Material recovery service providers have contended with numerous economic headwinds in recent years, ranging from subdued economic growth during the cost-of-living crisis and the high base rate environment as central banks aimed to curb spiralling inflation. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 4.1% over the five years through 2025 to €120.7 billion, including an estimated dip of 0.7% in 2025. Demand for material recovery services is highly contingent on downstream construction, mining and manufacturing sectors producing hefty waste. Since the end of the pandemic, high interest rates have ramped up the cost of borrowing while building material costs skyrocketed, putting off many developers from beginning projects and weighing on construction activity. Subdued economic growth has also hit the manufacturing sector, eroding demand for material recovery services. According to the European Commission, 527 kilograms (kg) of municipal waste per capita was generated in the EU in 2021, while 49% of municipal waste in the EU was recycled. This figure declined to 511kg of municipal waste per capita generated in 2023, with 48% of waste being recycled. The decrease in municipal waste per capita suggests a potential shift towards more sustainable consumption and production patterns. This can positively influence the quality of materials recovered, as higher-quality waste streams may become available for recycling. Decreased waste generation and stagnating recycling rates also signify reduced available materials for recovery, which has impacted revenue streams for companies reliant on high volumes. This stagnation might indicate challenges in public engagement and infrastructure that need addressing to prevent further declines. However, growing recycling rates in the coming years are set to maintain demand, supported by government initiatives like the European Green Deal, which includes the Circular Economy Action Plan. Revenue is expected to climb at a compound annual rate of 3.1% over the five years through 2030 to €140.9 billion. Economic conditions are set to improve in the short term as inflationary pressures subside, allowing central banks to adopt looser monetary policy and support GDP growth. This will drive downstream construction and manufacturing sector activity in the short term, lifting demand for material recovery services. The growing emphasis on sustainability will also persist in the coming years as countries across Europe strive for a circular economy, driving demand and supporting revenue growth.

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Robotic Landfill Mining Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Robotic Landfill Mining market size reached USD 1.14 billion in 2024, driven by the increasing need for sustainable waste management solutions and the rapid adoption of automation technologies in the waste sector. The market is set to expand at a robust CAGR of 13.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted market size of USD 3.75 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth is primarily fueled by advancements in robotics, sensor integration, and artificial intelligence, which are revolutionizing the way landfill mining is conducted and significantly improving efficiency and safety across global waste management operations.

The primary growth factor for the Robotic Landfill Mining market is the increasing focus on environmental sustainability and resource recovery. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are implementing stringent waste management policies, encouraging the adoption of advanced technologies to minimize landfill usage and recover valuable materials. Automation and robotic systems enable precise excavation, sorting, and identification of recyclable or hazardous materials, thereby reducing environmental risks and landfill footprints. Furthermore, the growing public awareness about the negative impacts of traditional landfill practices is prompting municipalities and private entities to invest heavily in robotic landfill mining solutions, ensuring compliance with environmental norms while unlocking economic value from legacy waste.

Another significant driver is the rapid technological advancements in robotic excavation, AI-based waste identification, and sensor integration. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms allows for real-time waste categorization and enhanced operational efficiency. These technologies also facilitate the safe handling of hazardous waste, reducing the need for human intervention in dangerous environments. As a result, waste management companies and recycling facilities are increasingly adopting robotic landfill mining systems to optimize resource recovery, minimize labor costs, and improve workplace safety. The continuous innovation in automation and robotics is expected to further accelerate the market’s growth trajectory over the coming years.

The rising demand for circular economy practices and the depletion of natural resources are also catalyzing the expansion of the Robotic Landfill Mining market. By enabling the extraction of valuable metals, plastics, and other reusable materials from existing landfills, robotic landfill mining supports sustainable manufacturing and reduces the reliance on virgin resources. This not only provides an economic incentive for waste management stakeholders but also aligns with global sustainability goals. Additionally, the increasing incidence of landfill fires, leachate contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions is compelling industry players to embrace robotic technologies that can mitigate these risks and transform waste liabilities into valuable assets.

Regionally, North America and Europe are leading the adoption of robotic landfill mining technologies, owing to advanced waste management infrastructures, supportive regulatory frameworks, and substantial investments in R&D. However, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, driven by rapid urbanization, rising environmental concerns, and increasing government initiatives to modernize waste management systems. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing gradual adoption, primarily in urban centers and industrial hubs. The global landscape indicates a shift towards technologically advanced and environmentally responsible landfill mining solutions, with significant opportunities for market players across all major regions.

