of contraceptive knowledge and use, for the country as a whole, for urban and the rural areas separately, and for the group of 18 project provinces. These 18 provinces are in the following geographic regions:

Six of the 18 project provinces are new provinces that will, in the near future, be formed out of three old provinces: Bac Can and Thai, Nguyen from Bac Thai; Hai Duong and Hung Yen from Hal Hung; Nam Dinh and Ha Nam from Nam Ha.

Northern Uplands: Tuyen Quang, Lai Chau, Lao Cai, Bac Can and Thai Nguyen.
Red River Delta: Hai Phong, Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Nam Dinh and Ha Nam.
North Central: Thanh Hoa and Thua Thien-Hue.
Central Highlands: Dac Lac and Lam Dong.
Mekong River Delta: Dong Thap, Vinh Long, Tra Vinh and Kien Giang.

Since the formation of the new provinces has not been formalized and no population data exist for them, this report will only refer to 15 project provinces out of 53 provinces in Vietnam (instead of 18 project provinces out of 61 provinces).

SAMPLING FRAME

The sampling frame for the VNDHS-II was the sample of the 1996 Vietnam Multi-Round Survey (VNMRS), conducted bi-annually by the General Statistical Office (GSO). A thorough evaluation of this sample was necessary to ensure that the sample was representative of the country, before it was used for the VNDHS-II.

The sample design for the VNMRS was developed by GSO with technical assistance provided by Mr. Anthony Turney, sampling specialist of the United Nations Statistics Division. The VNMRS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. Within each province, stratification was geographic by urban- rural residence. Sample selection was done independently for each province.

In the first stage, primary sampling units (PSUs) corresponding to communes (rural areas) and blocks (urban areas) were selected using equal probability systematic random selection (EPSEM), since no recent population data on communes and blocks existed that could be used for selection with probability proportional to size. The assumption underlying the decision to use EPSEM was that, within each province, the majority of communes and blocks vary little in population size, with the exception of a few communes; i.e., within each province, most communes and blocks have a population size that is close to the average for the province. In each province, the number of selected communes/blocks was proportional to the urban-rural population in the province. The total number of communes/blocks selected for the VNMRS was 1,662 with tbe number of communes/blocks in each province varying from 26 to 43 according to the size of the province. After the communes/blocks were selected, a field operation was mounted by GSO to create enumeration areas (EAs) in each selected commune/block. The number of EAs that was created in each commune/block was based on the number of households in the commune/block divided by the standard EA size which was set at 150 households. The list of EAs for the whole province was then ordered geographically by commune/block and used for the second stage selection. Thirty EAs were selected in each province with equal probability from a random start, for a total of 1,590 EAs. Because of this method of systematic random selection, communes/blocks that were large in size had one or rnore EAs selected into the sample while communes/blocks that were very small in size were excluded from the sample. In each selected EA, all households were interviewed for the VNMRS.

To evaluate the representativity of the VNMRS, EA weights were calculated based on the selection probability at tile various sampling stages of the VNMRS: also, the percent distribution of households in the VNMRS across urban/rural strata and provinces was estimated and compared with the percent distribution of the 1996 population across the same strata. The distribution obtaiued from the VNMRS agrees closely with that of the 1996 population

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VNDHS-II SAMPLE

The sample for the VNDHS-II was stratified and selected in two stages. There were two principal sampling domains: the group of 15 project provinces and the group of other provinces. In the group of project provinces, all 15 provinces were included in the salnple. At the first stage. 70 PSUs corresponding to the EAs as defined in the VNMRS were selected from the VNMRS with equal probability, the size of the EA in the VNMRS being very uniform. and hence sampling with probability proportional to size (PPS) was not necessary. The list of households interviewed for the VNMRS (updated when necessary) were used as the frame for the second-stage sampling, in which households were selected for interview during the main survey fieldwork. Ever-married women between the ages of 15 and 49 were identified in these households and interviewed.

In the group of other provinces, an additional stage was added in order to reduce field costs although this might increase sampling errors. In the first stage, 20 provinces, serving as PSUs. were selected with PPS. the size being the population of the provinces estimated in 1997. In the second stage, 135 secondary sampling units corresponding to the EAs were selected in the same manner as for the project provinces.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three types of questionnaires were used in the VNDHS-II: the Household Questionnaire, the Individual Questionnaire, and the Community/Health Facility Questionnaire. A draft of the first two questionnaires was prepared using the DHS Model A Questionnaire. A user workshop was organized to discuss the contents of the questionnaires. Additions and modifications to the draft of the questionnaires were made after the user workshop and in consultation with staff from Macro International Inc., and with members of the Technical Working Group, who were convened for the purpose of providing technical assistance to the GSO in planning and conducting the survey. The questionnaires were developed in English and translated into and printed in Vietnamese. The draft questionnaires were pretested in two clusters in Hanoi City (one urban and one rural cluster).

