By the end of January 2022, almost five billion COVID-19 vaccine doses were manufactured in China, making the country by far the largest producer of COVID-19 vaccines globally. While most vaccines were for domestic use, a considerable portion of vaccines was exported via sales and donations, mainly to lower or middle-income countries. In comparison to western mRNA vaccines such as Comirnaty or Spikevax, inactivated COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinovac and Sinopharm have a lower efficacy rate.

Background: In the United States, patients with limited English proficiency face significant barriers to comprehending and acting upon health-related information, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The ability of health professionals to communicate COVID-19-related information to Mandarin-speaking patients has proved critical in discussions about vaccine efficacy, side effects, and post-vaccine protection. Methods: The authors created a one-hour educational module to help Mandarin-speaking medical students better convey COVID-19 vaccine information to Mandarin-only speakers. The module is composed of an educational guide, which introduced key terminology and addressed commonly asked questions, and pre- and post-surveys. The authors recruited 59 Mandarin-speaking medical students from 31 U.S. academic medical centers, all of whom had previously completed a medical Mandarin elective. The module and surveys were distributed and completed in August 2021. Data analysis measured the c...

In 2022, China exported around 830 tons of human vaccines, representing a drop of more than 4100 tons from the previous year. Impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for Chinese-made vaccines increased significantly. In 2021, China exported almost five thousand tons of human vaccines, representing an increase of almost 30 times from the previous year. Despite their lower efficacy ratio, Chinese COVID-19 vaccines manufactured by Sinovac, Sinopharm, and CanSino were widely adopted around the world, mostly in developing nations.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is our generation's greatest global challenge to our public health system. Vaccines are considered one of the most effective tools available for preventing COVID-19 infection and its complications and sequelae. Understanding and addressing the psychological stress related to COVID-19 vaccination may promote acceptance of these vaccines.Methods: We conducted an online survey from January 29 to April 26, 2021 to explore stress levels related to COVID-19 vaccination among the general public in China. Participants were asked to evaluate their psychological stress of considering whether or not to get vaccinated at the beginning period of the COVID-19 mass vaccination, after getting access to the information about the vaccine, as well as after getting vaccinated, using visual analog stress scale. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore factors potentially associated with COVID-19-related psychological stress levels before and after getting vaccinated.Results: A total of 34,041 participants were included in the final analysis. The mean stress score concerning COVID-19 vaccination was 3.90 ± 2.60 among all participants, and significantly decreased over time. In addition, the vaccine-related stress level significantly decreased after accessing information about the COVID-19 vaccine (N = 29,396), as well as after getting vaccinated (N = 5,103). Multivariable regression analysis showed higher stress levels related to COVID-19 vaccination in participants who were younger, having lower education level, having history of chronic diseases, mistrusting vaccine's efficacy, experience of vaccine allergy events, being affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, and having mental illness symptoms. Moreover, mistrust in vaccine efficacy and experience of vaccine allergy events had a long-term impact on psychological stress levels about COVID-19 vaccination even after getting vaccinated.Conclusions: The current findings profiled the COVID-19 vaccine-related psychological stress among the general public in China. Population-specific management and interventions targeting the stress related to COVID-19 vaccination are needed to help governments and policy makers promote individual's willingness to get vaccinations for public well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.

IntroductionTo evaluate Chinese parents' willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19, identify its predictors, and provide a reference for raising the COVID-19 vaccination rate for children.MethodPubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and the databases in Chinese, including CNKI, WanFang, VIP, CBM, were searched from December 2019 to June 2022, and citation tracking was used to identify relevant studies. To calculate the rate with 95% confidence intervals (CI), a random-effects model was used. To explore sources of heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted. This analysis was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022346866) and reported in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines.ResultOverall, 80 studies were screened, and 13 studies with 47994 parents were included after removing duplicates and excluding 19 studies that did not meet the selection criteria by title, abstract and full-text screening. The pooled willingness rate of Chinese parents to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 was 70.0% (95% CI: 62.0~78.0%). Level of education, perceived susceptibility of children infected with COVID-19, and parental attitudes toward vaccination (such as perceived efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines, parental willingness to vaccinate themselves, parental vaccination hesitancy, and the history of children's vaccination against influenza) were the main predictors of parents' intention to vaccinate their children.DiscussionChinese parents' willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 is moderate, and factors including parental education level, perceived susceptibility of children infected with COVID-19, and parental attitudes toward vaccination affect this decision. Fully identifying these factors and their mechanism will be essential to further raise the willingness rate.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022346866.

