Climate model simulations.

Engineering Climate Datasets encompasses Intensity-Duration-Frequency IDF Files, Canadian Weather Energy and Engineering Datasets CWEEDS , and Canadian Weather Year For Energy Calculation CWEC . IDF tabulates and graphs short-duration rainfall statistics across 563 locations in Canada. CWEEDS is a computer dataset of hourly conditions at specific locations, including data from 1953 until 2005. It also includes long term weather records used in urban planning and green building design, as well as estimates of hourly solar radiation amounts. CWEC datasets are created by combining 12 "Typical Meteorological Months" selected from a database of, usually, 30 years of data. Months are chosen by comparing individual means with long term monthly means for daily global radiation, mean, minimum and maximum DB temperature, mean, minimum and maximum dew point temperature, and mean and maximum wind speed.

QGIS file to visualise and analyse climate change risk data and cluster analysis results for Southeast Asian island communities

This dataset contains information on the Surface Soil Moisture (SM) state derived from satellite observations in the microwave domain.

The operational (ACTIVE, PASSIVE, COMBINED) ESA CCI SM products are available at https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/c256fcfeef24460ca6eb14bf0fe09572/

Abstract

Understanding whether the soil surface is frozen or thawed is crucial for interpreting satellite-based soil moisture measurements and for many Earth system applications. The physical state of water in the soil strongly affects its dielectric properties, which in turn determine how satellites sense moisture content. Current ESA CCI Soil Moisture products exclude data when the surface is likely frozen, as reliable retrievals are not possible under such conditions. Yet, the freeze/thaw state itself carries valuable environmental information: it reflects the changing energy and water exchange between land and atmosphere, shapes seasonal hydrological cycles, and influences agriculture, ecosystems, and climate feedbacks across much of the Northern Hemisphere.

This dataset provides global estimates of the soil moisture freeze/thaw state for the period from 11-1978 to 12-2024 derived from PASSIVE (radiometer) and ACTIVE (scatterometer) satellite observations within the ESA CCI Soil Moisture framework. These sensors, operating in the K- and C-band frequency range, are sensitive to surface temperature, enabling the detection of frozen versus thawed conditions at daily temporal and ~25 km spatial sampling. Data from L-band missions (e.g., SMAP, SMOS) are not included, resulting in a total number of 12 satellites.

The classification algorithm, described in Van der Vliet et al. (2020), was originally developed to flag frozen conditions in passive soil moisture retrievals and has since evolved into a dedicated data product. It applies a decision-tree approach using multi-frequency satellite measurements to classify the surface state for each sensor. Similarly, Naeimi et al. (2012) have developed an algorithm based on ASCAT backscatter for freeze/thaw classification in C-band scatterometer retrievals. Individual classifications are then merged into a single spatiotemporal record using a conservative unanimity rule—if any contributing satellite detects a frozen surface, the merged product is classified as “frozen.”

While this approach ensures reliability, it may lead to some over-flagging, which could be refined in future versions. The current product achieves an estimated accuracy of 75% against in situ surface temperature observations and 92% compared to ERA5 reanalysis data.

Summary

• Daily binary (true/false) freeze/thaw surface soil moisture state classification dataset (~25 km spatial sampling) for the period November 1978 to December 2024.
• Based on a satellite brightness temperature (K-band) classification algorithm (Van der Vliet et al., 2020) from 12 satellite radiometers and a satellite backscatter (C-band) classification algorithm (Naeimi et al., 2012).
• A pixel is classified as "frozen" if it was classified accordingly for at least one satellite. This can lead to potential over-flagging in the current version.
• Approximately 75% agreement with in situ surface temperature measurements (Dorigo et al., 2021) and 92% with ERA5-Land reanalysis temperature fields (Muñoz-Sabater et al., 2021)

Programmatic (bulk) download

You can use command-line tools such as wget or curl to download (and extract) data for multiple years. The following command will download and extract the complete data set to the local directory ~/Download on Linux or macOS systems.

