In 2024, the average annual per capita disposable income of households in China amounted to approximately 41,300 yuan. Annual per capita income in Chinese saw a significant rise over the last decades and is still rising at a high pace. During the last ten years, per capita disposable income roughly doubled in China. Income distribution in China As an emerging economy, China faces a large number of development challenges, one of the most pressing issues being income inequality. The income gap between rural and urban areas has been stirring social unrest in China and poses a serious threat to the dogma of a “harmonious society” proclaimed by the communist party. In contrast to the disposable income of urban households, which reached around 54,200 yuan in 2024, that of rural households only amounted to around 23,100 yuan. Coinciding with the urban-rural income gap, income disparities between coastal and western regions in China have become apparent. As of 2023, households in Shanghai and Beijing displayed the highest average annual income of around 84,800 and 81,900 yuan respectively, followed by Zhejiang province with 63,800 yuan. Gansu, a province located in the West of China, had the lowest average annual per capita household income in China with merely 25,000 yuan. Income inequality in China The Gini coefficient is the most commonly used measure of income inequality. For China, the official Gini coefficient also indicates the astonishing inequality of income distribution in the country. Although the Gini coefficient has dropped from its high in 2008 at 49.1 points, it still ranged at a score of 46.5 points in 2023. The United Nations have set an index value of 40 as a warning level for serious inequality in a society.

The interview data were collected by Dr Zinian Zhang from his fieldwork conducted in Hangzhou, the capital city of the Zhejiang Province, the People's Republic of China in May 2017. The interviews focused on the question of how the Chinese court conducts equal distribution in commercial judgment enforcements to deliver fairness between competing creditors. In total, there were sixteen law practitioners, including four judges and twelve lawyers, interviewed. Among twelve lawyers, nine once represented judgment creditors seeking equal distribution, and three represented clients who have to share. The data reveal that fair distribution is not as often used as thought, and that fair distribution is unable to fill the gap left by a corporate bankruptcy system.

This application demonstrates that the quality of legal institutions can matter for economic development and that important policy lessons can be learned by China from the UK in this regard. This application recognises that China has been a remarkable economic success story but the country also faces new challenges as its economy enters a more mature phase. In particular, it needs to avoid the 'middle income trap' i.e. where a country has costs that are now too high to compete with low-income countries but where productivity does not match those in high-income countries. There are economies in Asia including Singapore and Hong Kong SAR that have emerged successfully from middle income status. Both these economies are built on UK law and are renowned for the quality of their legal infrastructure in supporting development of the financial system. The application suggests how China might also benefit from the UK experience in building its legal infrastructure. But the application recognises China's singular journey and avoids simplistic conclusions that certain consequences will inevitably follow form certain formal changes. It recognises the need for a continuous process of adaptation and development; learning appropriately from experience and responding sensitively to local conditions. The application demonstrates in particular how legal reforms can support economic growth through - enhancing the protections available to minority investors - supporting the availability of credit and contributing to lower-cost credit - supporting the restructuring of ailing businesses.

n these areas we seek to provide options for enhancing and reforming the legal and financial system in China that are based upon the UK and other experience. We acknowledge that there are choices to be made between means and ends and that the relationship between means and ends is contingent and uncertain. The data we rely on will come principally from the World Bank Doing Business (DB) reports and rankings which are grounded on the notion that smarter business regulation promotes economic growth. The DB rankings have been issued annually since 2004 and the 2016 rankings includes 11 sets of indicators for 189 economies. Each economy is ranked on the individual indicators and also in an overall table. Currently, the UK is 6th in this table and China 84th but Singapore is 1st and Hong SAR is 5th which shows that it is possible for Asian economies to rank highly. In our project, we will explore deep into the detail underlying the Protecting Minority Investors, Getting credit and Resolving Insolvency indicators. These 3 indicators appear particularly pertinent to the development of a mature financial system and in relation to them all China ranks far below the UK. On protecting investors, China is ranked as 134th whereas the UK is 4th. We show how the gap can be bridged and how China can learn from the UK experience by examining critically how the UK has protected minority investors and ascertaining what measures of protection might work most effectively in Chinese conditions. Our approach takes the relevant DB rankings as a guide but subjects them to critical scrutiny and engaging systematically with the methodology underpinning the rankings; addressing the robustness of this methodology and considering alternative approaches. For instance, we will test the robustness and limitations of the DB 'resolving insolvency' data on China using Jiande Municipal People's Court in Zhejiang Province as a case study. This makes the process of data collection and analysis more manageable. 20 interviews with creditors and practitioners will be undertaken in Zhejiang Province and data on business closures from the local branches of the China Business Registration Authorities and the China Pension Management Authorities will also be collected. We will also use econometric analyses based on detailed micro data from other data sources