a) The Household Questionnaire was used to enumerate all usual members and visitors in selected households and to collect information on age, sex, education, marital status, and relationship to the head of household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women eligible for the individual interview (ever-married women age 15-49). In addition, the Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, material used for the floor and roof,

Abstract

The survey was specifically designed to meet the following objectives: -to assess the current situation in Moldova concerning fertility, abortion, contraception and various other reproductive health issues; -to enable policy makers, program managers, and researchers to evaluate and improve existing programs and to develop new strategies; -to measure changes in fertility and contraceptive prevalence rates and study factors that affect these changes, such as geographic and socio-demographic factors, breast-feeding patterns, use of induced abortion, and availability of family planning; -to provide data necessary to develop sex education and health promotion programs; -to obtain data on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of young adults 15-24 years of age; -to provide information on the level of knowledge about AIDS transmission and prevention; -to identify and focus further reproductive health studies toward high risk groups.

The survey provides data that will assist the Moldovan Government in improving services related to the health of women and children and was proposed in conjunction with the UNFPAsponsored reproductive health (RH) activities in Moldova, which consist of several components intended to increase the use of effective contraception, reduce the reliance on induced abortion as a means of fertility control, and, more generally, to improve RH. Specific projects supported by UNFPA in Moldova include ongoing support to the Government for developing a national RH plan, provisions of contraceptives, and training of family planning providers. In addition, the national RH plan is receiving support from USAID (family planning logistics management, information/ education/communication activities), IPPF (provision of contraceptives), and UNICEF.

Geographic coverage

The 1997 MRHS was designed to collect information from a representative sample of women of reproductive age throughout Moldova.

Universe

The universe from which the respondents were selected included all females between the ages of 15 and 44, regardless of marital status, who were living in Moldova when the survey was carried out.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey employed a three-stage probability sample design and successfully interviewed 5,412 (98%) of 5,543 women identified in sample households as eligible for interview.

The survey employed a three-stage sampling design using two sampling frames (one for urban areas and one for rural areas) provided by the MSDS. The urban sampling frame was based on the 1989 census, whereas the rural sampling frame consisted of a list of the 1,607 villages in the country, recently updated for household composition in January-April 1997 for an agricultural registry.

In the first stage, 128 census sectors in urban areas and 122 villages were selected as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) with probability proportional to the number of households in each census sector/village. In the second stage of sampling, clusters of households were randomly selected in each census sector/village chosen in the first stage. Before second-stage selection in urban areas, the Census Division of the MSDS redefined each 1989 census sector selected as a PSU for street boundaries, converted the maps and listings from Russian to Moldavian, and updated the sector's household composition in collaboration with personnel from the local health care units. A cluster of households was randomly selected from the updated sector lists of the PSUs in urban areas and from the household listings in the villages selected as PSUs in the first stage. (Since there were roughly equal numbers of urban and rural households, the sample was designed to be geographically self-weighting.) In each sample strata, urban and rural, the third stage consisted of the random selection of one woman if there were two or more eligible women (aged 15-44 years) living in the same household.

Cluster size determination was based on the number of households required to obtain an average of 20 interviews per cluster. The total number of households in each cluster took into account estimates of unoccupied households, average number of women 15-44 per household, the interview of only one woman per household, and an estimated response rate of 90% in urban areas and 92% in rural areas. In urban areas, the cluster size with a yield of 20 interviews, on average, was determined to be 45 households. In rural areas, because the average number of women 15-44 per household varies considerably by raion, the average number of households needed to obtain 20 complete interviews varied from 42 to 60.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was first drafted by CDC/DRH consultants based on a core questionnaire used in the 1993 Romanian Reproductive Health Survey. This core questionnaire was reviewed and modified by Moldovan experts in reproductive health and family planning, as well as by USAID and UNFPA. Based on these reviews, a pretest questionnaire was developed and field-tested in April 1997. The questionnaire, developed in Romanian, was translated into Russian after the pretest. All interviewers spoke these two languages.

The questionnaire had two components: (1) A short household questionnaire used to collect residential and geographic information, select information about all women of childbearing age living in sampled households, and information on interview status. This module was also used to randomly select one respondent when there was more than one eligible woman in the household; (2) The longer individual questionnaire collected information on the topics mentioned above.

The major reproductive health topics on which information was collected were: pregnancies and childbearing (a complete history of all pregnancies, including planning status of pregnancies in the last five years, a detailed history of abortions within the last five years, including postabortion counseling, and the history of all births within the last five years, including the patterns of utilization of health services during pregnancy, maternal morbidity, infant health and breast-feeding); family planning (knowledge and history of use of methods of preventing pregnancy, current use of contraception, source of contraception, reasons for not using, reasons for use of less effective methods of contraception, future fertility preferences and intentions to use voluntary sterilization); women's health (health behavior and use of women's health services, tobacco and alcohol use); reproductive health knowledge and attitudes (especially regarding birth control pills, condoms, and IUDs); knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention; domestic violence, including violence during the most recent pregnancy; history of sexual abuse; and socioeconomic characteristics of women and their husbands/families. The young women (15-24 years of age) were asked additional questions on sex education, age and contraceptive use at first sexual intercourse, and sexual behaviors.

