VITAL SIGNS INDICATOR
Housing Permits (LU3)

FULL MEASURE NAME
Permitted housing units

LAST UPDATED
February 2023

DESCRIPTION
Housing growth is measured in terms of the number of units that local jurisdictions permit throughout a given year. A permitted unit is a unit that a city or county has authorized for construction.

DATA SOURCE
California Housing Foundation/Construction Industry Research Board (CIRB) - https://www.cirbreport.org/
Construction Review report (1967-2022)

Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) – Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) - https://data.bayareametro.gov/Development/HCD-Annual-Progress-Report-Jurisdiction-Summary/nxbj-gfv7
Housing Permits Database (2014-2021)

Census Bureau Building Permit Survey - https://www2.census.gov/econ/bps/County/
Building permits by county (annual, monthly)

CONTACT INFORMATION
vitalsigns.info@bayareametro.gov

METHODOLOGY NOTES (across all datasets for this indicator)
Bay Area housing permits data by single/multi family come from the California Housing Foundation/Construction Industry Research Board (CIRB). Affordability breakdowns from 2014 to 2021 come from the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) – Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) Housing Permits Database.

Single-family housing units include detached, semi-detached, row house and town house units. Row houses and town houses are included as single-family units when each unit is separated from the adjacent unit by an unbroken ground-to-roof party or fire wall. Condominiums are included as single-family units when they are of zero-lot-line or zero-property-line construction; when units are separated by an air space; or, when units are separated by an unbroken ground-to-roof party or fire wall. Multi-family housing includes duplexes, three-to-four-unit structures and apartment-type structures with five units or more. Multi-family also includes condominium units in structures of more than one living unit that do not meet the single-family housing definition.

Each multi-family unit is counted separately even though they may be in the same building. Total units is the sum of single-family and multi-family units. County data is available from 1967 whereas city data is available from 1990. City data is only available for incorporated cities and towns. All permits in unincorporated cities and towns are included under their respective county’s unincorporated total. Permit data is not available for years when the city or town was not incorporated.

Affordable housing is the total number of permitted units affordable to low and very low income households. Housing affordable to very low income households are households making below 50% of the area median income. Housing affordable to low income households are households making between 50% and 80% of the area median income. Housing affordable to moderate income households are households making below 80% and 120% of the area median income. Housing affordable to above moderate income households are households making above 120% of the area median income.

Permit data is missing for the following cities and years:
Clayton, 1990-2007
Lafayette, 1990-2007
Moraga, 1990-2007
Orinda, 1990-2007
San Ramon, 1990

Building permit data for metropolitan areas for each year is the sum of non-seasonally adjusted monthly estimates from the Census Building Permit Survey. The Bay Area values are the sum of the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward MSA and the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara MSA. The counties included in these areas are: San Francisco, Marin, Contra Costa, Alameda, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and San Benito.

Permit values reflect the number of units permitted in each respective year. Note that the data columns come from difference sources. The columns (SFunits, MFunits, TOTALunits, SF_Share and MF_Share) are sourced from CIRB. The columns (VeryLowunits, Lowunits, Moderateunits, AboveModerateunits, VeryLow_Share, Low_Share, Moderate_Share, AboveModerate_Share, Affordableunits and Affordableunits_Share) are sourced from the ABAG Housing Permits Database. Due to the slightly different methodologies that exist within each of those datasets, the total units from each of the two sources might not be consistent with each other.

As shown, three different data sources are used for this analysis of housing permits issued in the Bay Area. Data from the Construction Industry Research Board (CIRB) represents the best available data source for examining housing permits issued over time in cities and counties across the Bay Area, dating back to 1967. In recent years, Annual Progress Report (APR) data collected by the California Department of Housing and Community Development has been available for analyzing housing permits issued by affordability levels. Since CIRB data is only available for California jurisdictions, the U.S. Census Bureau provides the best data source for comparing housing permits issued across different metropolitan areas. Notably, annual permit totals for the Bay Area differ across these three data sources, reflecting the limitations of needing to use different data sources for different purposes.

