An estimated ** thousand deaths in Mexico were attributable to air pollution in 2021, a slight increase from the previous. Premature deaths linked to air pollution in Mexico have increased by just over ** percent since 1990.

Air pollution is one of the leading causes of premature deaths across the world, and is often under monitored in developing countries. Mexico presents an interesting case study with greatly improved air pollution thanks to regulation since the 1990s in Mexico City while other places have continued to have dangerous air pollution levels, responsible for tens of thousands of deaths per year.

Public pollution datasets are crucial to research and policy-making regarding public health. Mexico's air quality information program is named Sinaica, but can be time-consuming to use as data can only be retrieved one month at a time manually. Using the rSinaica R package by Diego Valle-Jones, this dataset compiles all recorded hourly values for 28 pollution and weather variables from the years 2010-2021 for all stations in Mexico.

La contaminación del aire es uno de los más grandes causas de muertos prematuras por todo el mundo, aproximadamente 1 en 5 muertes, y es mucho menos monitoreado en naciones en desarrollo. México nos presenta un caso de estudio interesante, con muchas mejoradas niveles de contaminantes gracias a regulaciones desde los 1990s en la Ciudad de México mientras otras lugares han mantenidos niveles de contaminantes peligrosos. Estos son responsibles por decenas de miles de muertos prevenibles cada año en México.

Públicos conjuntos de datos de la contaminación del aire son cruciales para la investigación y la formulación de leyes que protegen la salud publica. En México, el programa llamada la 'Sistema Nacional de Información de la Calidad del Aire', o SINAICA, tiene maneras de conseguir datos, pero requiere mucho tiempo porque información solo se puede ser obtenido un mes, parámetro, y estación a la vez a mano. Usando el rSinaica paquete de R creador por Diego Valle-Jones, este conjunto de datos incluye todos medidos horarios por 28 polución y metorológico variables desde los años 2010-2021 por todos estaciones en México.

Meteorology and long-term trends in air pollutant concentrations may obscure the results from short-term policies implemented to improve air quality. This study presents changes in CO, NO 2 , O 3 , SO 2 , PM 10 , and PM 2.5 based on their anomalies during the COVID-19 partial (Phase 2) and total (Phase 3) lockdowns in Mexico City (MCMA). To minimise the impact of the air pollutant long-term trends, pollutant anomalies were calculated using as baseline truncated Fourier series, fitted with data from 2016 to 2019, and then compared with those from the lockdown. Additionally, days with stagnant conditions and heavy rain were excluded to reduce the impact of extreme weather changes. Satellite observations for NO 2 and CO were used to contrast the ground-based derived results. During the lockdown Phase 2, only NO 2 exhibited significant decreases ( p < 0.05) of between 10 and 23% due to reductions in motor vehicle emissions. By contrast, O 3 increased ( p < 0.05) between 16 and 40% at the same sites where NO 2 decreased. During Phase 3, significant decreases ( p < 0.05) were observed for NO 2 (43%), PM 10 (20%), and PM 2.5 (32%) in response to the total lockdown. Although O 3 concentrations were lower in Phase 3 than during Phase 2, those did not decrease ( p < 0.05) from the baseline at any site despite the total lockdown. SO 2 decreased only during Phase 3 in a near-road environment. Satellite observations confirmed that NO 2 decreased and CO stabilised during the total lockdown. Air pollutant changes during the lockdown could be overestimated between 2 and 10-fold without accounting for the influences of meteorology and long-term trends in pollutant concentrations. Air quality improved significantly during the lockdown driven by reduced NO 2 and PM 2.5 emissions despite increases in O 3 , resulting in health benefits for the MCMA population. A health assessment conducted suggested that around 588 deaths related to air pollution exposure were averted during the lockdown. Our results show that to reduce O 3 within the MCMA, policies must focus on reducing VOCs emissions from non-mobile sources. The measures implemented during the COVID-19 lockdowns provide valuable information to reduce air pollution through a range of abatement strategies for emissions other than from motor vehicles.