COVID-19 reproductive numbers from modelling studies in China.

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Covid-19 Vaccination Market 2024-2028

The covid-19 vaccination market size is forecast to increase by USD -32.76 billion, at a CAGR of -37.4% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the expansion of vaccination programs worldwide. Governments and international organizations are investing heavily in vaccination initiatives to contain the spread of the virus. The rising research and development (R&D) investment in the development of Covid-19 vaccines is another major growth factor. However, the high cost of production of Covid-19 vaccines poses a significant challenge to market growth. Manufacturers are exploring various strategies to reduce production costs while maintaining vaccine efficacy and safety. The market is expected to witness strong growth in the coming years as more effective and affordable vaccines become available. poiuyfrtyh

What will the Covid-19 Vaccination Market Size be During the Forecast Period?

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Market Dynamics

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about an unprecedented global health crisis, leading to the development of numerous vaccines to mitigate its impact. This content focuses on various aspects of COVID-19 vaccines, including production, distribution, administration, efficacy, safety, and regulations. COVID-19 vaccine production has been a top priority for researchers and pharmaceutical companies worldwide. Several manufacturers have developed vaccines using various technologies such as mRNA, viral vector, and protein subunit, undergoing rigorous testing and clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. Once vaccines receive approval from regulatory bodies, they are distributed to healthcare facilities and vaccination centers, requiring careful planning and coordination. Governments and international organizations are working to ensure equitable distribution, prioritizing vulnerable populations and herd immunity. Vaccine administration involves healthcare professionals delivering vaccines through injections, with proper training and safety protocols to minimize adverse reactions. Efficacy refers to the vaccine's ability to prevent infection or reduce the severity of symptoms, with most vaccines showing high efficacy rates, ranging from 60% to 95%. Vaccine safety is monitored closely, and while common side effects include pain and swelling at the injection site, fever, and fatigue, serious side effects are rare.

Vaccine procurement involves purchasing vaccines from manufacturers, with governments securing supplies through contracts and partnerships. Vaccine allocation ensures that vaccines are distributed to specific populations, with priority given to vulnerable groups like healthcare workers and the elderly. Vaccine prioritization determines which populations should receive vaccines first, based on risk factors. Vaccine passports are digital or physical documents that prove vaccination status, and may be required for travel or work, with regulations varying by jurisdiction. Vaccine mandates, which require vaccination for employment or participation in certain activities, remain a controversial issue. Vaccine regulations ensure vaccines are safe and effective, and policies governing vaccine use in schools, workplaces, and travel may change as supplies and public health conditions evolve.

Covid-19 Vaccination Market Driver

The expansion of vaccination programs is the key driver of the market. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for vaccines as governments and healthcare organizations prioritize widespread vaccination to control the virus and achieve herd immunity. This heightened demand leads to increased production and sales for vaccine manufacturers, resulting in long-term procurement contracts being signed to ensure a consistent vaccine supply. These contracts provide stability and revenue for manufacturers, with more contracts expected to be established as vaccination programs expand.

Vaccine distribution, administration, and logistics are crucial elements in the vaccine market, requiring efficient vaccine storage, transportation, and scheduling. Vaccine safety, efficacy, and monitoring are also vital considerations, along with addressing vaccine hesitancy and acceptance through education and outreach efforts. Vaccine regulations, policies, and campaigns are essential in ensuring vaccine coverage, immunity, and compliance with side effects and potential mandates or certificates.

Covid-19 Vaccination Market Trends

Rising research and development investment is the upcoming trend in the market. The Covid-19 pandemic has necessitated the rapid development, production, and distribution of vaccines to prevent and treat the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Governments and the private sector have collaborated to invest in va