Most issues have been examined by geographic, demographic, and socio-economic characteristics, making it possible to identify the segments of the population with specific health needs or problems.

Response rate

Of the 11,506 households selected, 5,543 were found to include at least one 15-44 year-old woman. Of these women, 5,412 were successfully interviewed, for a response rate of 97.6%. Less than one percent of selected women refused to be interviewed, while another 1.3% could not be located. Response rates were slightly better in rural areas (98%) than in municipalities and other urban areas (97%). In Chisinau (not shown), the response rate was 96%; nearly 3% of women selected in the sample could not be located.

Data appraisal

The geographic distribution of the sample, by residence and region, is very close to official figures of the population distribution for 1996, estimated by the Moldovan State Department for Statistics.

The percent distribution of women in the sample by five-year age groups is compared with the 1994 official estimates (the most recent estimates by age group) in Table 2.3. Compared with these estimates, the survey sample has slightly over-represented adolescent women (15-19 yearolds) and under-represented women aged 40-44 by about two percentage points. However, several factors may have contributed to the differences observed: first, there is a three-year difference between the time the official estimates were calculated and the survey was implemented; second, the official estimates are projections of the age composition recorded by the 1989 census and thus dependent on assumptions used in projecting the aging of a cohort; finally, official estimates include any possible age misreporting that occured in the census.

The Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) is part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys program, which is designed to collect data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health. The BDHS is intended to serve as a source of population and health data for policymakers and the research community. In general, the objectives of the BDHS are to: assess the overall demographic situation in Bangladesh, assist in the evaluation of the population and health programs in Bangladesh, and advance survey methodology. More specifically, the objective of the BDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility and childhood mortality levels; nuptiality; fertility preferences; awareness, approval, and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutrition levels; and maternal and child health. This information is intended to assist policymakers and administrators in evaluating and designing programs and strategies for improving health and family planning services in the country.

This survey provides data on the level and types of civic involvement of a nationally representative sample of American adults. Extensive questions about respondents' religious activities and beliefs are also included in the survey. The results were originally intended as a comparison to qualitative in-depth interviews with a different sample of respondents (qualitative interviews not available).

Abstract

The first Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) was conducted in 1992-93 by the State Planning Committee (SPC) (now Ministry of Planning and Investment) along with the General Statistical Office (GSO). The second VLSS was conducted by the GSO in 1997-98. Both VLSS surveys were funded by UNDP and Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA). The survey was part of the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) household surveys conducted in a number of developing countries with technical assistance from the World Bank.

The second VLSS was designed to provide an up-to-date source of data on households to be used in policy design, monitoring of living standards and evaluation of policies and programs. The timing of the second VLSS approximately five years after the first allows analysis of medium term trends in living standards as a large part of the questionnaire is the same in both surveys.

In addition to the purpose of obtaining a comprehensive and comparable data set to the 1992-93 VLSS for policy analysis, the survey also served as a medium for training and improving survey methods and analysis within the General Statistical Office of Vietnam (GSO), the agency in charge of designing and implementing the second round of the VLSS as well as other government agencies involved in social statistics.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Community
• Schools
• Health Centers

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey sample was selected to be representative for the whole country, taking into account available funding, geographical conditions, organizational capacity and staff competence. The sample size was set at 6000 households selected from provinces and cities throughout the country, but excluding islands due to logistical difficulties in traveling and conducting the survey in those locations.

The sample for the 1997-1998 VLSS was primarily selected from the households selected in the original 150 communes/wards of the 1992-1993 VLSS. The sample was increased by 1200 households with these additional households obtained from the sample of the Multi-purpose Household survey (MPHS) which was based on a similar sampling methodology. Replacement households were selected randomly from within the clusters of the survey and used where necessary.

The selection of the original sample of 4800 households from VLSS 1992-1993 followed a method of stratified random cluster sampling. The basic sample frame was obtained from the 1989 Population Census. The sampling procedures took into account that communes or wards are the basic local level administrative unit, and each commune/ward has a number of villages or urban residential blocks. The number of households selected in a given cluster was determined primarily based on the requirements for organization of interview teams and time needed for each household interview on location.

Based on the sampling frame including two lists, list of communes and list of wards (or equivalent administrative units) throughout the country with the number of households in each commune/ward obtained from the 1989 Population Census, the sample of the 1992-1993 VLSS was selected in three steps, independently for urban and rural areas:

Step 1: Random selection of 120 communes and 30 wards throughout the country based on the method of probability proportional to the number of households in those villages or wards. The selection of primary sampling units (communes) was stratified by urban and rural areas based on the results of the 1989 Census that 80% of the population was living in rural areas and 20% in urban areas.

