Abstract

This study is an experiment designed to compare the performance of three methodologies for sampling households with migrants:

• a stratified sample using the census to sample census tracts randomly, in which each household is then listed and screened to determine whether or not it has a migrant, with the full length questionnaire then being applied in a second phase only to the households of interest;
• a snowball survey in which households are asked to provide referrals to other households with migrant members;
• an intercept point survey (or time-and-space sampling survey), in which individuals are sampled during set time periods at a prespecified set of locations where households in the target group are likely to congregate.

Researchers from the World Bank applied these methods in the context of a survey of Brazilians of Japanese descent (Nikkei), requested by the World Bank. There are approximately 1.2-1.9 million Nikkei among Brazil’s 170 million population.

The survey was designed to provide detail on the characteristics of households with and without migrants, to estimate the proportion of households receiving remittances and with migrants in Japan, and to examine the consequences of migration and remittances on the sending households.

The same questionnaire was used for the stratified random sample and snowball surveys, and a shorter version of the questionnaire was used for the intercept surveys. Researchers can directly compare answers to the same questions across survey methodologies and determine the extent to which the intercept and snowball surveys can give similar results to the more expensive census-based survey, and test for the presence of biases.

Geographic coverage

Sao Paulo and Parana states

Analysis unit

Japanese-Brazilian (Nikkei) households and individuals

The 2000 Brazilian Census was used to classify households as Nikkei or non-Nikkei. The Brazilian Census does not ask ethnicity but instead asks questions on race, country of birth and whether an individual has lived elsewhere in the last 10 years. On the basis of these questions, a household is classified as (potentially) Nikkei if it has any of the following: 1) a member born in Japan; 2) a member who is of yellow race and who has lived in Japan in the last 10 years; 3) a member who is of yellow race, who was not born in a country other than Japan (predominantly Korea, Taiwan or China) and who did not live in a foreign country other than Japan in the last 10 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

1) Stratified random sample survey

Two states with the largest Nikkei population - Sao Paulo and Parana - were chosen for the study.

The sampling process consisted of three stages. First, a stratified random sample of 75 census tracts was selected based on 2000 Brazilian census. Second, interviewers carried out a door-to-door listing within each census tract to determine which households had a Nikkei member. Third, the survey questionnaire was then administered to households that were identified as Nikkei. A door-to-door listing exercise of the 75 census tracts was then carried out between October 13th, 2006, and October 29th, 2006. The fieldwork began on November 19, 2006, and all dwellings were visited at least once by December 22, 2006. The second wave of surveying took place from January 18th, 2007, to February 2nd, 2007, which was intended to increase the number of households responding.

2) Intercept survey

The intercept survey was designed to carry out interviews at a range of locations that were frequented by the Nikkei population. It was originally designed to be done in Sao Paulo city only, but a second intercept point survey was later carried out in Curitiba, Parana. Intercept survey took place between December 9th, 2006, and December 20th, 2006, whereas the Curitiba intercept survey took place between March 3rd and March 12th, 2007.

Consultations with Nikkei community organizations, local researchers and officers of the bank Sudameris, which provides remittance services to this community, were used to select a broad range of locations. Interviewers were assigned to visit each location during prespecified blocks of time. Two fieldworkers were assigned to each location. One fieldworker carried out the interviews, while the other carried out a count of the number of people with Nikkei appearance who appeared to be 18 years old or older who passed by each location. For the fixed places, this count was made throughout the prespecified time block. For example, between 2.30 p.m. and 3.30 p.m. at the sports club, the interviewer counted 57 adult Nikkeis. Refusal rates were carefully recorded, along with the sex and approximate age of the person refusing.

In all, 516 intercept interviews were collected.

3) Snowball sampling survey

The questionnaire that was used was the same as used for the stratified random sample. The plan was to begin with a seed list of 75 households, and to aim to reach a total sample of 300 households through referrals from the initial seed households. Each household surveyed was asked to supply the names of three contacts: (a) a Nikkei household with a member currently in Japan; (b) a Nikkei household with a member who has returned from Japan; (c) a Nikkei household without members in Japan and where individuals had not returned from Japan.

The snowball survey took place from December 5th to 20th, 2006. The second phase of the snowballing survey ran from January 22nd, 2007, to March 23rd, 2007. More associations were contacted to provide additional seed names (69 more names were obtained) and, as with the stratified sample, an adaptation of the intercept survey was used when individuals refused to answer the longer questionnaire. A decision was made to continue the snowball process until a target sample size of 100 had been achieved.

The final sample consists of 60 households who came as seed households from Japanese associations, and 40 households who were chain referrals. The longest chain achieved was three links.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

1) Stratified sampling and snowball survey questionnaire

This questionnaire has 36 pages with over 1,000 variables, taking over an hour to complete.