Technology Analysis

The Technology segment of the Robotic Landfill Mining market encompasses a diverse range of innovations, including robotic excavation,

Material recovery service providers have contended with numerous economic headwinds in recent years, ranging from subdued economic growth during the cost-of-living crisis and the high base rate environment as central banks aimed to curb spiralling inflation. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 4.1% over the five years through 2025 to €120.7 billion, including an estimated dip of 0.7% in 2025. Demand for material recovery services is highly contingent on downstream construction, mining and manufacturing sectors producing hefty waste. Since the end of the pandemic, high interest rates have ramped up the cost of borrowing while building material costs skyrocketed, putting off many developers from beginning projects and weighing on construction activity. Subdued economic growth has also hit the manufacturing sector, eroding demand for material recovery services. According to the European Commission, 527 kilograms (kg) of municipal waste per capita was generated in the EU in 2021, while 49% of municipal waste in the EU was recycled. This figure declined to 511kg of municipal waste per capita generated in 2023, with 48% of waste being recycled. The decrease in municipal waste per capita suggests a potential shift towards more sustainable consumption and production patterns. This can positively influence the quality of materials recovered, as higher-quality waste streams may become available for recycling. Decreased waste generation and stagnating recycling rates also signify reduced available materials for recovery, which has impacted revenue streams for companies reliant on high volumes. This stagnation might indicate challenges in public engagement and infrastructure that need addressing to prevent further declines. However, growing recycling rates in the coming years are set to maintain demand, supported by government initiatives like the European Green Deal, which includes the Circular Economy Action Plan. Revenue is expected to climb at a compound annual rate of 3.1% over the five years through 2030 to €140.9 billion. Economic conditions are set to improve in the short term as inflationary pressures subside, allowing central banks to adopt looser monetary policy and support GDP growth. This will drive downstream construction and manufacturing sector activity in the short term, lifting demand for material recovery services. The growing emphasis on sustainability will also persist in the coming years as countries across Europe strive for a circular economy, driving demand and supporting revenue growth.

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Circular Vibrating Screens market reaches $936 million by 2033, growing at 4.8% CAGR. This expansion is driven by increasing demand in mining and construction sectors. Get critical market data.

The circular economy in mining market was valued at USD 14.6 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow from USD 15.8 billion in 2026 to USD 34.1 billion by 2036, registering a CAGR of 8.0% during the forecast period. Growth is being driven by increasing investments in material recovery and resource efficiency, as mine operators and processors expand the recovery of valuable materials from existing mining and secondary resource streams.

This collection contains material flow data for Australian states and territories from 2010 to 2024. The dataset provides annual estimates of domestic extraction, imports, exports, domestic material consumption, material footprint, and emissions, including air emissions, solid and liquid waste, and seed and fertiliser flows. It also includes four headline circular economy and resource-use indicators: material footprint per capita, recycling rate, circularity rate, and material productivity. These indicators align with the metrics reported in the Australian Treasury’s Measuring What Matters framework.

The data were produced to support analysis of material use, resource productivity, circular economy performance, and environmental pressures across Australian jurisdictions over time. The collection is intended to assist researchers, policymakers, analysts, and other users interested in tracking material flows and evaluating progress toward more sustainable patterns of consumption. Lineage: Version 1.0

This dataset was produced by assembling material flow accounts for Australian states and territories for 2010–2024. The accounts follow the material flow accounting approach set out by the United Nations Environment Programme and are designed to be consistent with international standards and the International Resource Panel’s Global Material Flow Database. Materials were grouped into four categories: biomass, metal ores, non-metallic minerals, and fossil fuels.

Domestic extraction estimates were compiled from official government statistics, company reports, grey literature, peer-reviewed datasets, and expert triangulation. Key sources included agricultural, forestry, energy, petroleum, mining, quarrying, and mineral production datasets from Australian Government, state and territory agencies, and research sources. Missing values were estimated using linear interpolation or extrapolation where required.

International import and export data by state and territory were supplied by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Confidential trade flows were allocated where possible using comparisons with other trade statistics; remaining residual flows were distributed across the four material categories using domestic extraction patterns as an approximation. Interstate trade flows were derived from CSIRO’s TraNSIT model and extrapolated across the time series using state and territory population growth.