The China oil & gas downstream industry is experiencing robust growth, driven by a burgeoning domestic demand for refined petroleum products and petrochemicals. The market, currently valued at approximately $XX million in 2025 (assuming a reasonable estimate based on available data and typical market sizes for similar economies), is projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 4.58% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, China's continued economic growth and urbanization drive increasing consumption of fuels for transportation, power generation, and industrial processes. Secondly, the government's ongoing investments in infrastructure development further stimulate demand. Thirdly, the expanding petrochemical sector, a significant consumer of oil & gas downstream products, is a major contributor to market growth. However, the industry also faces challenges. Environmental regulations aimed at reducing carbon emissions are pushing companies to invest in cleaner technologies and refining processes. This transition requires significant capital expenditure and may temporarily constrain growth. Additionally, fluctuating global crude oil prices pose a risk to profitability and investment decisions. Major players like China National Petroleum Corporation, Sinopec, Shell, Total, and Chevron are actively adapting to these dynamics, investing in modernization, diversification, and sustainable practices to maintain competitiveness in this dynamic market. The competitive landscape is characterized by the dominance of large state-owned enterprises, but also includes significant international players. The industry is segmented into refineries and petrochemical plants, each contributing substantially to the overall market value. While the refinery segment currently holds a larger share, the petrochemical segment is expected to witness accelerated growth in the forecast period due to the rising demand for plastics, fertilizers, and other petrochemical products. Regional analysis reveals that China constitutes the primary market within the scope of this study, reflecting the country's massive energy consumption and industrial base. The forecast period of 2025-2033 offers promising growth opportunities for companies capable of navigating the challenges and leveraging the opportunities presented by this evolving sector. Further research could delve into specific product segments and regional variations to provide a more granular understanding of the market dynamics. Notable trends are: Refinery Capacity Expansion is Expected to Drive the Market.

In 2023, China's labor force amounted to approximately 772.2 million people. The labor force in China indicated a general decreasing trend in recent years. As both the size of the population in working age and the share of the population participating in the labor market are declining, this downward trend will most likely persist in the foreseeable future. A country’s labor force is defined as the total number of employable people and incorporates both the employed and the unemployed population. Population challenges for China One of the reasons for the shrinking labor force is the Chinese one-child policy, which had been in effect for nearly 40 years, until it was revoked in 2016. The controversial policy was intended to improve people’s living standards and optimize resource distribution through controlling the size of China’s expanding population. Nonetheless, the policy also led to negative impacts on the labor market, pension system and other societal aspects. Today, China is becoming an aging society. The increase of elderly people and the lack of young people will become a big challenge for China in this century. Employment in China Despite the slowing down of economic growth, China’s unemployment rate has sustained a relatively low rate. Complete production chains and a well-educated labor force make China’s labor market one of the most attractive in the world. Working conditions and salaries in China have also improved significantly over the past years. Due to China’s leading position in terms of talent in the technology industry, the country is now attracting investment from some of the world’s leading companies in the high-tech sector.