Analysis of ‘ Zillow Housing Aspirations Report’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/yamqwe/zillow-housing-aspirations-reporte on 13 February 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

About this dataset

Additional Data Products

Product: Zillow Housing Aspirations Report

Date: April 2017

Definitions

Home Types and Housing Stock

• All Homes: Zillow defines all homes as single-family, condominium and co-operative homes with a county record. Unless specified, all series cover this segment of the housing stock.
• Condo/Co-op: Condominium and co-operative homes.
• Multifamily 5+ units: Units in buildings with 5 or more housing units, that are not a condominiums or co-ops.
• Duplex/Triplex: Housing units in buildings with 2 or 3 housing units.

Additional Data Products

• Zillow Home Value Forecast (ZHVF): The ZHVF is the one-year forecast of the ZHVI. Our forecast methodology is methodology post.
• Zillow creates our negative equity data using our own data in conjunction with data received through our partnership with TransUnion, a leading credit bureau. We match estimated home values against actual outstanding home-related debt amounts provided by TransUnion. To read more about how we calculate our negative equity metrics, please see our here.
• Cash Buyers: The share of homes in a given area purchased without financing/in cash. To read about how we calculate our cash buyer data, please see our research brief.
• Mortgage Affordability, Rental Affordability, Price-to-Income Ratio, Historical ZHVI, Historical ZHVI and Houshold Income are calculated as a part of Zillow’s quarterly Affordability Indices. To calculate mortgage affordability, we first calculate the mortgage payment for the median-valued home in a metropolitan area by using the metro-level Zillow Home Value Index for a given quarter and the 30-year fixed mortgage interest rate during that time period, provided by the Freddie Mac Primary Mortgage Market Survey (based on a 20 percent down payment). Then, we consider what portion of the monthly median household income (U.S. Census) goes toward this monthly mortgage payment. Median household income is available with a lag. For quarters where median income is not available from the U.S. Census Bureau, we calculate future quarters of median household income by estimating it using the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Employment Cost Index. The affordability forecast is calculated similarly to the current affordability index but uses the one year Zillow Home Value Forecast instead of the current Zillow Home Value Index and a specified interest rate in lieu of PMMS. It also assumes a 20 percent down payment. We calculate rent affordability similarly to mortgage affordability; however we use the Zillow Rent Index, which tracks the monthly median rent in particular geographical regions, to capture rental prices. Rents are chained back in time by using U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey data from 2006 to the start of the Zillow Rent Index, and Decennial Census for all other years.
• The mortgage rate series is the average mortgage rate quoted on Zillow Mortgages for a 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage in 15-minute increments during business hours, 6:00 AM to 5:00 PM Pacific. It does not include quotes for jumbo loans, FHA loans, VA loans, loans with mortgage insurance or quotes to consumers with credit scores below 720. Federal holidays are excluded. The jumbo mortgage rate series is the average jumbo mortgage rate quoted on Zillow Mortgages for a 30-year, fixed-rate, jumbo mortgage in one-hour increments during business hours, 6:00 AM to 5:00 PM Pacific Time. It does not include quotes to consumers with credit scores below 720. Traditional federal holidays and hours with insufficient sample sizes are excluded.

About Zillow Data (and Terms of Use Information)

• Zillow is in the process of transitioning some data sources with the goal of producing published data that is more comprehensive, reliable, accurate and timely. As this new data is incorporated, the publication of select metrics may be delayed or temporarily suspended. We look forward to resuming our usual publication schedule for all of our established datasets as soon as possible, and we apologize for any inconvenience. Thank you for your patience and understanding.
• All data accessed and downloaded from this page is free for public use by consumers, media, analysts, academics etc., consistent with our published Terms of Use. Proper and clear attribution of all data to Zillow is required.
• For other data requests or inquiries for Zillow Real Estate Research, contact us here.
• All files are time series unless noted otherwise.
• To download all Zillow metrics for specific levels of geography, click here.
• To download a crosswalk between Zillow regions and federally defined regions for counties and metro areas, click here.
• Unless otherwise noted, all series cover single-family residences, condominiums and co-op homes only.

Source: https://www.zillow.com/research/data/

This dataset was created by Zillow Data and contains around 200 samples along with Unnamed: 1, Unnamed: 0, technical information and other features such as: - Unnamed: 1 - Unnamed: 0 - and more.