BackgroundAt present, the widespread variants and the weakened immunity provided by vaccines over time have further emphasized the importance of vaccination, boosters, and prevention efforts against COVID-19. Here, this study intends to investigate the acceptability of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine among child caregivers, aiming to explore the association between risk perception and child vaccine acceptance.MethodsThis anonymous, national, cross-sectional survey was conducted for one week from November 12, 2021 in mainland China. The risk perception among child caregivers was assessed based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the individuals was equally divided into three levels according to the total preset scores of each perception dimension. Pearson χ2 test was used to compare the differences among participants stratified by sociodemographic characteristics, health status, knowledge factors and risk perception. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to explore the associations between risk perception and the acceptance of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine.ResultsA total of 88.46% of 1,724 participants were willing to accept the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine for their children. People who lived in central China (91.93%), had a high school or polytechnic school level education (93.98%), and had a history of COVID-19 vaccination (88.80%) were more likely to accept a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine for their children. The complicated vaccination process (24.5%) and uncertainty about the safety (16.5%) and efficacy (21.3%) of vaccines were the three main reasons for vaccine hesitancy among child caregivers. The acceptance of the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was closely related to a higher level of perceived susceptibility (moderate: aOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.07–2.29, P = 0.022; high: aOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.06–2.89, P = 0.029) and high perceived benefit (high: aOR = 7.22, 95% CI: 2.63–19.79, P < 0.001). The results were stable in the sensitivity analysis.Conclusions88.46% of child caregivers were willing to have a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine to children, and the acceptance was closely associated with a higher level of perceived susceptibility and perceived benefit. The complicated vaccination process, uncertainty about the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines were the main reasons for their hesitancy. Therefore, targeted public health measures to increase perceived susceptibility and benefit are still needed to meet the requirements of higher-level immunization coverage.

A survey on vaccinations against coronaviris (COVID-19) conducted in Indonesia in 2020 found that ** percent of respondents who lacked trust in the effectiveness of the Sinovac vaccine were between 35 and 44 years old. Indonesia began its mass coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination campaign in January 2021 and has approved the Chinese Sinovac vaccine for emergency purposes.

For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

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Vaccine Research Market Size 2024-2028

The vaccine research market size is forecast to increase by USD 21.4 billion, at a CAGR of 10.84% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is driven by the high prevalence of infectious diseases worldwide, necessitating the continuous development of new and effective vaccines. The adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in vaccine research is a significant trend, accelerating the R&D process and enabling the discovery of potential vaccine candidates more efficiently. However, the market faces substantial challenges, including the high cost of vaccine research, development, and manufacturing, which can hinder the entry of new players and limit the market's growth potential. Companies seeking to capitalize on market opportunities must navigate these challenges effectively, focusing on cost reduction strategies and collaborations to share resources and expertise.
Additionally, staying abreast of the latest technological advancements in vaccine research, such as AI and gene editing, can provide a competitive edge in this dynamic market.

What will be the Size of the Vaccine Research Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2018-2022 and forecasts 2024-2028 - in the full report.
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The market continues to evolve, driven by the ongoing need for epidemic and pandemic preparedness. This dynamic landscape encompasses various sectors, including cold chain technology, public health, drug discovery, and inactivated vaccines. In this context, continuous research and development efforts are underway to address the challenges of supply chain management, manufacturing processes, and regulatory approval. In the realm of inactivated vaccines, in-vivo studies and in-vitro experiments are integral to understanding their efficacy and safety. Meanwhile, conjugate vaccines and viral vectors are gaining prominence in disease models, offering potential solutions to antigenic shift and drift. Manufacturing processes are being refined through the adoption of needle-free delivery systems and advances in quality control.

Regulatory approval processes are also undergoing transformation, with data analysis playing a crucial role in ensuring vaccine safety and efficacy. Moreover, the market is witnessing the emergence of next-generation sequencing, which is revolutionizing the understanding of disease surveillance and vaccine efficacy trials. The ongoing research in this field is also addressing concerns related to long-term effects, vaccine hesitancy, and variant-specific vaccines. The market's evolution is further influenced by the ongoing development of DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, and recombinant vaccines, which are undergoing various phases of clinical trials. The importance of animal models and immunization schedules in the context of herd immunity and global health is also being emphasized.

As the market continues to unfold, it is essential to remain attuned to the evolving patterns and applications across various sectors. The ongoing research in this field is critical to addressing the challenges of infectious diseases and ensuring public health.

How is this Vaccine Research Industry segmented?

The vaccine research industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

End-user

  Public
  Private


Age Group

  Pediatric
  Adult


Technology

  Recombinant Vaccines
  mRNA Vaccines
  Subunit Vaccines
  Live-Attenuated Vaccines
  Inactivated Vaccines
  Viral Vector Vaccines
  Conjugate Vaccines
  Toxoid Vaccines
  Adjuvants


Disease Type

  Infectious Diseases
  Cancer
  Autoimmune Diseases
  Allergies
  Neurological Disorders


Research Phase

  Preclinical Research
  Clinical Trials (Phase I, Phase II, Phase III)
  Discovery & Development


End-User

  Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
  Academic & Research Institutions
  Contract Research Organizations (CROs)
  Government Agencies


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    Egypt
    KSA
    Oman
    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Argentina
    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The public segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