If subjects refused to answer the questionnaire, interviewers would leave a much shorter version of the questionnaire to be completed by the household by themselves, and later picked up. This shorter questionnaire was the same as used in the intercept point survey, taking seven minutes on average. The intention with the shorter survey was to provide some data on households that would not answer the full survey because of time constraints, or because respondents were reluctant to have an interviewer in their house.

2) Intercept questionnaire

The questionnaire is four pages in length, consisting of 62 questions and taking a mean time of seven minutes to answer. Respondents had to be 18 years old or older to be interviewed.

Response rate

1) Stratified random sampling 403 out of the 710 Nikkei households were surveyed, an interview rate of 57%. The refusal rate was 25%, whereas the remaining households were either absent on three attempts or were not surveyed because building managers refused permission to enter the apartment buildings. Refusal rates were higher in Sao Paulo than in Parana, reflecting greater concerns about crime and a busier urban environment.

2) Intercept Interviews 516 intercept interviews were collected, along with 325 refusals. The average refusal rate is 39%, with location-specific refusal rates ranging from only 3% at the food festival to almost 66% at one of the two grocery stores.

JP: Population: Ages 65 and Above: % of Total Population data was reported at 22.950 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 22.830 % for 2020. JP: Population: Ages 65 and Above: % of Total Population data is updated yearly, averaging 17.305 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.950 % in 2021 and a record low of 11.030 % in 1990. JP: Population: Ages 65 and Above: % of Total Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.GGI: Social: Demography: OECD Member: Annual.

PERIOD: Oct. 1, 1930. SOURCE: Population Census of Japan; [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].

The persistent exposure of coral communities to more variable abiotic regimes is assumed to augment their resilience to future climatic variability. Yet, while the determinants of coral population resilience across species remain unknown, we are unable to predict the winners and losers across reef ecosystems exposed to increasingly variable conditions. Using annual surveys of 3171 coral individuals across Australia and Japan (2016-2019), we explored spatial variation across the short- and long-term dynamics of competitive, stress-tolerant, and weedy assemblages to evaluate how thermal variability mediates the structural composition of coral communities. Here this dataset contains the raw colony-level data collected during these annual surveys, detailing the size, survival, and recruitment of coral colonies within a series of permenant plots arranged throughout the reef communities of Okinawa, Kochi (both Japan), the Solitary Islands Marine Park, and Heron Island (both Australia). This d..., For methodological details please see Cant et al. (2023) Coral assemblages at higher latitudes favour short-term potential over long-term performance. Ecology., The raw data is provided as a csv file arranged in a stacked format with each row detailing the demographic transitions recorded for an individual colony across a single annual interval (i.e., 2016 to 2017). The first 11 columns of the dataset outline each colonies associated metadata such as location (Country, ecoregion etc.), colony identity (e.g. Plot number), taxonomy (to species level where possible), and life history classification (LHS). The remaining columns then describe each colonies recorded demographic transitions as follows: time.t = 'Starting year of corresponding annual interval' Fragment.t = 'was the colony a product of fragmentation during the previous year' (Yes/No/NA) Bleaching.t = 'Bleaching state at time t' (None/Slight/Moderate/Severe/NA) Size.t = 'Colony size recorded at time t' (is NA if colony recruited between time t and t+1) time.t1 = 'Ending year of corresponding annual interval' No.frag.t1 = 'Number of fragments produced by colony between time t and time t+1...

PERIOD: Population census on Oct. 1, 1920. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].

Japan JP: Population: Ages 15-64: % of Total Population data was reported at 67.980 % in 2021. This stayed constant from the previous number of 67.980 % for 2020. Japan JP: Population: Ages 15-64: % of Total Population data is updated yearly, averaging 71.445 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 73.460 % in 1994 and a record low of 67.980 % in 2021. Japan JP: Population: Ages 15-64: % of Total Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.GGI: Social: Demography: OECD Member: Annual.

Japan JP: Population Density: Inhabitants per sq km data was reported at 342.790 Person in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 344.310 Person for 2021. Japan JP: Population Density: Inhabitants per sq km data is updated yearly, averaging 348.220 Person from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 351.400 Person in 2008 and a record low of 339.030 Person in 1990. Japan JP: Population Density: Inhabitants per sq km data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.GGI: Social: Demography: OECD Member: Annual.

PERIOD: Population census on Oct. 1, 1920. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet and reports by the Hokkaido Agency].