How to use this dataset

• Analyze Unnamed: 1 in relation to Unnamed: 0
• Study the influence of Unnamed: 1 on Unnamed: 0
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Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit Zillow Data

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This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (11 items: Canada; Prince Edward Island; Nova Scotia; Newfoundland and Labrador ...), Housing estimates (3 items: Housing starts; Housing under construction; Housing completions ...), Type of unit (6 items: Total units; Semi-detached; Single-detached; Multiples ...).

This data set contains characteristic data points used by the Cook County Assessor in the 2021 Chicago reassessment to produce initial estimates of the current market value of most Chicago homes (single-family homes, small multi-family homes, and condo units). You can use the "Filter" option to search for a property's PIN or address, and see what data the Assessor’s Office had about a home’s characteristics at the time of modeling*. To learn more about how the 2021 model used this data, read about our public Residential Automated Valuation Model here. Chicago properties not listed here are reassessed using different modeling procedures.

*Important Note: This dataset is, at the time of publication, an early snapshot of data. Data about a home might change later in the assessment process this year as Assessor’s Office staff and analysts review these properties. After this review, updated characteristics and market values are mailed to homeowners. If the data listed on the assessment notice is incorrect, an appeal can be filed to provide the correct characteristics.

Represents the findings of an annual survey of multi-family dwellings in Alberta's rural communities, conducted by the Government of Alberta between the months of May and August each year. The survey identifies building type, unit type, number of units, rental rates and the number of vacancies in Alberta communities with populations between 1,000 and 9,999 that have at least 30 or more rental units. The survey report is recognized as the only official and unbiased rental housing cost and vacancy information for rural Alberta. It provides the provincial government, housing industry, municipalities, and various other entities with essential housing information on private market vacancy and rental rates in multi-family dwellings in rural Alberta. The files below include reports with the results of each year's survey, as well as an excel dataset with data tables for surveys from 2022-2024. Further details on methodology can be found in any of the annual reports, and a data dictionary is included in the excel dataset.

Analysis of ‘Multifamily Residential Existing and New Construction Energy Efficiency Measures Reported By NYSERDA: Beginning 2005’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/2fc534e0-f13e-4d34-a3db-318cc3acb69c on 12 February 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

The Multifamily Performance Program (MPP) serves residential buildings with five or more units. Funds are targeted at energy efficiency measures that help to reduce on-site electricity, oil, natural gas, steam, and propane energy demand and energy consumption in multi-unit residential buildings. All buildings receive program support for energy assessments to determine cost-effective measures, expected energy savings, and installation costs. The dataset includes information collected throughout the project application process and energy assessments from several NYSERDA-funded programs, including Multifamily Performance Program-Existing Buildings, Multifamily Performance Program-New Construction, and Multifamily Performance Program-Energy Star Pilot.

Information about the Projects’ location, utility, market type, number of buildings and units, and funding amount can be found in the Multifamily Residential Existing and New Construction Energy Efficiency Projects Reported by NYSERDA: Beginning 2005 dataset.

Reported measure savings account for interactive effects between measures.

How does your organization use this dataset? What other NYSERDA or energy-related datasets would you like to see on Open NY? Let us know by emailing OpenNY@nyserda.ny.gov.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Represents the findings of an annual survey of multi-family dwellings in Alberta's rural communities, conducted by the Government of Alberta between the months of May and August each year. The survey identifies building type, unit type, number of units, rental rates and the number of vacancies in Alberta communities with populations between 1,000 and 9,999 that have at least 30 or more rental units. The survey report is recognized as the only official and unbiased rental housing cost and vacancy information for rural Alberta. It provides the provincial government, housing industry, municipalities, and various other entities with essential housing information on private market vacancy and rental rates in multi-family dwellings in rural Alberta. The files below include reports with the results of each year's survey, as well as an excel dataset with data tables for surveys from 2022-2024. Further details on methodology can be found in any of the annual reports, and a data dictionary is included in the excel dataset.

