CPG Software Solutions Market Outlook

The global Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Software Solutions market size was estimated at USD 15.3 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 28.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2% during the forecast period. The growth of the CPG Software Solutions market is primarily driven by the increasing need for efficient supply chain management, rising consumer demand for personalized products, and the integration of advanced technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).

One of the key growth factors contributing to the expansion of the CPG Software Solutions market is the growing importance of data analytics in consumer goods. Companies are increasingly leveraging big data analytics to understand consumer behavior, preferences, and trends, which helps them make more informed decisions regarding product development, marketing strategies, and inventory management. This growing reliance on data-driven decision-making is prompting CPG companies to invest heavily in software solutions that can handle large volumes of data and provide actionable insights.

Another significant growth driver is the rising trend of digital transformation across industries. As CPG companies aim to enhance their operational efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction, they are increasingly adopting digital solutions. Technologies such as AI, ML, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are being integrated into CPG software solutions to streamline processes, automate tasks, and enhance supply chain visibility. This digital shift is creating a lucrative market for CPG software solutions, as more companies recognize the benefits of modernizing their operations.

The adoption of omnichannel retail strategies is also playing a crucial role in the growth of the CPG Software Solutions market. With consumers expecting a seamless shopping experience across various channels, CPG companies are focusing on creating unified customer experiences. This requires robust software solutions that can integrate and manage data from multiple touchpoints, such as online stores, physical retail locations, and mobile apps. The demand for such solutions is further fueled by the increasing penetration of e-commerce and the growing preference for online shopping among consumers.

The regional outlook for the CPG Software Solutions market indicates significant growth opportunities in Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. North America is expected to dominate the market due to the presence of major CPG companies and the early adoption of advanced technologies. The Asia Pacific region is projected to witness the highest growth rate, driven by the rapid economic development, increasing consumer spending, and the rising adoption of digital solutions. Europe is also anticipated to experience steady growth, supported by the strong presence of established CPG brands and a favorable regulatory environment.

Component Analysis

The CPG Software Solutions market is segmented by component into software and services. The software segment includes various solutions such as supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), enterprise resource planning (ERP), marketing and sales solutions, and others. These software solutions are designed to help CPG companies manage their operations more efficiently, improve customer engagement, and drive sales growth. The increasing demand for integrated software solutions that offer end-to-end visibility and control over business processes is driving the growth of this segment.

Within the software segment, enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions are particularly crucial for CPG companies. ERP systems integrate various business functions, such as finance, HR, manufacturing, and supply chain, into a single platform. This integration helps companies streamline their operations, reduce redundancies, and improve decision-making. The growing need for real-time data access and the ability to respond quickly to market changes are key factors contributing to the adoption of ERP solutions in the CPG industry.

Customer relationship management (CRM) solutions are also gaining traction in the CPG Software Solutions market. CRM systems help companies manage their interactions with customers, improve customer service, and increase customer loyalty. With the rise of e-commerce and the increasing importance of personalized customer experiences, CRM solutions are becoming essential for CPG

Global Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Software Market size was valued at USD 20.1 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 29.9 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.09% during the forecast period 2026-2032.Global Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Software Market: Definition/ OverviewConsumer Packaged Goods (CPG) software is a type of software that enables firms to manage and monitor numerous aspects of their products along the supply chain. This encompasses everything from manufacturing to final sales. In essence, CPG software streamlines operations for organizations that manufacture the everyday consumable goods we see on store shelves.CPG software delivers real-time data and insights into what's going on throughout the supply chain, offering manufacturers a better understanding of inventory levels, manufacturing efficiency, and potential bottlenecks.

Check out Market Research Intellect's Cpg Software Solutions Market Report, valued at USD 5.2 billion in 2024, with a projected growth to USD 10.8 billion by 2033 at a CAGR of 8.7% (2026-2033).