Step 2: Within each selected commune, two villages or urban residential blocks were selected randomly by the method of probability proportional to the number of households as in the first stage of sampling. Thus, 240 villages and 60 residential blocks were selected.

Step 3: Within each selected village or residential block, 20 households were randomly selected by systematic method with equal probability, including 16 official and 4 alternate households. To eliminate the effect of the seasonal differences, the rotation method of sample was adopted: the 6000 surveyed households were divided into 10 sub-samples and each sub-sample was surveyed for one month.

Sampling procedure is explained in details in the document called "Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997-98", available in this documentation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The second round of the VLSS used 5 questionnaires: household, commune, price, school and clinic. - Household Questionnaire: The household questionnaire contains 15 sections each of which covered a separate aspect of household activity.

• Commune/Ward Questionnaire: A completely new commune questionnaire was developed for the 1997-98 VLSS survey with a greatly expanded content. A few questions in the 1992-93 questionnaire were dropped or moved to other questionnaires (see below). The commune questionnaire was administered by the team supervisor and completed with the help of village chiefs, teachers, government officials and health care workers. The questionnaire was administered only in rural and minor urban areas, i.e. communes 37 to 194, corresponding to villages 73 to 388. Some sections of the questionnaire contain village/block level information, while most of the commune questionnaire refers to the commune. The commune questionnaire contains 10 sections.

• Price Questionnaire: Price data were collected in all clusters, both urban and rural by the anthropometrist for 36 food items, 33 non-food items, 6 services, 10 pharmaceutical products, and 7 agricultural inputs. Three separate observations were made and these did not necessarily involve actual purchase. However, it is possible that as the anthropometrist is not a local person, the prices quoted are not the true prices of the locality. This information was utilized in checking unit prices in the consumption modules, and for calculating poverty lines. Price indices utilized for adjusting monetary figures to real values were obtained from the GSO CPI unit. Details on how and where prices were to be collected can be found in the anthropometry manual. The actual locations of price collection were recorded in the questionnaires, but unfortunately not entered in the computer files.

• School Questionnaire: The school questionnaires were implemented by the team supervisor to all schools within the two villages selected within a commune. There are between 1 and 7 school questionnaires filled in per commune.

• Commune Health Station Questionnaire: The commune health station questionnaire was implemented by the team supervisor. The respondent could be the director, doctor or physician’s assistant of the health station.

Response rate

Response rates are shown in details in the document called "Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997-98 Basic Information", available in this documentation.

Abstract

The Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), which is part of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Project, is one of prominent national surveys in the field of population, family planning, and health. The survey is not only important nationally for planning and evaluating population, family planning, and health developments, but is also important internationally since IDHS has been designed so uniquely that it can be compared with similar surveys in other developing countries.

The 1997 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) is a follow-on project to the 1987 National Indonesia Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (NICPS), the 1991 IDHS, and the 1994 IDHS. The 1997 IDHS was expanded from the 1994 survey to include a module on family welfare; however, unlike the 1994 survey, the 1997 survey no longer investigated the availability of family planning and health services. The 1997 IDHS also included as part of the household schedule a household expenditure module that provided a means of identifying the household's economic status.

The 1997 IDHS was specifically designed to meet the following objectives: - Provide data concerning fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, maternal mortality, and awareness of AIDS that can be used by program managers, policymakers, and researchers to evaluate and improve existing programs - Provide data about availability of family planning and health services, thereby offering an opportunity for linking women's fertility, family planning, and child care behavior with the availability of services - Provide household expenditure data that which can be used to identify the household's economic status - Provide data that can be used to analyze trends over time by examining many of the same fertility, mortality, and health issues that were addressed in the earlier surveys (1987 NICPS, 1991 IDHS and 1994 IDHS) - Measure changes in fertility and contraceptive prevalence rates and at the same time study factors that affect the changes, such as marriage patterns, urban/rural residence, education, breastfeeding habits, and the availability of contraception - Measure the development and achievements of programs related to health policy, particularly those concerning the maternal and child health development program implemented through public health clinics in Indonesia - Provide indicators for classifying families according to their welfare status.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

Indonesia is divided into 27 provinces. For the implementation of its family planning program, the National Family Planning Coordinating Board (NFPCB) has divided these provinces into three regions as follows:

• Java-Bali: DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta, East Java, and Bali
• Outer Java-Bali I: Dista Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, Lampung, West Nusa Tenggara, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, and South Sulawesi
• Outer Java-Ball II: Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, East Nusa Tenggara, East Timor, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Maluku, and Irian Jaya

The 1990 Population Census of Indonesia shows that Java-Bali accounts for 62 percent of the national population, Outer Java-Bali I accounts for 27 percent, and Outer Java-Bali II accounts for 11 percent. The sample for the 1997 IDHS was designed to produce reliable estimates of fertility, contraceptive prevalence and other important variables for each of the provinces and urban and rural areas of the three regions.