In response to the global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have significantly invested in vaccine research and development. Institutions like the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) have been at the forefront of this endeavor. The research process involves

IntroductionSince September 2020, Chinese populations aged > 3 years have been encouraged to receive a two-dose inoculation with vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the current vaccination strategy amongst the general population in mainland China from a societal perspective.MethodsIn this study, we construct a decision tree with Markov models to compare the economic and health consequences of the current vaccination strategy versus a no-vaccination scenario, over a time horizon of one year and an annual discount rate of 5%. Transition probabilities, health utilities, healthcare costs, and productivity losses are estimated from literature. Outcome measures include infection rates, death rates, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and costs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) is then calculated to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the current vaccination strategy, and both one-way deterministic sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) are applied to assess the impact of uncertainties on results.ResultsOur simulation indicates that compared with a no-vaccination scenario, vaccination amongst the general population in mainland China would reduce the infection rate from 100% to 45.3% and decrease the death rate from 6.8% to 3.1%. Consequently, the strategy will lead to a saving of 37,664.77 CNY (US$5,256.70) and a gain of 0.50 QALYs per person per year on average (lifetime QALY and productivity loss due to immature death are included). The cost-saving for each QALY gain is 74,895.69 CNY (US$10,452.85). Result of the PSA indicates that vaccination is the dominating strategy with a probability of 97.9%, and the strategy is cost-effective with a probability of 98.5% when the willingness-to-pay (WTP) is 72,000 CNY (US$10,048.71) per QALY.ConclusionCompared with a no-vaccination scenario, vaccination among the general population in mainland China is the dominating strategy from a societal perspective. The conclusion is considered robust in the sensitivity analyses.

The COVID-19 Recombinant Protein Vaccine market, while initially overshadowed by mRNA vaccines, continues to demonstrate significant growth potential. Driven by factors such as the need for diverse vaccine strategies to combat evolving viral variants, concerns about mRNA vaccine side effects in certain populations, and the potential for broader accessibility through simpler cold-chain requirements compared to mRNA vaccines, this market is projected to experience robust expansion. The market's value, estimated at $2 billion in 2025, is poised for considerable growth throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Leading pharmaceutical companies like GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, Novavax, and several prominent Chinese biotech firms are actively involved, fostering competition and driving innovation within the sector. This competition, along with ongoing research into improved formulations and delivery methods, will be key factors shaping market dynamics. While regulatory hurdles and the ongoing evolution of the virus pose challenges, the market is expected to maintain a healthy Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) due to persistent global demand for effective vaccination strategies. The strategic focus is shifting towards long-term market sustainability. This includes developing next-generation recombinant protein vaccines that offer broader protection against future variants, enhanced efficacy, and improved stability. Furthermore, the market is witnessing a geographic diversification of production and distribution, driven by a need for greater global vaccine equity and self-sufficiency. Despite some initial market saturation, emerging economies present lucrative growth opportunities, especially in regions with limited access to mRNA vaccines. This underscores the enduring importance of recombinant protein vaccine technology within the broader context of pandemic preparedness and global health security. The ongoing research and development efforts, coupled with the market's inherent adaptability, indicate a promising future for this crucial vaccine technology.

In 2023, Sinovac Biotech Ltd., one of China’s major vaccine producers, recorded an annual revenue of 448.27 billion U.S. dollars. In comparison to 2020, the company's annual revenue increased almost 37 times in 2021, reaching almost 20 billion U.S. dollars. CoronaVac Sinovac's substantial growth is largely driven by the strong demand for CoronaVac, its COVID-19 vaccine. By the end of January 2022, almost 2.5 billion doses of CoronaVac were manufactured in production sites within China and abroad, ranking Sinovac as one of the most prominent COVID-19 vaccine suppliers globally.  The international market Unlike CanSino Biologics Inc., which heavily relies on international sales, Sinovac sold most of its products within China’s borders. However, a considerable share of Sinovac’s COVID-19 vaccine doses was also exported through sales and donations, primarily to middle-income economies. The inactivated vaccine is adopted by dozens of countries and recognized by the World Health Organization, despite having a lower efficacy rate against COVID-19 than mRNA vaccines such as Comirnaty and Moderna’s Spikevax.

These three documents are respectively the Baseline Characteristics of the participants, Outcomes after intervention or control, and Adverse Events during the study process. The Baseline Characteristics table presents the baseline characteristics, such as gender, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), number of COVID-19 vaccine doses, duration since the last infection, etc. The Outcomes table includes the raw data for primary and secondary outcomes. The Adverse Events table includes the raw data for blood tests.

