ERM is added to the original dataset. Human safety - exposure dataset captures occupational exposure data from Near-Field (NF), Far-Field (FF), and inside spray coating machinery monitoring campaigns, providing insights into aerosol generation during NEP coating process. Measurements were obtained using Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and Optical Particle Counter (OPC) to assess processing conditions and aerosol behaviour in industrial settings. Key aerosol-related parameters include particle number concentration in NF as an indicator of worker exposure, with SDs. Background conditions were assessed across various operational states, including when the spray process was inactive, ventilation running, and oven in operation. Particle size information of the process emissions in NF provides insight into the dynamic behaviour of aerosol particles indoors and in the human lungs. NM mass concentrations were measured in NF, inside the spray coating, and FF using Teflon filters, with Ti concentrations analysed by ICP-MS. Values were normalized by air volume (m³) to calculate NM mass concentrations (µg/m³), with SDs reflecting variability. The metadata folder contains extensive raw data, structured across three monitoring campaigns, with both on-line and off-line measurements in time-series formats. It includes NANEOS and OPC data, along with detailed records of additional parameters, offering a comprehensive source for exposure analysis. A detailed descriptor breakdown in Table S9. It is important to note that some metadata files contain additional data from monitoring campaigns; however, the necessary information to include the key descriptors that define each experiment was not available. As a result, these data could not be integrated into the Descriptors tab, where all results were systematically merged. This limitation affects the ability to directly link certain metadata records to the structured dataset but does not compromise the availability of raw exposure data.

The dataset contains modeling data spanning from measurements in the NF, with raw software outputs included in the metadata. It provides aerosol characteristics for respiratory tract deposition, such as functional residual capacity and upper respiratory tract volume, where initial deposition occurs. The dataset details particle density, aerodynamic diameter, and particle concentration, all of which influence exposure levels and particle deposition in the respiratory tract during breathing. The dataset has mass deposition rates and deposition fractions across different respiratory regions, and overall deposition fractions, normalized by surface area

The dataset captures exposure conditions and cellular responses, of NM-induced cytotoxicity (WST-1), ROS quantification (DHR123, CellROX) and genotoxicity (53BP1, micronucleus chromosomal damage in binucleated cells using High-Content Analysis). It includes NM solution treatment (e.g., sonication), culture medium (e.g., DMEM), exposure concentration, and duration (h)

The σ_Acellular.xlsx dataset captures experimental conditions for assessing NM-induced oxidative stress. The reactive molecule (e.g., glutathione (GSH), reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (RNO)) and media type define the reaction environment. The physicochemical properties include hydrodynamic diameter (DLS) and ζ-potential (ELS), with pH recorded. The properties reported in this dataset are not duplicates of those provided in the dedicated physicochemical files. Instead, they represent separate measurements conducted by a different partner, under different conditions, and often in exposure-relevant media. As a result, they should be interpreted as complementary and not redundant. Exposure conditions cover concentration, duration, and intermediate preparation volumes. The dataset records control absorbance, peak absorbance wavelength, and unreacted model molecule concentration. The percentage of the model molecule and GSH/RNO consumed provides a measure of NM-induced redox activity.

The dataset captures media-dependent physicochemical properties and biological responses in in vitro lung models. Hydrodynamic diameter and PDI are measured via DLS at t₀ (immediately after preparation) and t₂₄ (24 hours later), with SD values reported. Exposure conditions include concentration (expressed as µg/mL), and time of exposure (h). Biological features include cell line, cell type, cell origin, and well format (e.g., 96-well plate). Cell viability is evaluated using Alamar Blue assays along with inflammation-ROS quantification, and genotoxicity (γH2AX).

The dataset provides toxicity testing in intestinal cell models and includes exposure conditions, and cellular responses such as cell viability (WST-1), ROS quantification (DHR123), and genotoxicity (53BP1).

From the exposure campaigns (10.5281/zenodo.16641460) the alveolar retained doses (μg/cm²) from Multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model (10.5281/zenodo.16642495) were then translated into real occupational exposure doses and tested in Tier 2 advanced in vitro models, using A549 cells co-cultured with alveolar macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytes (Motta et al. 2024). σ_Ηuman lung_real dose.xlsx dataset includes physicochemical properties, and biological responses of NM (not NEP_ID), supporting hazard evaluation. Biological responses assess NM effects on the cell lines under exposure conditions (ng/cm², h). Cytotoxicity is measured via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (%), while inflammatory responses are evaluated through fold changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including Interleukins 8, 6 and 1β (IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β).