Waste generation and treatment data were sourced from the National Waste and Resource Recovery Reporting dataset and converted from financial-year to calendar-year estimates by averaging adjacent years. For 2024, waste generation was projected using recent per-capita waste rates and 2024 population estimates. Mining waste was supplemented using ore extraction and discard coefficients because it is only partially represented in national waste datasets. Recycled mining waste was excluded from circularity calculations due to the absence of consistent recovery data.

Emissions data, including greenhouse gases and air pollutants, were sourced from national inventories. Dissipative flows such as seeds and fertilisers were estimated from national data and downscaled to states and territories using crop production and livestock-based allocation factors.

Material footprints were estimated using an environmentally extended input-output framework based on subnational multi-regional input-output tables from IE Lab, linked with global MRIO data from GLORIA. Estimates for 2010–2020 used available MRIO tables. Estimates for 2021–2024 were projected using the 2020 MRIO structure and should be treated as provisional because the underlying subnational MRIO tables are under revision.

Derived indicators were calculated from the assembled accounts and supporting population and economic data. Material footprint per capita was calculated from the material footprint and population. Material productivity was calculated as real gross state product divided by domestic material consumption, where domestic material consumption equals domestic extraction plus imports minus exports. Circularity rate and recycling rate were calculated using waste and secondary material flows, with assumptions for recycled content in traded goods due to limited subnational data.

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Discover the booming high-strength circular chain for mining market! This in-depth analysis reveals market size, CAGR, key drivers, trends, restraints, and leading companies. Learn about regional market share and future forecasts for 2025-2033. Explore the segments, applications, and competitive landscape of this dynamic sector.

Material recovery service providers have contended with numerous economic headwinds in recent years, ranging from subdued economic growth during the cost-of-living crisis and the high base rate environment as central banks aimed to curb spiralling inflation. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 4.1% over the five years through 2025 to €120.7 billion, including an estimated dip of 0.7% in 2025. Demand for material recovery services is highly contingent on downstream construction, mining and manufacturing sectors producing hefty waste. Since the end of the pandemic, high interest rates have ramped up the cost of borrowing while building material costs skyrocketed, putting off many developers from beginning projects and weighing on construction activity. Subdued economic growth has also hit the manufacturing sector, eroding demand for material recovery services. According to the European Commission, 527 kilograms (kg) of municipal waste per capita was generated in the EU in 2021, while 49% of municipal waste in the EU was recycled. This figure declined to 511kg of municipal waste per capita generated in 2023, with 48% of waste being recycled. The decrease in municipal waste per capita suggests a potential shift towards more sustainable consumption and production patterns. This can positively influence the quality of materials recovered, as higher-quality waste streams may become available for recycling. Decreased waste generation and stagnating recycling rates also signify reduced available materials for recovery, which has impacted revenue streams for companies reliant on high volumes. This stagnation might indicate challenges in public engagement and infrastructure that need addressing to prevent further declines. However, growing recycling rates in the coming years are set to maintain demand, supported by government initiatives like the European Green Deal, which includes the Circular Economy Action Plan. Revenue is expected to climb at a compound annual rate of 3.1% over the five years through 2030 to €140.9 billion. Economic conditions are set to improve in the short term as inflationary pressures subside, allowing central banks to adopt looser monetary policy and support GDP growth. This will drive downstream construction and manufacturing sector activity in the short term, lifting demand for material recovery services. The growing emphasis on sustainability will also persist in the coming years as countries across Europe strive for a circular economy, driving demand and supporting revenue growth.

The Raw Materials Scoreboard (henceforth ‘RM Scoreboard’), a cornerstone of the European Union Raw Materials Knowledge Base (EURMKB) and an integral and permanent part of the Raw Materials Information System, is published every two years. This section presents the content of the second (2018) edition.

The RM Scoreboard is an initiative of the European Innovation Partnership (EIP) on Raw Materials that provides relevant and reliable monitoring information to governments, industry, and other stakeholders about the main challenges to a secure and sustainable supply of raw materials to the EU. It is a joint collaboration of DG Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs and the Commission’s Joint Research Centre.

The 2018 edition of the RM Scoreboard consists of 26 indicators grouped into five thematic clusters (Figure 1): (1) raw materials in the global context, (2) competitiveness & innovation, (3) framework conditions for mining, (4) circular economy and recycling, and (5) environmental and social sustainability.