#!/bin/bash

# Set download directory
DOWNLOAD_DIR=~/Downloads

base_url="https://researchdata.tuwien.at/records/m3g2x-a6958/files"

# Loop through years 1978 to 2024 and download & extract data
for year in {1978..2024}; do
  echo "Downloading $year.zip..."
  wget -q -P "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" "$base_url/$year.zip"
  unzip -o "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$year.zip" -d $DOWNLOAD_DIR
  rm "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$year.zip"
done

Data details

Filename template

The dataset provides global daily estimates for the 1978-2024 period at 0.25° (~25 km) horizontal grid resolution. Daily images are grouped by year (YYYY), each subdirectory containing one netCDF image file for a specific day (DD) and month (MM) of that year in a 2-dimensional (longitude, latitude) grid system (CRS: WGS84). The file name follows the convention:

ESACCI-SOILMOISTURE-L3S-FT-YYYYMMDD000000-fv09.2.nc

Data Variables

Each netCDF file contains 3 coordinate variables

• lon: longitude (WGS84), [-180,180] degree W/E
• lat: latitude (WGS84), [-90,90] degree N/S
• time: datetime, encoded as "number of days since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC"

and the following data variables

• ft: (int) Soil moisture freeze-thaw state binary indicator (0=not frozen, 1=frozen, -1=missing data)
• ft_agreement (float): Classification agreement between available sensors. 1 means that the frozen/unfrozen classification was the same for all merged sensors. The number decreases as the classification results between available satellites contradict.
• sensor_count (int): Total number of merged sensors/overpasses
• sensor_count_frozen (int): Total number of measuring sensors/overpasses that detected frozen soils
• mode: (int) Indicator for satellite orbit(s) used in the retrieval (1=ascending, 2=descending, 3=both, 0=missing data)
• sensor: (int) Indicator for satellite sensor(s) used in the retrieval. For more details, see netcdf attributes.

Additional information for each variable is given in the netCDF attributes.

Version Changelog

Changes in v9.2 (first released version):

• This version applies the classification algorithms described by Van der Vliet et al. (2020) and Naeimi et al. (2012) to 17 sensors and a unanimous merging approach. Covers the period from 11-1978 to 12-2024.

Software to open netCDF files

These data can be read by any software that supports Climate and Forecast (CF) conform metadata standards for netCDF files, such as:

• https://github.com/pydata/xarray" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Xarray (Python)
• https://unidata.github.io/netcdf4-python/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">netCDF4 (Python)
• https://github.com/TUW-GEO/esa_cci_sm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">esa_cci_sm (Python)
• Similar tools exist for other programming languages (Matlab, R, etc.)
• Software packages and GIS tools can open netCDF files, e.g. CDO, NCO, QGIS, ArcGIS
• You can also use the GUI software Panoply to view the contents of each file

Related Records

This record and all related records are part of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture science data records community.

This dataset contains change factors for the 2- to 100-year daily (24-hour) extreme rainfall storms for the Continental United States from publicly available downscaled climate projections, namely BCCAv.2, LOCA, MACA and NA-CORDEX data sets. Change factors were estimated as the ratio between the historical (period between1950-2005) climate simulations of extreme rainfall and the future (period between 2044-2099) climate simulations of rainfall depths corresponding to the average recurrence interval (e.g. 2-, 5-year). These change factors were computed using the Generalized Extreme Value Distribution, which is widely used to describe rainfall extremes.
This data archive was prepared as part of the outputs of the published article Lopez‐Cantu, T., Prein, A. F., & Samaras, C. (2020). Uncertainties in Future U.S. Extreme Precipitation from Downscaled Climate Projections. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086797. When using the data in this archive, citation must be given to the original article.

Meteorological stations used in the study.