The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) software solutions market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for efficient supply chain management, enhanced customer relationship management (CRM), and advanced analytics capabilities. The market, estimated at $50 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $90 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the rising adoption of cloud-based solutions offers scalability and cost-effectiveness, attracting smaller and medium-sized CPG companies. Secondly, the increasing need for real-time data visibility across the entire supply chain is pushing companies towards advanced analytics and predictive modeling software. Finally, the growing emphasis on personalization and direct-to-consumer (DTC) strategies necessitates sophisticated CRM and marketing automation tools. The market is segmented by software type (ERP, SCM, CRM, etc.), deployment mode (cloud, on-premises), and company size (small, medium, large), with cloud-based solutions and large enterprises dominating the market share. Competition is fierce, with established players like SAP, Oracle, and Salesforce vying for market dominance alongside specialized CPG software providers and emerging technology companies. However, challenges remain, including integration complexities, data security concerns, and the need for continuous technological upgrades to maintain competitiveness. The competitive landscape is defined by both established enterprise resource planning (ERP) vendors and niche players specializing in CPG-specific solutions. Strategic partnerships and acquisitions are common strategies for expanding market reach and functionality. The industry is witnessing a shift towards integrated platforms that seamlessly connect various aspects of the CPG value chain, from manufacturing and distribution to marketing and sales. The increasing adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is further enhancing decision-making, optimizing processes, and improving customer experience. Despite the growth prospects, regulatory compliance, data privacy concerns, and the need for robust cybersecurity measures present significant challenges for both vendors and users within this dynamic market.

Dive into Market Research Intellect's Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Software Solutions Market Report, valued at USD 12.5 billion in 2024, and forecast to reach USD 20.3 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2026 to 2033.

CPG Software Market Outlook

The CPG (Consumer Packaged Goods) Software market is demonstrating robust growth and expansion, with the market size projected to rise from an estimated USD 12 billion in 2023 to a staggering USD 25 billion by 2032, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5%. This upward trajectory is propelled by several key growth factors, including the increasing digital transformation across industries, the need for enhanced operational efficiency, and the growing emphasis on customer satisfaction and experience. Additionally, the proliferation of e-commerce, coupled with advancements in data analytics, is ushering in a new era of innovation in the consumer packaged goods sector.

A significant growth driver for the CPG Software market is the escalating demand for integrated solutions that streamline operations and enhance productivity. Businesses in the CPG sector are increasingly leveraging software solutions to improve supply chain management, optimize retail operations, and enhance marketing strategies. This is particularly critical in todayÂ’s fast-paced environment where consumer preferences and behaviors are rapidly changing. The ability to adapt to these changes swiftly through efficient software solutions is thus becoming a strategic imperative for companies seeking to maintain a competitive edge. The shift towards digital platforms also enables real-time data access and analytics, which in turn supports informed decision-making and strategic planning.

Another pivotal growth factor is the increasing need for personalized marketing and customer engagement strategies. The CPG industry is recognizing the value of data-driven insights to understand and anticipate consumer needs, preferences, and purchasing behaviors. Software solutions that offer advanced analytics and AI capabilities are empowering businesses to design targeted marketing campaigns and personalized product offerings. This not only enhances customer satisfaction but also fosters brand loyalty and drives sales growth. Furthermore, the rise of omnichannel retailing requires seamless integration across various platforms, further fueling the demand for sophisticated software solutions in the CPG market.

The ongoing technological advancements, particularly in cloud computing and IoT, are also a major growth catalyst for the CPG Software market. Cloud-based solutions offer scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness, encouraging their adoption across small and medium enterprises as well as large corporations. The integration of IoT devices in CPG operations facilitates real-time monitoring and management of products and services, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing costs. These technological innovations are enabling businesses to optimize their processes, reduce waste, and contribute to sustainable practices, which are becoming increasingly important in the modern marketplace.

Regionally, North America is expected to hold a dominant position in the CPG Software market, driven by the presence of key industry players and a strong focus on technological innovation. The Asia Pacific region, however, is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate due to the rapid digitalization in emerging economies and increasing consumer demand for packaged goods. Europe continues to be a significant market, with a strong emphasis on sustainability and efficiency driving the adoption of CPG software solutions. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also showing promising potential, with growing investments in technology and infrastructure development.

Component Analysis

The component segment of the CPG Software market is primarily divided into Software and Services. The software component encompasses a wide range of applications designed to streamline operations, enhance productivity, and facilitate decision-making within the CPG sector. These applications include retail management systems, supply chain management software, marketing automation tools, and product lifecycle management solutions, among others. The demand for these software solutions is driven by their ability to integrate various business functions, providing a holistic view of operations and enabling businesses to respond swiftly to market changes and consumer demands.

On the other hand, the services component plays a crucial role in supporting the implementation, maintenance, and optimization of software solutions. This includes consulting services, system integration, training, and support services. As businesses increasingly adopt advanced software solutions, the need for experti

Global CPG Software Solutions market size 2025 was XX Million. CPG Software Solutions Industry compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2025 till 2033.