Importance: COVID-19 vaccine development has progressed at unprecedented speed. Widespread public uptake of the vaccine is crucial to stem the pandemic. Objective: To examine the factors associated with survey participants’ self-reported likelihood of selecting and receiving a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine. Design, Setting and Participants: A survey of a nonprobability convenience sample of 2000 recruited participants including a choice-based conjoint analysis was conducted to estimate respondents’ probability of choosing a vaccine and willingness to receive vaccination . Participants were then asked to evaluate their willingness to receive each vaccine individually. The survey presented respondents with 5 choice tasks. In each, participants evaluated 2 hypothetical COVID-19 vaccines and were asked whether they would choose vaccine A, vaccine B, or neither vaccine . Vaccine attributes included efficacy, protection duration, major side effects, minor side effects, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process, national origin of vaccine, and endorsement. Levels of each attribute for each vaccine were randomly assigned and attribute order was randomized across participants. Survey data wereas collected on July 9, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Average marginal component effect sizes and marginal means were calculated to estimate the relationship between each vaccine attribute-level and the probability of the respondent choosing a vaccine and self-reported willingness to receive vaccination . Results: A total of 1,971 US adults responded to the survey (median age 43; IQR: 30 to 58); 999 (51%) were women, 1,432 (73%) White, 277 (14%) Black, and 190 (10%) Latinx. An increase in efficacy from 50% to 70% was associated with a higher n increased the estimated probability of choosing a vaccine ofby .07 [95% CI: .06 to .09]; and an increase from 50% to 90% was associated with a higher probability of choosing a vaccine of .16 [95% CI: .15 to .18]. An increase in protection duration from 1 to 5 years was associated with a higher probability of choosing a vaccine of .05 [95% CI: .04 to .07]. A decrease in the incidence of major side effects from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 was associated with a higher probability of choosing a vaccine of .07 [95% CI: .05 to .08]. An FDA emergency use authorization was associated with a lower probability of choosing a vaccine of -.03 [95% CI: -.01 to -.04] compared with full FDA approval. A vaccine that originated from a non-US country was associated with a lower probability of choosing a vaccine [China: -.13 (95% CI: -.11 to -.15 UK: -.04 (95% CI: -.02 to -.06)]. Endorsements from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [.09 (95% CI: .07 to .11)] and World Health Organization [.06 (95% CI: .04 to .08)], compared with an endorsement from President Trump, were associated with higher probabilities of choosing a vaccine. Analyses of participants’ willingness to receive each vaccine when assessed individually yield similar results. Efficacy was the most important factor. An increase in efficacy from 50% to 90% was associated with a 10% higher marginal mean willingness to receive a vaccine [.51 to .61]. A reduction in the incidence of major side effects was associated with a 4% higher marginal mean willingness to receive a vaccine [.54 to .58]. A vaccine originating in China was associated with a 10% lower willingness to receive a vaccine versus one developed in the US [.60 to .50] Endorsements from the CDC and WHO were associated with substantial increases in willingness to receive a vaccine, 7% and 6%, respectively , from a baseline endorsement by President Trump [.52 to .59; .52 to .58]. Conclusions and Relevance: In this survey study of US adults, vaccine-related attributes and political characteristics were associated with self-reported preferences for choosing a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and self-reported willingness to receive vaccination. These results may help inform public health campaigns to address vaccine hesitancy when a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available.

IntroductionThere is an urgent need to address vaccine hesitancy to achieve booster vaccination. This study aimed to reveal the factors associated with vaccine hesitancy (including COVID-19 vaccine) among Chinese residents, address modifications of the factors since the previous year, and propose vaccination rate improvement measures.Materials and methodsThis qualitative return visit study was performed between January and mid-February 2022, following the last interview conducted between February and March 2021. According to an outline designed in advance, 60 Chinese residents from 12 provinces participated in semi-structured interviews.ResultsVaccine safety was the biggest concern raised by respondents, followed by self-immunity and vaccine effectiveness, eliciting concern since the interview last year. Notably, online media accounted for a more significant portion of suggestion sources than before, and fear of pain was a novel factor affecting vaccine hesitancy. Moreover, unlike other areas, those from provinces with a per capita gross domestic product of 3–5 (RMB 10,000) reported less concern about vaccine price and effectiveness. They tended to seek advice via online media less and were greatly influenced by vaccination policies.ConclusionsInfluential factors of vaccine hesitancy among Chinese residents are changing dynamically. Monitoring these trends is essential for public health measures and higher vaccination levels.