Analysis of ‘Loudoun Zoning’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/8d9f9c05-0995-4468-893d-3803c0934c44 on 27 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

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The zoning layer constitutes the official zoning map for Loudoun County and is a component of the official zoning ordinance. It reflects expiration of grandfathering provisions of the 1972 Zoning Ordinance for certain proffered PD-H and R-Districts created prior to June 16, 1993. The zoning data is owned and maintained by Loudoun County, Virginia Department of Building and Development. Purpose: The purpose is to facilitate the administration of the zoning ordinance. The data are used extensively for taxation, subdivision review, permitting, and planning. Supplemental Information: Boundaries generally follow parcel lines, although there are several exceptions. The zoning data does not include zoning overlay districts, such as LDN, Floodplain, Quarry, or Mountainside Overlay Districts. Although the layer represents the official zoning map, a determination should be requested from the Zoning Administrator to verify zoning for a particular property. Data are stored in the corporate ArcSDE Geodatabase as a feature class. The coordinate system is Virginia State Plane (North), Zone 4501, datum NAD83 HARN. It is also important to note that in order to determine the Zoning Ordinance Amendments (ZOAMs) that are applicable to a particular parcel governed under the Revised 1993 Zoning Ordinance located within the Route 28 Tax District, the ZO_ZONE_DATE, Opt-In Letter, proffer statement, rezoning plat and/or concept development plan should be consulted as applicable. For an official determination regarding the applicable zoning, zoning ordinance text and/or whether proffered conditions may apply to a certain property, please contact the Zoning Administrator in the Department of Building and Development. Data are stored in the corporate ArcSDE Geodatabase as a feature class. The coordinate system is Virginia State Plane (North), Zone 4501, datum NAD83 HARN. Maintenance and Update Frequency: The zoning layer is updated on a daily basis as staff researches zoning for individual properties. Completeness Report: Features may have been eliminated or generalized due to scale and intended use. To assist Loudoun County, Virginia in the maintenance of the data, please provide any information concerning discovered errors, omissions, or other discrepancies found in the data. Ordinance: 1972, 1993 or Revised 1993; ordinance under which the property is administered; does not necessarily correspond to the zone (e.g. a property may have a zone code of PDH3 for the zone in accordance with the 1993 ordinance, but it should have a value of 1972 for ordinance if it is administered as another zone, such as PDH24, under the 1972 ordinance). The zone a property is administered as is not carried in the layer. Due to a court order, it is important to note that there are two developments that remain to be governed under 1972 Zoning Ordinance that are located outside of the Route 28 Tax District. These are the PD-H zoned areas of Mirror Ridge and Countryside. It is noted that these areas were already reflected under the 1972 Zoning Ordinance on previous zoning maps. Zone Codes: A10- Agriculture: Agriculture and low density residential development with a maximum density of one unit per 10 acres. Cluster and hamlet options. A3- Agricultural/Residential: Agriculture and low density residential development with a maximum density of one unit per 3 acres with a predominantly agricultural character. Cluster and hamlet options. AR1- Agricultural Rural - 1: Rural business and residential uses: 1.0 du per 20-acres/; 1.0 du per 10 clustered AR2- Agricultural Rural - 2: Rural business and residential uses: 1.0 du per 40-acres/; 1.0 du per 20 clustered C1- Commercial: Commercial primarily retail and personal services. C1 is under 1972 ordinance and is only within the Route 28 Tax District. CLI- Commercial/Light Industry: Mix of compatible light industrial uses, industrial-related business uses, and related retail uses on minimum two acre lots. Only along Route 50 from Fairfax/Loudoun County line west to Route 659. New CLI district rezoning limited to parcels contiguous to existing CLI district. CR1- Countryside Residential-1: Residential development with a maximum density of 1 unit per acre. Not served by public water and sewer. Cluster and hamlet options. CR2- Countryside Residential-2: Residential development with a maximum density of 2 units per acre. Not served by public water and sewer. Cluster option with public water and/or sewer. CR3- Countryside Residential-3: Residential development with a maximum density of 3 units per acre. Not served by public water and sewer. Cluster option with public sewer. CR4- Countryside Residential-4: Residential development with a maximum density of 