In order to meet this objective, between 1,650 and 2,050 households were selected in each of the provinces in Java-Bali, 1,250 to 1,500 households in the ten provinces in Outer Java-Bali I, and 1,000 to 1,250 households in each of the provinces in Outer Java-Bali II, for a total of 35,500 households. With an average of O.8 ever-married women 15-49 per household, the sample was expected to yield approximately 28,000 women eligible for the individual interview.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The 1997 IDHS used three questionnaires: the household questionnaire, the questionnaire on family welfare, and the individual questionnaire for ever-married women 15-49 years old. The general household and individual questionnaires were based on the DHS Model "A" Questionnaire, which is designed for use in countries with high contraceptive prevalence. Additions and modifications to the model questionnaire were made in order to provide detailed information specific to Indonesia. The questionnaires were developed mainly in English and were translated into Indonesian. One deviation from the standard DHS practice is the exclusion of the anthropometric measurement of young children and their mothers. A separate survey carried out by MOH provides this information.

The household questionnaire includes an expenditure schedule adapted from the core Susenas questionnaire model. Susenas is a national household survey carried out annually by CBS to collect data on various demographic and socioeconomic indicators of the population. The family welfare questionnaire was aimed at collecting indicators developed by the NFPCB to classify families according to their welfare status. Families were identified from the list of household members in the household questionnaire. The expenditure module and the family welfare questionnaire were developed in Indonesian.

Cleaning operations

The first stage of data editing was carried out by the field editors who checked the completed questionnaires for thoroughness and accuracy. Field supervisors then further examined the questionnaires. In many instances, the teams sent the questionnaires to CBS through the regency/municipality statistics offices. In these cases, no checking was done by the PSO. In other cases, Technical Coordinators are responsible for reviewing the completeness of the forms. At CBS, the questionnaires underwent another round of editing, primarily for completeness and coding of responses to open-ended questions. The data were processed using microcomputers and the DHS computer program, ISSA (Integrated System for Survey Analysis). Data entry and office editing were initiated immediately after fieldwork began. Simple range and skip errors were corrected at the data entry stage. Data processing was completed by February 1998, and the preliminary report of the survey was published in April 1998.

Response rate

A total of 35,362 households were selected for the survey, of which 34,656 were found. Of the encountered households, 34,255 (99 percent) were successfully interviewed. In these households, 29,317 eligible women were identified, and complete interviews were obtained from 28,810 women, or 98 percent of all eligible women. The generally high response rates for both household and individual interviews were due mainly to the strict enforcement of the rule to revisit the originally selected household if no one was at home initially. No substitution for the originally selected households was allowed. Interviewers were instructed to make at least three visits in an effort to contact the household or eligible woman.

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table 1.2 of the survey report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (I) non-sampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 1997 IDHS to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 1997 IDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 1997 IDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 1997 IDHS is the ISSA Sampling Error Module. This module

Information on person and household broadband (high-speed Internet) use, where it is used, by what types of devices, what type of service provider, and other characteristics.

The 1997 Annual Parole Survey provides a count of the total number of persons supervised in the community on January 1 and December 31, 1997, and a count of the number entering and leaving supervision during the year. The survey also provides counts of the number of parolees by certain characteristics, such as gender, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, and supervision status. This survey covers all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal system.

The Common Core of Data Nonfiscal Survey, 1996-97 (CCD 1996-97) is a data collection that is part of the Common Core of Data (CCD) program; program data is available since 1986-1987 at . CCD-Nonfiscal 1996-97 (https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/index.asp) is a cross-sectional survey that collected non-fiscal data about all public schools, public school districts, and state education agencies in the 50 United States, the District of Columbia, Department of Defense schools, and other outlying jurisdictions. The data were supplied by state education agency officials and included basic information and descriptive statistics on public elementary and secondary schools and schooling in general. Key information produced from CCD-Nonfiscal 1996-97 include information that described schools and school districts, including name, address, and phone number; student counts by race/ethnicity, grade and sex and full-time equivalent (FTE) staff counts by labor category.

Conducted by the Bureau of the Census, this survey provides nationally representative data on state prison inmates and sentenced federal inmates held in federally owned and operated facilities. Through personal interviews from June-October 1997, inmates in both state and federal prisons provided information about their current offense and sentence, criminal history, family background and personal characteristics, prior drug and alcohol use and treatment programs, gun possession and use, gang membership, and prison activities, programs, and services. Prior surveys of state prison inmates, called SURVEY OF INMATES OF STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES, were conducted in 1974, 1979, 1986, and 1991 (see ICPSR 7811, 7856, 8711, and 6086). Sentenced federal prison inmates were first interviewed in 1991 (see SURVEY OF INMATES OF FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES, 1991 [ICPSR 6037]). The federal data are combined with the state data in this collection. Part 1, Numeric Data, consists of numerically-coded responses, while Part 2, Alphanumeric Data, contains free-field responses to "Specify, Other" questions in ASCII text form.