The Air, Water, and Aquatic Environments (AWAE) research program is one of eight Science Program areas within the Rocky Mountain Research Station (RMRS). Our science develops core knowledge, methods, and technologies that enable effective watershed management in forests and grasslands, sustain biodiversity, and maintain healthy watershed conditions. We conduct basic and applied research on the effects of natural processes and human activities on watershed resources, including interactions between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The knowledge we develop supports management, conservation, and restoration of terrestrial, riparian and aquatic ecosystems and provides for sustainable clean air and water quality in the Interior West. With capabilities in atmospheric sciences, soils, forest engineering, biogeochemistry, hydrology, plant physiology, aquatic ecology and limnology, conservation biology and fisheries, our scientists focus on two key research problems: Core watershed research quantifies the dynamics of hydrologic, geomorphic and biogeochemical processes in forests and rangelands at multiple scales and defines the biological processes and patterns that affect the distribution, resilience, and persistence of native aquatic, riparian and terrestrial species. Integrated, interdisciplinary research explores the effects of climate variability and climate change on forest, grassland and aquatic ecosystems. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Projects, Tools, and Data. File Name: Web Page, url: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/AWAE/projects.html Projects include Air Temperature Monitoring and Modeling, Biogeochemistry Lab in Colorado, Rangewide Bull Trout eDNA Project, Climate Shield Cold-Water Refuge Streams for Native Trout, Cutthroat trout-rainbow trout hybridization - data downloads and maps, Fire and Aquatic Ecosystems science, Fish and Cattle Grazing reports, Geomophic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) tool for erosion and sediment delivery to streams, GRAIP_Lite - Geomophic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) tool for erosion and sediment delivery to streams, IF3: Integrating Forests, Fish, and Fire, National forest climate change maps: Your guide to the future, National forest contributions to streamflow, The National Stream Internet network, people, data, GIS, analysis, techniques, NorWeST Stream Temperature Regional Database and Model, River Bathymetry Toolkit (RBT), Sediment Transport Data for Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Colorado, SnowEx, Stream Temperature Modeling and Monitoring, Spatial Statistical Modeling on Stream netowrks - tools and GIS downloads, Understanding Sculpin DNA - environmental DNA and morphological species differences, Understanding the diversity of Cottusin western North America, Valley Bottom Confinement GIS tools, Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), Great Lakes WEPP Watershed Online GIS Interface, Western Division AFS - 2008 Bull Trout Symposium - Bull Trout and Climate Change, Western US Stream Flow Metric Dataset

The U.S. water supply and carbon sequestration are increasingly threatened by future climate change and air pollution. This study investigates the ecohydrological responses to the individual and combined impacts of climate change and anthropogenic emission changes at two spatial scales by coupling a regional online-coupled meteorology and chemistry model (WRF-Chem) and a water balance model (WaSSI). Combined effects of climate change and anthropogenic emission changes in 2046-2055 relative to 2001-2010 over the US enhance hydrological cycle and carbon sequestration. However, a drying trend occurs in the central and part of the western U.S. Climate change is projected to dominate the ecohydrological changes in most regions. Anthropogenic emission changes under 2001-2010 climate conditions cools down inland water resource regions with 0.01~0.15℃, moisturizes the east and dry the west U.S. More stringent anthropogenic emission control enhances precipitation and ecosystem production in the east and west but has an opposite trend in the central U.S. The ecohydrological modeling in California and North Carolina based on 4-km resolution meteorological data in 2050 and 2005 shows varying changes in magnitudes and spatial patterns compared to results based on 36-km resolution meteorological data. Projected changes in air pollutant emissions may accelerate climatic warming in coastal areas and the state of New Mexico and decrease precipitation, runoff, and carbon sequestration in part of the western U.S. Strategies to address future possible problems such as heatwaves, water stress, and ecosystem productivity should consider the varying interplay between air quality control and climate change at different spatial scales.

SWAT input data for historic and future scenarios for the Upper Colorado River Basin.

A data set of simulated hydrologic fluxes and states from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, gridded to a 1/16 degree (~6km) resolution that spans the entire country of Mexico, the conterminous U.S. (CONUS), and regions of Canada south of 53 degrees N for the period 1950-2013. Because of the consistent gridding methodology, the current product reduces transboundary discontinuities making it suitable for estimating large-scale hydrologic phenomena.

Data collection for three months (Jan-Mar, 2018) at three locations along the Kanawha River, WV

Report about climate change in the Southern and Southwestern Flatlands West NRM region of Australia, focused on Albany Port.

This report was created in reference to Albany Port (AUALH), located in the ABC NRM region Southern and Southwestern Flatlands West. The report is composed of Ports Australia data, CSIRO & BoM trend data, measurements from ACORN-SAT stations, CSIRO future data, CMAR future data, and Jane Mullett's personal analysis.

Climate Smart Seaports is an online decision support toolkit designed to help Australian seaports adapting to climate change and improving their resilience to it. The toolkit lets users access data from various datasets such as CSIRO, BoM, ABS, BITRE as well as their own personal data. Climate Smart Seaports then allows writing and publishing reports based on this data and the user analysis.