The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Software & Solutions market, valued at $20,760 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by the increasing need for efficient supply chain management, enhanced data analytics capabilities, and the rising adoption of digital transformation strategies across the CPG industry. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.5% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant expansion of this market. Key drivers include the need for improved forecasting accuracy to minimize waste and optimize inventory levels, the pressure to enhance customer experience through personalized marketing and loyalty programs, and the imperative for greater operational efficiency through automation and real-time data visibility. The market is highly competitive, with major players like SAP, Microsoft, and Salesforce vying for market share, alongside specialized CPG solution providers such as JDA Software and Infor. Growth is further fueled by the increasing integration of AI and machine learning into CPG software, enabling predictive analytics and more informed decision-making. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with both large established players and niche providers offering specialized solutions. Continuous innovation is crucial for success, with a focus on developing solutions that address specific CPG industry challenges. The market segmentation is likely diverse, encompassing enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), and marketing automation solutions. Regional variations are expected, with North America and Europe potentially leading the market initially, followed by growth in Asia-Pacific and other emerging markets as digital adoption accelerates. The forecast period (2025-2033) presents significant opportunities for growth, especially as CPG companies increasingly prioritize data-driven strategies and invest in advanced technologies to improve operational efficiency and gain a competitive edge.

The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) software market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for efficient supply chain management, enhanced customer relationship management (CRM), and data-driven decision-making within the industry. The market's expansion is fueled by the need for real-time visibility across the entire CPG lifecycle, from sourcing raw materials to delivering finished products to consumers. Companies are investing heavily in advanced technologies like AI and machine learning to optimize production, predict demand, and personalize customer experiences. This leads to improved operational efficiency, reduced costs, and increased profitability. The market is segmented by software type (ERP, CRM, SCM, etc.), deployment mode (cloud, on-premise), and enterprise size (SMEs, large enterprises). Competition is fierce, with established players like SAP and Oracle alongside emerging innovative solutions providers continuously pushing technological advancements and offering specialized solutions to address the specific challenges of different CPG sub-sectors. The market is also witnessing a surge in cloud-based solutions due to their scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional on-premise systems. The projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) suggests a significant expansion of the CPG software market over the forecast period (2025-2033). While precise figures for market size and CAGR are not provided, a reasonable estimate based on industry reports and current market trends suggests a substantial increase in market value. Factors such as the increasing adoption of digital transformation strategies within the CPG sector and the growing need for data analytics to understand consumer behavior are key contributors to this growth. However, challenges remain, including the high initial investment costs associated with implementing new software solutions and the need for skilled professionals to manage and maintain these systems. This necessitates a strategic approach for CPG companies, balancing the benefits of advanced software with careful planning and resource allocation. The diverse range of vendors, each offering unique features and functionalities, creates a competitive landscape that benefits end-users by fostering innovation and driving down costs over time.

Consumer Goods (CPG) Sales Software Market Outlook

The global Consumer Goods (CPG) Sales Software market size is projected to grow from USD 10 billion in 2023 to USD 24 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 10.5% during the forecast period. This significant growth is driven by the increasing need for efficient sales management solutions, advancements in technology, and the rising adoption of cloud-based software. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into sales software is also a key growth factor, enabling companies to streamline operations, enhance customer experience, and boost overall sales performance.

One of the primary growth factors for the CPG Sales Software market is the escalating demand for automation in sales processes. Companies are increasingly recognizing the benefits of automating routine tasks such as order processing, inventory management, and sales forecasting. Automation not only reduces manual errors but also significantly enhances operational efficiency, allowing sales teams to focus on strategic tasks. The integration of advanced analytics within sales software provides deep insights into consumer behavior, aiding in the development of effective sales strategies. This shift towards automation is expected to continue driving market growth over the forecast period.

Another critical factor contributing to the growth of the CPG Sales Software market is the rising importance of customer relationship management (CRM). In today's competitive market, understanding and managing customer relationships is crucial for retaining existing customers and attracting new ones. CPG sales software equipped with CRM capabilities enables businesses to track customer interactions, manage leads, and analyze customer data to provide personalized experiences. The increasing emphasis on customer-centric approaches and personalized marketing is expected to significantly drive the demand for CRM-integrated sales software in the coming years.

The adoption of cloud-based solutions is also a significant growth driver for the CPG Sales Software market. Cloud-based software offers several advantages over traditional on-premises solutions, including lower upfront costs, scalability, and remote accessibility. With the increasing trend towards digital transformation, many enterprises are shifting towards cloud-based sales software to leverage these benefits. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of remote working, further fueling the demand for cloud-based sales software that can be accessed from anywhere, anytime.