The Chinese hair care market, a significant segment of the global industry, is experiencing robust growth fueled by several key factors. Rising disposable incomes, particularly among the burgeoning middle class, are driving increased spending on premium and specialized hair care products. A strong emphasis on personal grooming and appearance, particularly among younger consumers, is further boosting demand. This trend is amplified by the significant influence of social media and beauty influencers, who promote the latest products and trends, shaping consumer preferences and driving adoption of innovative formulations. The market is segmented by product type (shampoo, conditioner, hairspray, and others) and distribution channel (hypermarkets/supermarkets, convenience stores, specialty stores, and online stores). The dominance of e-commerce channels is increasingly apparent, with online stores witnessing rapid growth as consumers embrace the convenience and accessibility of online shopping. Competitive pressures from both domestic and international brands are pushing innovation and product diversification. This includes the development of natural and organic hair care products catering to growing health-conscious consumers and specialized products addressing specific hair types and concerns. While challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices and economic uncertainty exist, the overall outlook for the Chinese hair care market remains positive, driven by sustained economic growth and evolving consumer preferences. The projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.50% suggests a continuous expansion of the market. While precise market size figures for China are not provided, it's reasonable to assume a considerable market share given China's large population and economic growth. Considering the global hair care market's size and the importance of China as a consumer market, it's plausible to project substantial growth in coming years. This growth will be further fueled by the rise of personalized hair care solutions and innovative technologies, like those offered by companies like L'Oréal Professionnel and Procter & Gamble. The increasing awareness of scalp health and the demand for sustainable and ethically sourced products will shape future market trends, creating further opportunities for growth and innovation within this dynamic sector. International brands are likely to continue expanding their presence in China, facing competition from established domestic players. Market success will hinge on understanding and catering to the evolving needs and preferences of the Chinese consumer. Recent developments include: In August 2021, Former P&G and L'Oreal planned to launch numerous new brands in China's beauty industry. These include hair care products, color cosmetics, and skincare brands. A growing number of these brands are headed by former members of major global cosmetics companies., In 2021, Beiersdorf's announced that it would expand the Beiersdorf's NX NIVEA Accelerator program to Shanghai, China, and has now selected the top 5 startups for the first batch. Beiersdorf has succeeded in South Korea by launching the same program in 2019 and achieved a leading market position there., In December 2021, US personal care giant Procter & Gamble (P&G) acquired Ouai, a haircare brand founded in 2016 by Jen Atkin, a hairdresser and the darling of many celebrities. This acquisition enables P&G to establish a foothold in the highly dynamic prestige haircare segment, driven by brands like Olaplex.. Notable trends are: Increasing Expenditure on Advertisement and Promotional Activities.

Snapshot img

Adult Entertainment Market Size 2025-2029

The adult entertainment market size is forecast to increase by USD 29.3 billion at a CAGR of 8.8% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth driven by the increasing acceptance and normalization of sexual health and wellness, leading to a in demand for adult products, particularly sex toys. This trend is further fueled by the expanding consumer base, including millennials and Gen Z, who are more open-minded and technologically savvy, driving the shift towards online sales channels. However, the market faces challenges from stringent regulatory policies regarding adult entertainment product material, which vary significantly across regions, necessitating careful navigation to ensure compliance.
Companies seeking to capitalize on market opportunities must prioritize innovation, focusing on developing body-safe, high-quality, and discreet products. Additionally, strategic partnerships and collaborations with healthcare professionals and sexual health advocacy groups can help bolster brand reputation and credibility. Overall, the market presents a lucrative opportunity for businesses that can navigate regulatory complexities and cater to evolving consumer preferences.

What will be the Size of the Adult Entertainment Market during the forecast period?