Protein-Protein, Genetic, and Chemical Interactions for Watterson D (2021):Preclinical development of a molecular clamp-stabilised subunit vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. curated by BioGRID (https://thebiogrid.org); ABSTRACT: Efforts to develop and deploy effective vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue at pace. Here, we describe rational antigen design through to manufacturability and vaccine efficacy of a prefusion-stabilised spike (S) protein, Sclamp, in combination with the licensed adjuvant MF59 'MF59C.1' (Seqirus, Parkville, Australia).A panel recombinant Sclamp proteins were produced in Chinese hamster ovary and screened in vitro to select a lead vaccine candidate. The structure of this antigen was determined by cryo-electron microscopy and assessed in mouse immunogenicity studies, hamster challenge studies and safety and toxicology studies in rat.In mice, the Sclamp vaccine elicits high levels of neutralising antibodies, as well as broadly reactive and polyfunctional S-specific CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in vivo. In the Syrian hamster challenge model (n = 70), vaccination results in reduced viral load within the lung, protection from pulmonary disease and decreased viral shedding in daily throat swabs which correlated strongly with the neutralising antibody level.The SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp vaccine candidate is compatible with large-scale commercial manufacture, stable at 2-8°C. When formulated with MF59 adjuvant, it elicits neutralising antibodies and T-cell responses and provides protection in animal challenge models.

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (Omicron BA.5) LVRNA012 given as the booster in immunized but SARS-CoV-2 infection-free adults in China.MethodsThis is a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial enrolling healthy adult participants (≥18 years) who had completed two or three doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines at least 6 months before, in Bengbu, Anhui province, China. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a booster intramuscular vaccination with an LVRNA012 vaccine (100ug) or placebo. The primary endpoint was the protective efficacy of a booster dose of the LVRNA012 vaccine or placebo against symptomatic COVID-19 of any severity 14 days after vaccination. Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infections were identified from 14 days to 180 days after intervention, with active surveillance for symptomatic illness 8 times per month between 7 to 90 days and at least once per month between 90 to 180 days after intervention.Results2615 participants were recruited and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the vaccine group (1308) or the placebo group (1307). A total of 141 individuals (46 in the LVRNA012 group and 95 in the placebo group) developed symptomatic COVID-19 infection 14 days after the booster immunization, showing a vaccine efficacy of 51.9% (95% CI, 31.3% to 66.4%). Most infections were detected 90 days after intervention during a period when XBB was prevalent in the community. Adverse reactions were reported by 64% of participants after the LVRNA012 vaccination, but most of them were mild or moderate. The booster vaccination with the LVRNA012 mRNA vaccine could significantly enhance neutralizing antibody titers against the Omicron variant XBB.1.5 (GMT 132.3 [99.8, 175.4]) than did those in the placebo group (GMT 12.5 [8.4, 18.7]) at day 14 for the previously immunized individuals.ConclusionThe LVRNA012 mRNA vaccine is immunogenic, and shows robust efficacy in preventing COVID-19 during the omicron-predominate period.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05745545.

Parameter predictions and relative errors for system (8) using DINNs.

Background: Along with individual-level factors, vaccination-related characteristics are important in understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. This study aimed to determine the influence of these characteristics on vaccine acceptance to formulate promotion strategies after considering differences among respondents with different characteristics.Methods: An online discrete choice experiment was conducted among people aged 18–64 years in Hong Kong, China, from 26 to 28 February 2021. Respondents were asked to make choices regarding hypothetical vaccination programmes described by vaccination-related characteristics—the attributes derived from a prior individual interview. Subgroup analysis was performed to identify the differences in vaccination-related characteristics among respondents with different personal characteristics.Results: A total of 1,773 respondents provided valid responses. The vaccine efficacy and brand were the most important factors affecting acceptance, followed by the exemption of quarantine for vaccinated travelers, safety, venue for vaccination, vaccine uptake of people in their lives, and recommendations by general physicians or government. Frequent exposure to vaccination information on social media has been associated with increasing vaccine refusal. Substantial preference heterogeneity for the attributes was found among people of different ages, incomes, chronic conditions, and previous acceptance of influenza vaccines.Conclusion: The findings provided evidence to formulate interventions to promote vaccine uptake, including the provision of vaccination at housing estate or workplaces, involvement of general physicians and interpersonal communication in vaccine promotion and information dissemination, and exemption of quarantine for vaccinated people. Moreover, social media is a significant information channel that cannot be neglected in the dissemination of official information.