Regionally, North America is expected to dominate the CPG Sales Software market due to the presence of major market players and the high adoption rate of advanced technologies. Europe and Asia Pacific are also anticipated to witness significant growth, driven by the increasing digitalization of businesses and the expanding e-commerce sector. In particular, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest CAGR during the forecast period, fueled by the rapid economic growth, increasing internet penetration, and growing consumer base in countries like China and India.

Component Analysis

The CPG Sales Software market can be segmented based on components into software and services. The software segment is anticipated to hold the largest market share during the forecast period. This segment includes various types of sales software such as CRM, sales forecasting, inventory management, and order management software. The increasing need for these software solutions to manage complex sales processes and improve efficiency is driving the growth of this segment. Additionally, the integration of advanced technologies such as AI and machine learning into sales software is further enhancing their capabilities and driving market growth.

Within the software segment, CRM software is expected to witness substantial growth due to its critical role in managing customer relationships and improving customer satisfaction. CRM software helps businesses to track customer interactions, manage leads, and analyze customer data to provide personalized experiences. The rising emphasis on customer-centric approaches and personalized marketing is significantly driving the demand for CRM software in the CPG sector.

The services segment, which includes implementation, training, and maintenance services, is also anticipated to grow at a significant rate. These services are essential for the successful deployment and operation of sales software. As businesses increasingly adopt advanced sales s

The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Software & Solutions market serves as the backbone of the dynamic and fast-paced CPG industry, providing essential tools for manufacturers, retailers, and distributors to streamline operations, enhance customer engagement, and improve supply chain efficiency. As brands compete to me

The global consumer packaged goods (CPG) software market is anticipated to reach a valuation of USD 20,760 million by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period (2023-2033). The increasing adoption of digital technologies and the need for efficient supply chain management in the CPG industry are major growth drivers. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated the demand for CPG software as companies sought to optimize their operations and cope with disruptions in global supply chains. The market is segmented based on application into small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises, and by type into cloud-based and on-premises solutions. Cloud-based CPG software is gaining popularity due to its cost-effectiveness, scalability, and ease of implementation. Key market players include Fishbowl, NetSuite, Systum Inc., Deskera, and Agiliron, among others. The market is geographically segmented into North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and Asia Pacific, with North America holding a significant market share.

The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) solutions market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for efficient supply chain management, enhanced customer engagement, and data-driven decision-making within the industry. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors, including the rising adoption of cloud-based solutions offering scalability and cost-effectiveness, the growing integration of mobile technologies for real-time data access and improved operational efficiency, and the increasing demand for advanced analytics to optimize pricing, promotions, and inventory management. Furthermore, the proliferation of e-commerce and omnichannel strategies is pushing CPG companies to invest heavily in solutions that enhance their digital capabilities and improve customer experience. This market is segmented by deployment type (cloud-based, on-premise, mobile) and application (distributors, manufacturers), with cloud-based solutions witnessing the fastest growth due to their flexibility and accessibility. Major players like SAP, Microsoft, Salesforce, and Oracle dominate the market landscape, offering comprehensive solutions catering to the diverse needs of CPG companies across various regions. The market is geographically diverse, with North America and Europe currently holding significant market shares. However, the Asia-Pacific region is projected to experience substantial growth in the coming years, driven by increasing adoption of digital technologies and expanding e-commerce markets in countries like China and India. While the market faces challenges like high implementation costs and the need for skilled workforce to manage complex solutions, the overall outlook remains positive. The ongoing trend toward digital transformation, coupled with the need for greater supply chain resilience and enhanced customer insights, will continue to fuel market expansion throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Competitive pressures are stimulating innovation, with companies continuously developing new features and functionalities to enhance their offerings and gain a competitive edge. This is expected to lead to the consolidation of some players and emergence of new, specialized solutions in niche areas within the CPG sector.

Global Consumer Goods CPG Sales Software market size 2021 was recorded $5302.19 Million whereas by the end of 2025 it will reach $7834.6 Million. According to the author, by 2033 Consumer Goods CPG Sales Software market size will become $17105.7. Consumer Goods CPG Sales Software market will be growing at a CAGR of 10.253% during 2025 to 2033.