Request Free Sample

The market encompasses a vast and dynamic economic sector, generating significant revenue through various content distribution channels and platforms. This industry, which includes adult films, periodicals, websites, and social media, is estimated to be a multi-billion-dollar global market. Digital technologies have revolutionized the industry, enabling the proliferation of streaming platforms and subscription-based services such as OnlyFans and ManyVids. Despite its economic importance, the market remains subject to various social issues and regulatory challenges. Cultural standards, worker rights, and ethical concerns continue to shape the industry's evolution. Regulation and legal issues surrounding exploitation, distribution laws, and consumer protection are ongoing challenges.
Pirated content and production laws also pose significant threats to market participants. Social media and the internet have further complicated the landscape, with many adults consuming adult content on these platforms. The rise of ethical concerns, such as control over work, body standards, and income, has become increasingly important. The industry's future direction will depend on how it navigates these complex issues while adhering to evolving cultural norms and regulatory requirements.

How is this Adult Entertainment Industry segmented?

The adult entertainment industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Gender

  Female
  Male
  Non-Binary


Type

  Adult Videos/Movies
  Adult Games
  Live Performances
  Magazines and Books
  Sex Toys and Accessories
  Virtual Reality (VR) Content


Age Group

  18-24
  25-34
  35-44
  45+


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  South America

    Argentina
    Brazil


  Middle East and Africa

    Egypt
    KSA
    Oman
    UAE


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Distribution Channel Insights

The offline segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market encompasses various sectors, including user-generated content, pirated content, and professional production. Piracy and copyright infringement pose significant challenges, with pirated content proliferating on digital platforms. Legal issues surrounding pornography, consent, and cultural standards continue to shape the market. Branding, customization, and personalization are crucial marketing strategies for businesses in this industry. Payment processing and eCommerce have become essential components, with platforms like OnlyFans and ManyVids offering monetization opportunities. Social media and streaming platforms have expanded the market's reach, enabling new audience segments. Regulation, distribution laws, and production laws are key considerations for businesses. Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and digital technologies are transforming the industry, offering innovative experiences.

Ethical issues, worker rights, and consumer protection are essential social issues. The market's economic significance is substantial, with a global reach and cross-cultural appeal. The sex tech industry generates income through various channels, including digital advertisements, financial services, and collaborations. Social attitudes towards adult content conti

Overview
The June edition of Agricultural commodities contains ABARES latest outlook for Australia's key agricultural commodities in 2017-18, which updates the outlook released in March 2017.

The report provides updated commodity forecasts, an article on China's grain policies and boxes on seasonal conditions in Australia and chilled beef exports to China.

Key Issues Commodity forecasts

• The gross value of farm production is expected to decrease slightly in 2017-18, reflecting an expected return to average seasonal conditions following record production in 2016-17. • The value of farm exports is forecast to remain relatively unchanged in 2017-18.

Economic assumptions underlying this set of commodity forecasts

In preparing this set of agricultural commodity forecasts: • World economic growth is assumed to be 3.3 per cent in 2017 and 3.4 per cent in 2018. • Economic growth in Australia is assumed to average 2.8 per cent in 2017-18. • The Australian dollar is assumed to average US73 cents in 2017-18, slightly lower than the estimated average of US75 cents in 2016-17.

Articles and boxes on agricultural issues
China's grain policies
• Recent changes to China's price support policies signal a move towards a less regulated grain marketing system. China now recognises a role for imports to ensure a secure food supply and actively engages in world markets for grains. These changes have the potential to influence global markets given the size of China's agricultural sector. • The article examines China's domestic grains support policies and border measures. Minimum purchase prices and a grain reserve system for rice and wheat remain key policy instruments. A non-commodity-specific support policy is also being implemented.

Seasonal conditions in Australia
• A timely autumn break in south-eastern Australia has improved soil moisture and provided a good start to the winter cropping season. • Pasture growth and pasture biomass is close to average for this time of year across most of Australia. • Drier and warmer-than-average conditions are more likely for much of southern Australia during the 2017 winter, but this is unlikely to adversely affect crop and pasture growth in the short-term due to adequate soil moisture.