Critical Mineral Recycling Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global critical mineral recycling market size reached USD 6.72 billion in 2024, reflecting robust momentum driven by escalating demand for sustainable resource management. The market is experiencing a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.8% from 2025 to 2033, with the total market size forecasted to reach USD 20.13 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily propelled by increasing consumption of electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy systems, and electronics, all of which require a steady supply of critical minerals. As industries worldwide strive to mitigate resource scarcity and environmental concerns, the importance of efficient recycling technologies and circular economy models is becoming ever more pronounced.

One of the most significant growth factors shaping the critical mineral recycling market is the global shift towards electrification and decarbonization. The surging adoption of EVs, energy storage systems, and renewable energy infrastructure has dramatically increased the demand for minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. However, the limited availability and geopolitical concentration of these resources have heightened supply chain vulnerabilities. As a result, recycling end-of-life products and industrial waste to recover valuable minerals has emerged as a strategic imperative for manufacturers and governments alike. This not only ensures a more secure and stable supply of essential materials but also reduces the environmental footprint associated with primary mining activities. The growing awareness among stakeholders about the need for sustainable and responsible sourcing is further accelerating investments in advanced recycling technologies and infrastructure.

Technological advancements represent another crucial driver for the critical mineral recycling market. Innovations in hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and bioleaching processes have significantly improved the efficiency, yield, and environmental compatibility of mineral recovery operations. Modern recycling facilities are now capable of extracting high-purity critical minerals from complex waste streams, including used batteries, electronic devices, and industrial byproducts. These advancements are reducing operational costs, minimizing hazardous waste generation, and enabling the recycling of previously untreatable materials. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence, robotics, and data analytics is streamlining sorting, dismantling, and process optimization, thereby enhancing overall productivity and scalability. As technology continues to evolve, it is expected to unlock new opportunities for market expansion and value creation across the recycling ecosystem.

Regulatory support and policy frameworks are also playing a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of the critical mineral recycling market. Governments across major economies are introducing stringent regulations on waste management, extended producer responsibility (EPR), and circular economy initiatives to curb environmental degradation and promote resource conservation. Incentives such as tax breaks, grants, and subsidies for recycling infrastructure development are encouraging both public and private sector participation in the market. Additionally, international collaborations and partnerships are fostering knowledge exchange, standardization, and cross-border trade in recycled minerals. These policy interventions are not only driving market growth but also fostering innovation and competitiveness within the industry. As regulatory landscapes continue to evolve, compliance and sustainability will remain at the forefront of market dynamics.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific dominates the critical mineral recycling market, accounting for over 38% of global revenues in 2024, fueled by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and the presence of leading battery and electronics manufacturers. North America and Europe follow closely, supported by robust regulatory frameworks, technological innovation, and strong commitments to circular economy principles. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing increasing investments in recycling infrastructure, particularly in response to growing demand for EVs and renewable energy. While regional disparities exist in terms of market maturity and resource availability, the overarching trend is a global convergence towards s

Urban Mining Logistics Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Urban Mining Logistics market size is valued at USD 9.4 billion in 2024 and is expected to expand at a robust CAGR of 13.2% during the forecast period, reaching a projected market size of USD 28.1 billion by 2033. The market’s growth is primarily driven by increasing urbanization, the escalating demand for sustainable resource management, and stringent environmental regulations that encourage efficient recycling and waste management practices. As per our comprehensive industry analysis, the Urban Mining Logistics market is poised for significant transformation, underpinned by advances in logistics technology and a growing emphasis on circular economy principles.

One of the primary growth factors for the Urban Mining Logistics market is the rapid pace of urbanization worldwide, which has resulted in a substantial increase in the generation of urban waste, including electronic waste (e-waste), construction debris, and various forms of scrap materials. Urban centers are becoming hotspots for discarded resources that, if managed efficiently through urban mining logistics solutions, can be reintroduced into the value chain. The growing awareness among governments and private stakeholders about the economic and environmental value of recovering secondary raw materials is fostering investments in advanced logistics services. Moreover, the adoption of smart logistics solutions, such as IoT-enabled tracking, automated sorting, and real-time fleet management, is enhancing the efficiency and traceability of urban mining operations, further propelling market growth.