A two-part study of rural poverty was carried out in 1997-98 in south and eastern Uttar Pradesh and north and central Bihar. This study utilized both qualitative methods rapid rural appraisal (RRA) & participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methodologies, and semi-structured interviews as well as quantitative methods drawing on data collected from household and community surveys modelled after the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys. The data being distributed are from the quantitative component of the study, field work for which was carried out between December 1997 and March 1998. Data were collected through household and village-level questionnaires in 120 villages drawn from a sample of 25 districts in UP and Bihar states; a total of 2,250 households were interviewed during the course of the survey (more details on distribution of the sample are provided in the sampling section of this note). Of the sample of 120 villages where the household and village surveys were conducted, 30 had been visited in the earlier qualitative component of the study, while the remaining 90 were drawn at random from the sample districts.

Abstract

China Living Standards Survey (LSS) consists of one household survey and one community (village) survey, conducted in Hebei and Liaoning Provinces (northern and northeast China) in July 1995 and July 1997 respectively. Five villages from each three sample counties of each province were selected (six were selected in Liaoyang County of Liaoning Province because of administrative area change). About 880 farm households were selected from total thirty-one sample villages for the household survey. The same thirty-one villages formed the samples of community survey. This document provides information on the content of different questionnaires, the survey design and implementation, data processing activities, and the different available data sets.

Geographic coverage

Regional

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The China LSS sample is not a rigorous random sample drawn from a well-defined population. Instead it is only a rough approximation of the rural population in Hebei and Liaoning provinces in North-eastern China. The reason for this is that part of the motivation for the survey was to compare the current conditions with conditions that existed in Hebei and Liaoning in the 1930's. Because of this, three counties in Hebei and three counties in Liaoning were selected as "primary sampling units" because data had been collected from those six counties by the Japanese occupation government in the 1930's. Within each of these six counties (xian) five villages (cun) were selected, for an overall total of 30 villages (in fact, an administrative change in one village led to 31 villages being selected). In each county a "main village" was selected that was in fact a village that had been surveyed in the 1930s. Because of the interest in these villages 50 households were selected from each of these six villages (one for each of the six counties). In addition, four other villages were selected in each county. These other villages were not drawn randomly but were selected so as to "represent" variation within the county. Within each of these villages 20 households were selected for interviews. Thus, the intended sample size was 780 households, 130 from each county. Unlike county and village selection, the selection of households within each village was done according to standard sample selection procedures. In each village, a list of all households in the village was obtained from village leaders. An "interval" was calculated as the number of the households in the village divided by the number of households desired for the sample (50 for main villages and 20 for other villages). For the list of households, a random number was drawn between 1 and the interval number. This was used as a starting point. The interval was then added to this number to get a second number, then the interval was added to this second number to get a third number, and so on. The set of numbers produced were the numbers used to select the households, in terms of their order on the list. In fact, the number of households in the sample is 785, as opposed to 780. Most of this difference is due to a village in which 24 households were interviewed, as opposed to the goal of 20 households

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

(a) DATA ENTRY All responses obtained from the household interviews were recorded in the household questionnaires. These were then entered into the computer, in the field, using data entry programs written in BASIC. The data produced by the data entry program were in the form of household files, i.e. one data file for all of the data in one household/community questionnaire. Thus, for the household there were about 880 data files. These data files were processed at the University of Toronto and the World Bank to produce datasets in statistical software formats, each of which contained information for all households for a subset of variables. The subset of variables chosen corresponded to data entry screens, so these files are hereafter referred to as "screen files". For the household survey component 66 data files were created. Members of the survey team checked and corrected data by checking the questionnaires for original recorded information. We would like to emphasize that correction here refers to checking questionnaires, in case of errors in skip patterns, incorrect values, or outlying values, and changing values if and only if data in the computer were different from those in the questionnaires. The personnel in charge of data preparation were given specific instructions not to change data even if values in the questionnaires were clearly incorrect. We have no reason to believe that these instructions were not followed, and every reason to believe that the data resulting from these checks and corrections are accurate and of the highest quality possible.