Chilled beef exports to China heat up
• Australian exports of chilled beef to China are becoming increasingly important as Australian frozen beef exports face strong competition from low-cost South American producers. • Australia and China recently signed the Joint Statement on Enhancing Inspection and Quarantine Cooperation between Australia and the People's Republic of China. This will facilitate an increase in the number of eligible establishments permitted to export chilled and frozen red meat to China, pending the outcome of an audit.

In the first quarter of 2024, the real gross domestic product (GDP) of Russia grew by 5.4 percent compared to the same quarter of the previous year. The decline in GDP recorded between the second quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023 was related to the economic impact of the war in Ukraine, in response to which Western countries imposed sanctions on Russia. However, the recent monthly GDP growth data reflects the resilience of the economy in the face of external pressure in the short term. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country. It is an important indicator of economic strength. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth. Trade with China has eased the sanctions’ pressure The dynamic trade relationship with China has likely played a key role in bolstering Russia's economic recovery, contributing to an over-three-percent GDP growth estimated for 2024. The importance of trade partnerships and their impact on GDP growth is underscored by the example of China's influence on both Russia's imports, especially of technology and equipment, and exports, particularly of fossil fuels. Russian economic growth in the global context Amid the global economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical disruptions such as the war in Ukraine, Russia's annual GDP growth was close to the global one, which was forecast to reach approximately 3.2 percent in 2024. Moreover, Russia was expected to become the fourth-fastest-growing economy in the G20 in that year, following India, Indonesia, and China.

In 2023, the construction industry accounted for about 6.8 percent of China's gross domestic product (GDP), representing a slight increase of 0.1 percent from the previous year.

A vital industry for the economy Since the 1998 housing reform, China's real estate industry has expanded dramatically and has become one of the country's pillar industries. Similarly, China's infrastructure construction has also boomed since the early 2000s. To mitigate the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis and maintain the country's economic output, the Chinese government launched a four trillion yuan stimulus plan and invested substantial resources in infrastructure development across the country, such as high-speed railway and highway projects. These developments have all made the construction industry one of the most important segments of the Chinese economy.

An important employer nationwide The construction industry also plays a key role in China's labor market, with more than 50 million people employed in the sector in 2023. It is also one of the top sectors for China's migrant workers, with more than 15 percent working in construction in 2023. However, due to the challenging working environment, more and more young migrant workers are choosing to work in other professions, such as couriers and food delivery. With China's real estate sector facing significant headwinds, infrastructure construction stagnating, and local governments now under substantial fiscal pressure, the future of China's construction industry is becoming increasingly uncertain.

Each year, there are about five million SMEs more in China, representing at least a ten percent year-over-year growth rate. Since the economic reformation in China, SMEs have become one of the driving forces in the economy. In 2019, the number of SMEs was estimated to be over 38 million. In Beijing alone, there were over 3,100 industrial SMEs generating more than 2.8 billion U.S. dollars annual revenue in 2017. 

SME classification in China  

The classification of SMEs  in China is quite complex with specific criteria for different industries. According to the SME Promotion Law of China, SMEs are classified based on the number of employees, annual revenue and total assets. For example, a medium-sized agricultural enterprise is required to hire a minimum of five hundred people. A small-sized construction enterprise can have a maximum business revenue of 8.5 million U.S. dollars. Compared to the SMEs in other economies which often employ below 100 or 500 people, SMEs in China are relatively quite big.

Contribution to the economy and outlook  

SMEs are an important impetus to the economic development in China. Currently, SMEs represent more than 90 percent of the enterprises in the country. They also contribute over 60 percent to the GDP, over 70 percent to patents, and account for 80 percent of nationwide jobs in the country. However, the lifecycle of SMEs in China is often impeded by rising costs, financing difficulties, and limited innovation capacity. To support the growth of SMEs, the Chinese government decided to reduce the targeted reserve requirement ratio and readjust tax policies in early 2019. This could probably attract more investors on the SME board. With a booming e-commerce economy in China, some SMEs have developed their B2B e-commerce platforms to expand their revenue sources. The revenue of these e-commerce platforms was expected to reach 6.4 billion U.S. dollars in 2020. 