Another significant driver is the tightening of environmental regulations and policies aimed at reducing landfill dependency and promoting recycling. Governments across major economies are implementing frameworks that mandate responsible waste management and incentivize recycling through tax benefits, grants, and public-private partnerships. These regulatory pressures are compelling municipalities, industries, and commercial entities to seek specialized urban mining logistics services for efficient collection, transportation, sorting, and processing of waste materials. Additionally, the increasing scarcity of primary resources and the volatility of raw material prices are encouraging manufacturers to secure secondary materials through urban mining, thereby fueling the demand for logistics solutions that can handle complex, multi-stream waste flows in urban environments.

Technological advancements and innovation in logistics processes are also accelerating the growth of the Urban Mining Logistics market. The integration of advanced data analytics, machine learning, and automation technologies is optimizing route planning, reducing operational costs, and improving sorting accuracy. Companies are leveraging digital platforms to connect waste generators with recyclers, streamlining the supply chain, and enabling real-time monitoring of material flows. Furthermore, the development of specialized vehicles and equipment for safe and efficient handling of hazardous and bulky waste is expanding the scope of urban mining logistics, making it a more attractive and viable option for various end-users.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is emerging as the dominant market for Urban Mining Logistics, accounting for the largest share in 2024, driven by rapid industrialization, urban population growth, and proactive government initiatives in countries such as China, Japan, and India. North America and Europe also represent significant markets, supported by well-established recycling infrastructures and stringent environmental standards. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing steady growth, fueled by increasing investments in urban infrastructure and growing awareness about sustainable waste management. The regional outlook remains highly dynamic, with local regulations, economic development, and technological adoption shaping market trajectories across different geographies.

This dataset provides the source data and code used to estimate black mass generation and recycling capacity in the European Union up to 2025.(1) 108_scenarios_EV_BESS_Others_chem_waste_EOL_and_mfg_2020_2050.csv: Battery waste projections from our previously published study (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.06.017);(2) gigafactory, spoke and hub capacity.xlsx: Recycling capacity data for the European Union compiled from Miraux et al. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108817);(3) Prediction of black mass generation in the EU.ipynb: Code used to calculate black mass generation in the European Union;(4) grouped_scenarios of black mass.xlsx: Model outputs of black mass generation under different scenarios;(5) EU Black Mass Generation vs. Recycling Hub Capacity: Figure comparing projected EU black mass generation and recycling capacity.

Recycled Rare Earth Magnet Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global recycled rare earth magnet market size reached USD 251 million in 2025, reflecting the growing urgency to secure sustainable sources of rare earth materials. The market is advancing at a robust CAGR of 8.7% from 2026 to 2034, driven by increased demand for eco-friendly materials in high-growth sectors such as automotive and electronics. By 2034, the recycled rare earth magnet market is forecasted to attain a value of USD 524 million, underpinned by technological advancements in recycling processes and the pressing need to reduce reliance on primary rare earth mining.

One of the primary growth factors for the recycled rare earth magnet market is the surging adoption of electric vehicles and renewable energy systems, both of which rely heavily on high-performance magnets. With governments worldwide tightening regulations on environmental sustainability and resource conservation, manufacturers are investing in recycling technologies to recover valuable rare earth elements, such as neodymium and samarium cobalt, from end-of-life products. This shift not only reduces the environmental impact associated with mining but also helps stabilize supply chains for critical raw materials. As industries transition towards a circular economy, the demand for recycled rare earth magnets is expected to accelerate, supported by incentives and policy frameworks such as the EU Critical Raw Materials Act and the US Inflation Reduction Act that encourage material recovery and reuse.

Advancements in recycling technologies, particularly hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes, are enhancing the efficiency and yield of rare earth element recovery. These innovations are making it economically viable for companies to extract rare earths from discarded electronics, wind turbines, and automotive components. Hydrogen decrepitation technology, in particular, is gaining commercial traction as a low-energy method for breaking down spent magnets while preserving alloy composition. The improved quality and performance of recycled magnets are further boosting their acceptance across diverse applications. As research and development efforts continue to optimize these processes, the cost competitiveness of recycled rare earth magnets will improve, broadening their adoption in both established and emerging markets. The integration of automation and AI-driven sorting in recycling plants is also contributing to higher purity and consistency in recycled products. Companies investing in specialized recycling hardware are accelerating throughput and reducing per-unit processing costs significantly.