(b) DATA EDITING The screen files were then brought to World Bank headquarters in Washington, D.C. and uploaded to a mainframe computer, where they were converted to "standard" LSMS formats by merging datasets to produce separate datasets for each section with variable names corresponding to the questionnaires. In some cases, this has meant a single dataset for a section, while in others it has meant retaining "screen" datasets with just the variable names changed. Linking Parts of the Household Survey Each household has a unique identification number which is contained in the variable HID. Values for this variable range from 10101 to 60520. The first number is the code for the six counties in which data were collected, the second and third digits are for the villages within each county. Finally, the last two digits of HID contain the household number within the village. Data for households from different parts of the survey can be merged by using the HID variable which appears in each dataset of the household survey. To link information for an individual use should be made of both the household identification number, HID, and the person identification number, PID. A child in the household can be linked to the parents, if the parents are household members, through the parents' id codes in Section 01B. For parents who are not in the household, information is collected on the parent's schooling, main occupation and whether he/she is currently alive. Household members can be linked with their non-resident children through the parents' id codes in Section 01C. Linking the Household to the Community Data The community data have a somewhat different set of identifying variables than the household data. Each community dataset has four identifying variables: province (code 7 for Hebei and code 8 for Liaoning); county (six two digit codes, of which the first digit represents province and the second digit represents the three counties in each province); township (3 digit code, first digit is county, second digit is county and third digit is township); and village (4 digit code, first digit is county, second digit is county, third digit is township, and third fourth digit is village). Constructed Data Set Researchers at the World Bank and the University of Toronto have created a data set with information on annual household expenditures, region codes, etc. This constructed data set is made available for general use with the understanding that the description below is the only documentation that will be provided. Any manipulation of the data requires assumptions to be made and, as much as possible, those assumptions are explained below. Except where noted, the data set has been created using only the original (raw) data sets. A researcher could construct a somewhat different data set by incorporating different assumptions. Aggregate Expenditure, TOTEXP. The dataset TOTEXP contains variables for total household annual expenditures (for the year 1994) and variables for the different components of total household expenditures: food expenditures, non-food expenditures, use value of consumer durables, etc. These, along with the algorithm used to calculate household expenditures are detailed in Appendix D. The dataset also contains the variable HID, which can be used to match this dataset to the household level data set. Note that all of the expenditure variables are totals for the household. That is, they are not in per capita terms. Researchers will have to divide these variables by household size to get per capita numbers. The household size variable is included in the data set.

In conformity with the 1987 survey, the 1997 survey was arranged as a mapping of the citizen's activities and possibilities to influence within the 'small democracy' as well as within the 'big democracy'. The 'small democracy' refer to the citizen's possibilities to influence her/his own living conditions within the framework of a number of important roles, namely the role as: resident; patient (or related to patient); husband/wife; parent of small children; parent of school-children; gainfully employed; student; and unemployed. In comparison with the 1987 survey two new roles were included, the roles as student and as unemployed. The 'big democracy' refer to the possibilities to have an influence on more comprehensive decisions, to influence not only the personal situation but the situation for the whole country. Questions were asked about membership and activity in different organizations, as well as different attempts to influence decisions in questions concerning the whole community. Compared to the 1987 survey, the 1997 survey focuses more on the citizen's ideal of the good citizen, and their picture of their own and other's ability to fulfil these ideals. The 1997 survey also inquires the differences in opinion between the most active citizens and the less engaged. The importance of social networks for the democratic citizenship was also scrutinized. The questionnaire was divided into nine parts: Housing; Health and medical care; Family; Child care; Children's schooling; Work and education; Unemployment; Organizational activities and the community; Community and democracy. The sample is divided into two main parts. The first part consists of 350 married couples and both partners are interviewed. The other part consists of 1 300 persons, both married and unmarried persons.

Purpose:

Follow-up and make deeper studies of the results from the 1987 Citizen survey

This is the fifth study in the collection of Student-SOM surveys. The aim of these studies is to shed light on opinions and habits of the student generation of today. The questionnaire - mainly a replication of questionnaires used in earlier Student-SOM surveys - included questions about study programme, mass media, politics and society, energy, nuclear power and environment, leisure-time activities, and background.

Purpose:

To find out how students feel about their education and the social environment at the University of Gothenburg

The aims of this survey series are to ascertain :
the proportion of the population who are involved in voluntary activity in the UK;
the type of people most likely to volunteer;
the types of activities in which volunteers are engaged;
the motivations for volunteering;
the benefits and drawbacks of voluntary work.
The 1997 survey was carried out by BMRB International on behalf of the National Centre for Volunteering (formerly the Volunteer Centre). The need to compare trends in voluntary activity over time required that the survey was to a large extent a repeat of the previous surveys conducted by SCPR in 1981 and 1991, although some new topics were covered.

A research project was carried out by the National Centre for Social Research in partnership with the Institute for Volunteering Research in 2006/7, as a follow-up to the Citizenship Survey, 2005. The resulting study, the National Survey of Volunteering and Charitable Giving, 2006-2007, is held at the UKDA under SN 5793.

Abstract

The main purpose of these surveys is to provide data for the study of multiple aspects of household welfare and behavior, analysis of poverty, and understanding the effect of government policies on households.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Community

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In order to expedite the survey process, NATSTATCOM used much of the same sample design and survey instruments as those used for the 1993 Baseline Survey. However, the Fall 1996-1998 KPMS surveys used a new sampling frame based on the Kyrgyz Household Registration System. This system was taken from the Census Posts intended for use by the first National Census of the Kyrgyz Republic. Using this system, NATSTATCOM updated the central household registration files effective January 1, 1996, and the information that was used for the sampling frame was as up to date as possible. The procedures followed in the stratification and identification of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were similar for all rounds of the KPMS as discussed below.