The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Sales Software market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for efficient sales management and enhanced customer relationship management (CRM) within the dynamic CPG sector. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors: the adoption of cloud-based solutions offering scalability and cost-effectiveness, the rising demand for data-driven insights to optimize sales strategies, and the growing importance of omnichannel sales strategies to reach consumers across various touchpoints. Companies are increasingly investing in software that integrates sales data with marketing and supply chain operations, creating a holistic view of the customer journey and improving overall business efficiency. This trend is further accelerated by the need for real-time sales data analysis to make informed, timely decisions in a rapidly evolving market. Competition is fierce, with established players like SAP, Microsoft, and Salesforce vying for market share alongside specialized CPG solutions providers. The market is segmented by deployment type (cloud, on-premise), software functionality (sales force automation, CRM, analytics), and enterprise size (small, medium, large). Future growth will likely be driven by the adoption of advanced analytics capabilities, including AI and machine learning, to personalize customer interactions and predict sales trends more accurately. The projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) suggests a significant market expansion over the forecast period (2025-2033). While precise figures are unavailable, a reasonable estimation, considering industry trends and the factors mentioned above, places the 2025 market size at approximately $15 billion. This is based on a conservative assessment of existing market reports and the rapid adoption of digital transformation initiatives within the CPG sector. Continued growth will depend on factors such as economic stability, technological advancements, and the ongoing adaptation of CPG companies to evolving consumer preferences and purchasing behaviors. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with mergers and acquisitions, and the development of innovative solutions shaping the market's trajectory. Regional variations in market penetration and growth rates are expected, with North America and Europe likely maintaining strong positions due to their technological advancements and high adoption rates.

Global Consumer Goods Cpg Sale Software market size 2025 was XX Million. Consumer Goods Cpg Sale Software Industry compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2025 till 2033.

The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) software market has witnessed significant transformation in recent years, driven by the rapid evolution of technology and changing consumer behaviors. This market encompasses an array of solutions designed to streamline operations, enhance supply chain management, optimize product d

The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Marketing Software and Platforms market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for brands to engage with consumers across diverse digital channels. The market's value, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $40 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers: the rise of e-commerce and digital marketing, the need for data-driven decision-making, increasing demand for personalized marketing experiences, and the growing adoption of cloud-based solutions offering scalability and cost-effectiveness. Key trends include the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for advanced analytics and predictive modeling, the increasing use of marketing automation tools to streamline campaigns, and the growing importance of omnichannel marketing strategies that seamlessly integrate online and offline touchpoints. While data privacy regulations and the complexity of integrating various marketing technologies present some restraints, the overall market outlook remains positive, driven by continuous technological advancements and the evolving consumer landscape. The market is segmented by software type (CRM, marketing automation, analytics, etc.), deployment mode (cloud, on-premise), and industry vertical (food & beverage, personal care, etc.), providing various opportunities for established players and new entrants. Major players like SAP, Microsoft, Adobe, Salesforce, and Oracle dominate the landscape, offering comprehensive suites of marketing software and platforms. However, smaller, specialized vendors are also gaining traction, particularly those focusing on niche functionalities or specific industry verticals. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with companies continuously innovating and expanding their offerings to meet evolving customer needs. The regional distribution shows a strong presence in North America and Europe, reflecting the high adoption rates in these mature markets. However, growth opportunities are also significant in emerging economies in Asia-Pacific and Latin America, where increasing digital penetration and rising consumer spending are driving demand. The long-term outlook for CPG marketing software and platforms remains highly promising, fueled by continuous technological innovation and the ever-changing demands of the consumer goods industry.

The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) applications market, valued at $2,075.9 million in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.5% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Increasing demand for enhanced supply chain visibility and efficiency drives adoption of advanced technologies like ERP, CRM, and SCM solutions. The growing need for real-time data analytics to optimize pricing strategies, inventory management, and demand forecasting is another significant driver. Furthermore, the rising adoption of cloud-based solutions offers scalability and cost-effectiveness, contributing to market expansion. The competitive landscape is marked by established players like SAP, Microsoft, and Oracle, alongside emerging agile solutions from companies like Salesforce and ServiceNow, fostering innovation and diverse offerings. This competition is pushing continuous improvements in functionality and user experience, further driving market growth. The market segmentation is likely diversified across different application types, including inventory management, supply chain optimization, sales & marketing automation, and customer relationship management. The regional distribution probably reflects established market dynamics, with North America and Europe potentially holding significant market share due to established technological infrastructure and high CPG industry concentration. However, emerging economies in Asia-Pacific and Latin America are anticipated to showcase significant growth potential in the coming years, driven by increasing digital adoption and investment in supply chain modernization. While data limitations prevent precise regional breakdowns, industry trends suggest a gradual shift towards a more geographically diversified market as digitalization expands globally. The market's continued expansion hinges on the ongoing technological advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT), driving the development of more sophisticated and insightful CPG applications.