Meteorology and long-term trends in air pollutant concentrations may obscure the results from short-term policies implemented to improve air quality. This study presents changes in CO, NO2, O3, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 based on their anomalies during the COVID-19 partial (Phase 2) and total (Phase 3) lockdowns in Mexico City (MCMA). To minimise the impact of the air pollutant long-term trends, pollutant anomalies were calculated using as baseline truncated Fourier series, fitted with data from 2016 to 2019, and then compared with those from the lockdown. Additionally, days with stagnant conditions and heavy rain were excluded to reduce the impact of extreme weather changes. Satellite observations for NO2 and CO were used to contrast the ground-based derived results. During the lockdown Phase 2, only NO2 exhibited significant decreases (p < 0.05) of between 10 and 23% due to reductions in motor vehicle emissions. By contrast, O3 increased (p < 0.05) between 16 and 40% at the same sites where NO2 decreased. During Phase 3, significant decreases (p < 0.05) were observed for NO2 (43%), PM10 (20%), and PM2.5 (32%) in response to the total lockdown. Although O3 concentrations were lower in Phase 3 than during Phase 2, those did not decrease (p < 0.05) from the baseline at any site despite the total lockdown. SO2 decreased only during Phase 3 in a near-road environment. Satellite observations confirmed that NO2 decreased and CO stabilised during the total lockdown. Air pollutant changes during the lockdown could be overestimated between 2 and 10-fold without accounting for the influences of meteorology and long-term trends in pollutant concentrations. Air quality improved significantly during the lockdown driven by reduced NO2 and PM2.5 emissions despite increases in O3, resulting in health benefits for the MCMA population. A health assessment conducted suggested that around 588 deaths related to air pollution exposure were averted during the lockdown. Our results show that to reduce O3 within the MCMA, policies must focus on reducing VOCs emissions from non-mobile sources. The measures implemented during the COVID-19 lockdowns provide valuable information to reduce air pollution through a range of abatement strategies for emissions other than from motor vehicles.

Mexico Respiratory Devices Market size was valued at USD 1.25 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.38 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 8.41% from 2024 to 2031.High Burden of Respiratory Diseases: The increasing prevalence of respiratory disorders in Mexico is pushing up demand for respiratory devices. According to the Mexican National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), COPD affects about 7.8% of the Mexican population over the age of 40, or over 3.5 million people. The Mexican Ministry of Health reported that respiratory diseases were the third biggest cause of death in 2022, accounting for approximately 85,000 deaths, underlining the vital need for respiratory devices.Growing Air Pollution and Environmental Factors: Mexico's environmental challenges have a substantial impact on respiratory health and device demand. According to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), Mexico City violated WHO air quality standards on 265 days in 2022, affecting roughly 20 million metropolitan people. According to the Mexican Respiratory Society, hospital admissions for respiratory diseases increase by 30% during high pollution seasons, raising the demand for respiratory support systems.

Exposure to air pollution particulate matter (PM) and tuberculosis (TB) are two of the leading global public health challenges affecting low and middle income countries. An estimated 4.26 million premature deaths are attributable to household air pollution and an additional 4.1 million to outdoor air pollution annually. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infects a large proportion of the world’s population with the risk for TB development increasing during immunosuppressing conditions. There is strong evidence that such immunosuppressive conditions develop during household air pollution exposure, which increases rates of TB development. Exposure to urban air pollution has been shown to alter the outcome of TB therapy. Here we examined whether in vitro exposure to urban air pollution PM alters human immune responses to M.tb. PM2.5 and PM10 (aerodynamic diameters <2.5μm, <10μm) were collected monthly from rainy, cold-dry and warm-dry seasons in Iztapalapa, a highly populated TB-endemic municipality of Mexico City with elevated outdoor air pollution levels. We evaluated the effects of seasonality and size of PM on cytotoxicity and antimycobacterial host immunity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA)+ and IGRA- healthy study subjects. PM10 from cold-dry and warm-dry seasons induced the highest cytotoxicity in PBMC. With the exception of PM2.5 from the cold-dry season, pre-exposure to all seasonal PM reduced M.tb phagocytosis by PBMC. Furthermore, M.tb-induced IFN-γ production was suppressed in PM2.5 and PM10-pre-exposed PBMC from IGRA+ subjects. This observation coincides with the reduced expression of M.tb-induced T-bet, a transcription factor regulating IFN-γ expression in T cells. Pre-exposure to PM10 compared to PM2.5 led to greater loss of M.tb growth control. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 collected in different seasons differentially impairs M.tb-induced human host immunity, suggesting biological mechanisms underlying altered M.tb infection and TB treatment outcomes during air pollution exposures.