Vicia sepium (bush vetch) is a perennial legume widely distributed throughout the Eurasian continent. However, its distribution in Japan is limited to Mt. Ibuki and small parts of central and southern Hokkaido. Therefore, each Japanese V. sepium lineage has been considered to have been introduced separately from Europe. Here, we examined whether the species was introduced or not on the basis of cpDNA sequences and genome-wide SNPs from Japanese and overseas samples. Both the cpDNA haplotype network and the nuclear DNA phylogenetic tree showed that Japanese V. sepium is monophyletic. Furthermore, although the nuclear DNA phylogenetic tree also showed that each lineage is clearly monophyletic, genetic admixture of the genetic cluster dominated in the Hokkaido lineage was also detected in the Mt. Ibuki lineage. Population divergence analysis showed that the two lineages diverged during the last glacial period. The Mt. Ibuki lineage showed a sudden population decline 300–400 years ago, indicating that some anthropogenic activity might be involved, while the Hokkaido lineage showed a gradual population decline from 5,000 years ago. Consequently, these two lineages show low current genetic diversity compared with overseas lineages. These results show that the Japanese V. sepium is not introduced but is native. Methods Six SNP data sets were generated for different data analyses shown in Table 2 in the main text.

AbstractIn recent years, Japanese oak wilt (JOW) causing mass mortality of oak trees has exhibited a significant geographical expansion. Understanding the formation history of current local populations of Platypus quercivorus Murayama, a vector of JOW, is important foundational knowledge for effectively preventing forest damage. In this study, we used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data to determine the population genetic structure and historical demography of P. quercivorus populations in eastern Japan, where JOW is rapidly expanding. We found at least three distinct genetic groups, each of which caused JOW in different areas. The supported scenario suggests that one of two genetic groups in the northeast first diverged from the ancestral population, then the other group diverged from the southwestern population, followed by gene flow between the two groups. Recent admixtures of the two northeastern groups were identified at certain sites. The geographic genetic structure of the populations suggested that each genetic group experienced recent range expansion. Although genetically independent populations have caused oak tree mass mortality in their original distribution range, our results support the hypothesis that the recent geographic expansion of JOW outbreaks is attributed to the range expansion of the three P. quercivorus groups.

PERIOD: Population census on Oct. 1, 1930. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].

Conservation of the local genetic variation and evolutionary integrity of economically and ecologically important trees is a key aspect of studies involving forest genetics, and a population demographic history of the target species provides valuable information for this purpose. Here, the genetic structure of 48 populations of Betula maximowicziana was assessed using 12 expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. Genetic diversity was lower in northern populations than southern ones and structure analysis revealed three groups: northern and southern clusters and an admixed group. Eleven more genomic-SSR loci were added and the demographic history of these three groups was inferred by approximate Bayesian computation (ABC). The ABC revealed that a simple split scenario was much more likely than isolation with admixture, suggesting that the admixture-like structure detected in this species was due to ancestral polymorphisms. The ABC analysis suggested that the population growth and divergence of the three groups occurred 96 800 (95% CI, 20 500–599 000) and 28 300 (95% CI, 8700–98 400) years ago, respectively. We need to be aware of several sources of uncertainty in the inference such as assumptions about the generation time, overlapping of generations, confidence intervals of the estimated parameters and the assumed model in the ABC. However, the results of the ABC together with the model-based maps of reconstructed past species distribution and palaeoecological data suggested that the modern genetic structure of B. maximowicziana originated prior to the last glacial maximum (LGM) and that some populations survived in the northern range even during the LGM.

PERIOD: Population census on Oct. 1,1920. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet and reports by the Hokkaido Agency].

In a survey conducted by the Nippon Research Center in February 2020, approximately ** percent of Japanese men aged 15 to 29 years old stated to like racing video games. The genre includes titles such as Mario Kart and Gran Turismo.

This dataset tracks annual two or more races student percentage from 2016 to 2023 for Nijiiro Japanese Immersion Elementary School vs. Michigan and Livonia Public Schools

PERIOD: Population census on Oct. 1, 1920. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].

Uncovering how populations of a species differ genetically and ecologically is important for understanding evolutionary processes. We investigated genetic structure using nuclear microsatellites and chloroplast DNA sequences and geographical variation in leaf morphological traits among Magnolia salicifolia populations across its entire species range. Two distinct lineages, northern and southern lineages, were genetically detected and both lineages had substructure among populations. The width/length ratio and area of leaves showed latitudinal gradients, while the position of the maximum leaf width exhibited a discontinuous change between the lineages. Approximate Bayesian computation detected exponential population growth and stable population size from the past to the present in the northern and southern lineages, respectively. Small amounts of migrations between the lineages were inferred. Divergence time between the lineages was estimated to be the early to middle Pleistocene. Ecological niche modeling showed single large potential distribution area on the Sea of Japan side and multiple intermittent ones on the Pacific Ocean side during the last glacial maximum. We suggest that these distinct evolutionary histories of the northern and southern lineages after diversification have influenced not only neutral markers but also genes controlling leaf morphological traits.

Raw_data_GenepopMicrosatellite genotype data of wild Melitaea ambigua individuals in Japan.

In 2024, the turnover for Trifecta betting amounted to approximately ****** billion Japanese yen. When betting trifecta, betters can win if they pick the first, second, and third finishers by horse number in exact order.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; HF, heart failure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CAD, coronary artery disease.Baseline characteristics of each ethnic population.