In 2023, the construction industry in China generated an output of over 31 trillion yuan, representing an increase of almost 100 percent from a decade ago.

Stimulus from the real estate sector and government-funded projects With the liberalization of the housing market in the late 1990s, China's real estate industry enjoyed a 20-year boom since the early 2000s. Amidst the surge in housing prices, local governments across China received considerable non-tax revenue from land leases and in turn, invested the funds in infrastructure development projects. This led to the continuous prosperity of the country’s construction industry.

A vital segment of China’s economy Thanks to the stimulus from housing developments and infrastructure projects, the construction industry is now one of the pillar industries of China's economy, accounting for around seven percent of the country's GDP. However, with the recent difficulties experienced by many major real estate enterprises, and the stagnation in infrastructure construction owing to local governments' debt situation, China's construction sector faces a somewhat uncertain future.

In 2024, the total population of Taiwan increased to approximately 23.4 million people. The significant drop in 2021 and 2022 was mainly due to people leaving the island during the coronavirus pandemic, while the natural growth rate was also slightly negative. The return of many people in 2023 led to a growth in population. According to national statistics and projections, population numbers entered a general declining path in 2020. Taiwan's demographic development Taiwan experienced rapid population growth in the 1950s and 60s, but alongside with economic development, growth rates decreased significantly. Falling birth figures have also been attributed to Taiwan’s family planning policy, which was aimed at keeping population growth at check. This led to a situation on the island where overall population density was very high and still growing, while the total fertility rate dropped quickly and eventually reached extremely low levels compared internationally. In the 21st century, the challenges of a quickly aging society became more and more apparent and the government initiated family friendly and birth promoting policies. However, fertility still kept on decreasing and reached a historical low in 2010 at 0.9 births per woman on average, and only in recent years has the number of births increased slightly. Implications of an aging society Today's Taiwan, like many East Asian societies, faces the challenges of a rapidly aging population. While the share of the population aged 65 and older accounted to around 18 percent in 2023, it is projected to reach 43 percent in 2060. The old-age dependency ratio, which denotes the relation of people of 65 years and above to the working-age population, is expected to reach around 87 percent in those years. This puts heavy pressure on the working people and the economy as a whole. However, compared to mainland China, which is in a very much comparable demographic situation, Taiwan enjoys the advantage of a relatively wealthy society, which helps to curb the negative economic effects of an aging population.

In 2024, Japan had an average inflation rate estimated at 2.74 percent, marking the highest rate of inflation in Japan in almost a decade. However, this figure was still very low compared to most other major economies, such as Japan's fellow G7 members, four of which had inflation rates around six or seven percent in 2023 due to the global inflation crisis. Why is Japan's inflation rate lower? There are a number of contributing factors to Japan's relatively low inflation rate, even during economic crises. Japan eased its Covid restrictions more slowly than most other major economies, this prevented post-pandemic consumer spending that may have driven inflation through supply chain issues caused by higher demand. As the majority of Japan's food and energy comes from overseas, and has done so for decades, the government has mechanisms in place to prevent energy and wheat prices from rising too quickly. Because of this, Japan was able to shield its private sector from many of the negative knock on effects from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which had a significant impact on both sectors globally. Persistent deflation and national debt An additional factor that has eased the impact of inflation on Japan's economy is the fact that it experienced deflation before the pandemic. Deflation has been a persistent problem in Japan since the asset price bubble burst in 1992, and has been symptomatic of Japan's staggering national debt thereafter. For almost 30 years, a combination of quantitative easing, low interest rates (below 0.5 percent since 1995, and at -0.1% since 2016), and a lack of spending due to low wages and an aging population have combined to give Japan the highest national debt in the world in absolute terms, and second-highest debt in relation to its GDP, after Venezuela. Despite this soaring debt, Japan remains the fourth-largest economy in the world, behind the U.S., China, and Germany.