The market is experiencing significant momentum from the electronics and wind energy sectors, which are major consumers of rare earth magnets. The proliferation of smart devices, coupled with the global push for renewable energy, is fueling a steady rise in demand for high-strength, lightweight magnets. As original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) seek to enhance the sustainability profile of their products, they are increasingly sourcing recycled rare earth magnets to meet regulatory and consumer expectations. This trend is particularly pronounced in regions with stringent e-waste management laws, where recycling rates are higher and infrastructure is more developed. The convergence of environmental awareness and technological innovation is creating a fertile ground for market growth.

Regionally, Asia Pacific remains the dominant force in the recycled rare earth magnet market, accounting for the largest share of global consumption and production at approximately 44.5% in 2025. This leadership is attributed to the region's robust manufacturing base, particularly in China, Japan, and South Korea, and the presence of advanced recycling infrastructure. North America and Europe are also making significant strides, driven by regulatory mandates and investments in circular economy initiatives. Meanwhile, emerging markets in Latin America and the Middl

Linear Vibrating Screens Market size is valued at USD 1,823.44 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 3,066.23 Million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7.05% during the forecast period 2026-2032.Expansion of the Global Mining Sector: The mining industry remains the cornerstone of the linear vibrating screens market, as these devices are indispensable for the high-capacity sorting of coal, iron ore, and precious minerals. At VMR, we observe that as mineral extraction activities intensify to meet the global demand for energy and raw materials, the need for efficient separation and dewatering processes becomes paramount. Linear screens are particularly favored in this sector due to their ability to handle heavy material loads while maintaining high screening accuracy, directly contributing to the profitability of beneficiation plants and refining operations.Infrastructure Development and Construction Growth: The relentless pace of global urbanization and the launch of large-scale infrastructure projects are significantly accelerating the need for linear vibrating screens. These machines play a critical role in processing aggregates, sand, and crushed stone used in building roads, bridges, and housing projects. Because infrastructure development requires standardized material sizes for structural integrity, the high-precision grading capabilities of linear screens are essential for meeting stringent construction quality standards, especially in high-growth regions like the Asia-Pacific.

The Circular Motion Vibrating Screen market plays a pivotal role in the effective separation and classification of materials across various industries, including mining, construction, and recycling. These screens utilize a circular motion to agitate materials, enabling efficient sorting by size and weigh...

Submitted data was used to write an article: Jędrusiak, R., Bielowicz, B., Drobniak, A., 2023, From waste to value: Recovering critical raw materials from urban mines in the European Union and the United States, Mineral Resource Management 39 (3), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.24425/gsm.2023.147557

Funding acknowledgments: Agnieszka Drobniak contribution comes from the support of the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange within the Polish Returns Programme (BPN/PPO/2021/1/00005/DEC/1), and the National Science Center, Poland (2022/01/1/ST10/00024). This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland (subsidies no. 16.16.140.315).

Article Abstract: Modern human consumption, rapid urbanization and further increases in the world’s population lead to the demand for more goods and materials. However, after utilization, only some of these materials are recovered or recycled, many are discarded due to a lack of implemented recovery technologies and regulations, or due to the content of contaminants. Moreover, many of the potentially recoverable materials are deposited in landfills or shipped to less developed countries for disposal where they can cause environmental contamination. The new approach to waste management follows the hierarchy of waste prevention. First, waste is prepared for reuse and repair without the need for treatment processes, or it is recycled. If this is not possible, the waste is incinerated with energy recovery, or failing that, it is disposed of in landfills. This waste hierarchy has become one of the key factors in the transformation of a linear economy into a circular economy. Particularly noteworthy is waste containing raw materials of significant economic importance, especially those of a high supply risk due to the level of concentration in another country and import dependence. These critical raw materials (CRM) are an inherent part of our modern, technology-driven life. They are essential to national security and the economic development of every country. Their use is drastically increasing, and with it, the need to assure their reliable and unrestricted access along with lowering the environmental impact from their production and extraction. Currently, scientists and industry direct a lot of effort into finding new supplies of these materials, not only from traditional sources in nature but also from new sources like anthropogenic waste. The purpose of this study is to present the raw material potential which remains mostly unused in residues from municipal waste incineration in regions with highly developed economies – the United States and the European Union. These economies have shortages of their own raw material extraction capacity due to high levels of consumption and insufficient amounts of raw-material content in natural resources.