Formation of Strata

Initially the country was divided into seven (7) strata defined by oblasts (Oblasts are administrative divisions of the country which in turn are sub-divided in to Rayons) and by residence location (i.e. urban vs. rural) within oblasts. The rural portion of Bishkek oblast was combined with the rural portion of neighboring Chui oblast for stratification purposes as Bishkek has practically no rural population.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The KPMS surveys were carried out using a household questionnaire and a community (population point) questionnaire. The household questionnaires were used to collect demographic information on the composition of the household, housing, household consumption including home production, as well as economic activities in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. For each household member, individual level data on health, education, migration and labor was collected using the household questionnaires. Community questionnaires were used to collect price data and the presence of social services and infrastructure in the community (population point) where the sampled household is located.

The household questionnaire was extensive and required several hours of intense interviewing to gather all that was needed from each household and its embers. The household questionnaire was split into two parts. The first part was used to collect data through a face to face interview on household roster, dwelling, education, health, migration, etc. At the end of the first part, members who shop for food for the whole household and those who know most about income, expenditure and savings of other household members were identified and designated as respondents for the next part (second round). The second round of interview was administered two weeks after the first half and collected data on crops, food and animal products produced by the household, food expenditure and home produced food consumption.

Some sections of the household questionnaire such as those that deal with dwelling and expenditure information were administered to the person most knowledgeable of the family's overall expenditures, income and other finances as well as about the family's business activities and employment. In other sections, each adult in each sample household was interviewed individually. The information gathered from each household included extensive data on education, health, employment, migration, reproduction and reproductive health (for women aged 15 to 49), land use, expenditure, revenue and other financial matters, as well as anthropometric measurements (for children 5 years and younger). Information about children under 14 years of age was collected by asking the relevant questions to the adult household member who is primarily responsible for each child's care.

The community (Population Point) questionnaires were administered to each sample cluster. They were used to collect data on prices of goods and services, distance to schools, shopping and medical facilities, types of housing, commercial and private land use and availability of infrastructure.

HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

The KPMS household questionnaires generally contain 15 major sections, and each of these sections covers a separate aspect of household activity. In some cases, the section has sub-sections. These household questionnaires were designed to better assess the changing environment brought about by the advent of a market economy and to enable a more in depth analysis of topics such as housing, health, and education. The various sections of the KPMS household questionnaire are described below.The household questionnaires administered in the KPMS surveys are more or less similar with minor modifications and additions in the successive rounds of the KPMS.

POPULATION POINT QUESTIONNAIRE

The community (population point) questionnaire was used to collect information and data that are relevant to the community/population point where the household is located. The questionnaire was designed to be administered in the geographical area of each sample cluster. It was used to collect data regarding prices of goods and services in the local area and data on community infrastructure. Respondents to these questionnaires are those believed to be well informed members of the community that the interviewers identified by going to the rayon, city, oblast administration or other governmental agency located in the population point6. The questionnaire also contains sections to be administered to retail outlets in the neighborhoods that sell various products such as food, drinks, tobacco products and fuel. Other data collected using the population point questionnaire includes distance to schools, distance to shopping and to medical facilities, commercial and private land use in the community, availability of electricity, water, communication and other infrastructure. Similar population point questionnaires were used in all KPMS. The population point questionnaires were completed by the field supervisors. The population point questionnaire contains nine (9) major sections

Data appraisal

There are no significant data quality problems, but the following deserve mentioning.

i) Reproductive health/Nutrition Module (section 8): There are many missing observations in this section of the data. During the data collection stage, there was a restriction that only up to 3 (three) adult women (14 to 49 years of age) per household can be interviewed for this section, but even with this restriction, the number of observations with valid data is very low.

ii) Information on parents of household members (section 1B): The ID codes for the Father or Mother of household members in this section are mostly incorrect. The interviewers in most cases used the code for 'relationship to the head of the household' and entered the value of '5' -- i.e. they copied the values of question 3 of section 1A (Roster) instead of copying the ID codes of the Fathers/Mothers of household members from that section.

iii) Anthropometric data (section 15): The anthropometric data are also not very reliable. The height variable varies significantly because in some places it was recorded in inches and in others in Centimeters.

This project aims to survey and monitor quality of life in the state of Nebraska, covering topics such as the environment, housing, health, recreation, occupation, education, family life, among others. A set of core questions are repeated each year and additional questions are purchased by those interested in gathering additional data. It is conducted by the Bureau of Sociological Research of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in collaboration with state agencies, non-profits, educational and research organizations. The 1997 survey was conducted among residents of Nebraska on many topics of local and state interest, including quality of life, work, fuel usage, nursing homes, communication technology, child care, flex time, outdoor recreation and exercise.