4 units per acre. Not served by public water and sewer. GB- General Business: General destination retail and service businesses that serve the needs of residents and businesses in the vicinity, on one-half acre lots. Access to major collector or arterial roads (but cannot front on or abut collector or arterial roads). I1- Industrial: Primarily heavy industrial. I1 is under 1972 ordinance and is only within the Route 28 Tax District. IAD- Dulles: Washington-Dulles International Airport JLMA1- Joint Land Management Area-1: Residential uses, cluster and traditional town subdivision design; 1.0 du/40,000 sq. ft. JLMA2- Joint Land Management Area-2: Residential uses, cluster and traditional town subdivision design; 1.0 du/20,000 sq. ft. JLMA3- Joint Land Management Area-3: Residential uses, cluster and traditional town subdivision design; 1.0 du per 3 acres JLMA20- Joint Land Management Area-20: Rural business and residential uses, large lot subdivision design (no cluster option); 1.0 du per 20 acres MRHI- Mineral Resource/Heavy Industry: Diabase resource extraction operations (quarries) co-located with compatible heavy industrial uses. Specific use limitations for stone quarry operations. PDAAAR- Planned Development-Active Adult/Age Restricted: Planned adult residential communities. PDAAAR districts have a minimum of 25 acres, public sewer and water, and are served by one or more major arterial or collector roads. Consistent with locations designated for high-density urban residential development. PDCCCC- Planned Development-Commercial Center (Community Center): Serves retail shopping needs of surrounding community. Minimum of 6 acres, maximum of 20 acres. PDCCNC- Planned Development-Commercial Center (Neighborhood Center): Serves convenience needs of adjacent residential neighborhoods. Minimum of 1.5 acres, maximum of 6 acres. PDCCRC- Planned Development-Commercial Center (Regional Center): Large scale commercial centers which provide a wide range of retail, office, and service uses, with one or more anchor stores, to the regional market. Minimum of 60 acres with controlled access to arterial roads. PDCCSC- Planned Development-Commercial Center (Small Regional Center): Small regional centers consisting of individual large and small scale commercial uses selling a broad range of goods or services to a market beyond the local community. Minimum of 20 acres, maximum of 60 acres. Controlled access to a major collector. PDCH- Planned Development-Commercial Highway: Highway related commercial districts. PDCH is under the 1972 ordinance and is only within the Route 28 Tax District. PDGI- Planned Development-General Industrial: Medium intensity industrial uses with public nuisance. potential. PDH3- Planned Development Housing-3: Mixed use residential communities including single family and multifamily housing products with supportive non-residential uses, subject to an adopted concept development plan. Maximum overall residential density of 3 units per acre. PDH4- Planned Development Housing-4: Mixed use residential communities including single family and multifamily housing products with supportive non-residential uses, subject to an adopted concept development plan. Maximum overall residential density of 4 units per acre. PDH6- Planned Development Housing-6: Mixed use residential communities including single family and multifamily housing products with supportive non-residential uses, subject to an adopted concept development plan. Maximum overall residential density of 6 units per acre. PDIP- Planned Development-Industrial Park: Light and medium industrial uses with supporting accessory uses and facilities designed with a parklike environment. May be subject to a concept development plan. PDMUB- Planned Development-Mixed Use Business: A compact pedestrian oriented mixed use business district of regional office, light industrian, retail, service, civic and high density residential uses located in close proximity to each other. Minimum size of 25 acres per District. PDOP- Planned Development-Office Park: Office park established primarily for administrative, business, and professional offices designed in a parklike environment and subject to an adopted concept development plan. PDRDP- Planned Development-Research and Development Park: Planned mixed employment park, subject to an adopted concept development plan, which allows the mixing of research and development firms, office complexes, certain types of manufacturing and

Partition-level air leakage measurements for 14 suites in multi-unit residential buildings located in Southern Ontario, Canada. All test buildings were constructed and/or renovated between 2019 and 2022. Air leakage rates were determined using a guarded blower door test method, to isolate air leakage rates by partition type (floor/ceiling, building envelope, suite-to-corridor wall, suite-to-suite wall). Test data have been provided in .xlsx and .csv formats.