The GPM Ground Validation Campaign Reports MC3E dataset consists of various reports filed by the scientists during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) campaign. The overarching goal was to provide the most complete characterization of convective cloud systems, precipitation, and the environment that has ever been obtained, providing constraints for model cumulus parameterizations and space-based rainfall retrieval algorithms over land that had never before been available. Several of the reports are from the planning, test flights, and preparation. Included in this dataset are Mission Scientist, Mission Manager, Instrument Scientists, and Weather Forecasts. Many reports have additional information included as attachments.

Overview of climate change risk data for Southeast Asian islands considered in the doctoral research.

Discover the booming environmental engineering services market! This comprehensive analysis reveals key drivers, trends, and restraints impacting growth from 2019-2033, including data on market size, CAGR, and leading companies like AECOM and SUEZ. Explore regional breakdowns and future projections for lucrative investment opportunities.

Report about climate change in the Southern Slopes Vic East NRM region of Australia, focused on Lakes Entrance.

This report was created in reference to Lakes Entrance (AUBSJ), located in the ABC NRM region Southern Slopes Vic East. The report is composed of CSIRO & BoM trend data, CMAR future data, Jane Mullett's custom data, Jane Mullett's personal analysis. It has been created by Jane Mullett using the Climate Smart Seaports tool.

Climate Smart Seaports is an online decision support toolkit designed to help Australian seaports adapting to climate change and improving their resilience to it. The toolkit lets users access data from various datasets such as CSIRO, BoM, ABS, BITRE as well as their own personal data. Climate Smart Seaports then allows writing and publishing reports based on this data and the user analysis.

Report about climate change in the East Coast South NRM region of Australia, focused on Sydney Ports.

This report was created in reference to Sydney Ports (AUSYD), located in the ABC NRM region East Coast South. The report is composed of ABS data, Ports Australia data, CSIRO & BoM trend data, Jane Mullett's personal analysis, CSIRO future data. It has been created by Jane Mullett using the Climate Smart Seaports tool.

Climate Smart Seaports is an online decision support toolkit designed to help Australian seaports adapting to climate change and improving their resilience to it. The toolkit lets users access data from various datasets such as CSIRO, BoM, ABS, BITRE as well as their own personal data. Climate Smart Seaports then allows writing and publishing reports based on this data and the user analysis.

Report about climate change in the East Coast South NRM region of Australia, focused on Port of Newcastle.

This report was created in reference to Port of Newcastle (AUNTL), located in the ABC NRM region East Coast South. The report is composed of Ports Australia data, Jane Mullett's custom data, measurements from ACORN-SAT stations, CSIRO & BoM trend data, CMAR future data, CSIRO future data, Port of Newcastle vulnerability assessment, and Jane Mullett's personal analysis. It has been created by Jane Mullett using the Climate Smart Seaports tool.

Climate Smart Seaports is an online decision support toolkit designed to help Australian seaports adapting to climate change and improving their resilience to it. The toolkit lets users access data from various datasets such as CSIRO, BoM, ABS, BITRE as well as their own personal data. Climate Smart Seaports then allows writing and publishing reports based on this data and the user analysis.

The GPM Ground Validation CXSI Radar Imagery OLYMPEX dataset contains radar reflectivity and precipitation rate images obtained from Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC)’s weather radar network during the GPM Ground Validation Olympic Mountain Experiment (OLYMPEX), which was conducted to validate rain and snow measurements in mid latitude frontal systems as they move from ocean to coast to mountains and to determine how remotely sensed measurements of precipitation by GPM can be applied to a range of hydrologic, weather forecasting, and climate data. These data are available as GIF images for November 19, 2015 through December 31, 2015.

This dataset contains metadata for methane flux sites in Version 1.0 of FLUXNET-CH4. The dataset also has seasonality parameters for select freshwater wetlands, which were extracted from the raw datasets published at https://fluxnet.org/data/fluxnet-ch4-community-product/. These data are used to analyze global methane flux seasonality patterns in the paper "FLUXNET-CH4: A global, multi-ecosystem dataset and analysis of methane seasonality from freshwater wetlands" by Delwiche et al.