Worldwide, the male population is slightly higher than the female population, although this varies by country. As of 2024, Hong Kong has the highest share of women worldwide with almost ** percent. Moldova followed behind with around ** percent. Among the countries with the largest share of women in the total population, several were former Soviet states or were located in Eastern Europe. By contrast, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman had some of the highest proportions of men in their populations.
Over the past 23 years, there were constantly more men than women living on the planet. Of the 8.06 billion people living on the Earth in 2023, 4.05 billion were men and 4.01 billion were women. One-quarter of the world's total population in 2024 was below 15 years.
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Context
The dataset tabulates the population of San Diego by gender across 18 age groups. It lists the male and female population in each age group along with the gender ratio for San Diego. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of San Diego by gender and age. For example, using this dataset, we can identify the largest age group for both Men and Women in San Diego. Additionally, it can be used to see how the gender ratio changes from birth to senior most age group and male to female ratio across each age group for San Diego.
Key observations
Largest age group (population): Male # 25-29 years (68,680) | Female # 25-29 years (62,701). Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates.
Age groups:
Scope of gender :
Please note that American Community Survey asks a question about the respondents current sex, but not about gender, sexual orientation, or sex at birth. The question is intended to capture data for biological sex, not gender. Respondents are supposed to respond with the answer as either of Male or Female. Our research and this dataset mirrors the data reported as Male and Female for gender distribution analysis.
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for San Diego Population by Gender. You can refer the same here
In 1950, when Estonia's population was estimated at 1.1 million people, approximately 57 percent of the population was female, while 43 percent was male; this equated to a difference of more than 160,000 people. In the past century, as with many former-Soviet states, Estonia has consistently had one of the most disproportionate gender ratios in the world. The reason for this was due to the large number of men who were killed in wars during the first half of the twentieth century, which was particularly high across the Soviet Union, as well as a much higher life expectancy among women. The difference in the number of men and women in Estonia has gradually decreased over the past seven decades, but in 2020, there are still 70,000 more females than males, in a population of 1.3 million people; this equates to total shares of roughly 53 percent and 47 percent of the total population respectively.
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Context
The dataset tabulates the population of England by gender across 18 age groups. It lists the male and female population in each age group along with the gender ratio for England. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of England by gender and age. For example, using this dataset, we can identify the largest age group for both Men and Women in England. Additionally, it can be used to see how the gender ratio changes from birth to senior most age group and male to female ratio across each age group for England.
Key observations
Largest age group (population): Male # 40-44 years (154) | Female # 0-4 years (183). Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.
Age groups:
Scope of gender :
Please note that American Community Survey asks a question about the respondents current sex, but not about gender, sexual orientation, or sex at birth. The question is intended to capture data for biological sex, not gender. Respondents are supposed to respond with the answer as either of Male or Female. Our research and this dataset mirrors the data reported as Male and Female for gender distribution analysis.
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for England Population by Gender. You can refer the same here
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Population, female (% of total population) in United States was reported at 49.76 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. United States - Population, female (% of total) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on October of 2025.
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Context
The dataset tabulates the population of Ontario town by gender across 18 age groups. It lists the male and female population in each age group along with the gender ratio for Ontario town. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of Ontario town by gender and age. For example, using this dataset, we can identify the largest age group for both Men and Women in Ontario town. Additionally, it can be used to see how the gender ratio changes from birth to senior most age group and male to female ratio across each age group for Ontario town.
Key observations
Largest age group (population): Male # 60-64 years (502) | Female # 60-64 years (527). Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates.
Age groups:
Scope of gender :
Please note that American Community Survey asks a question about the respondents current sex, but not about gender, sexual orientation, or sex at birth. The question is intended to capture data for biological sex, not gender. Respondents are supposed to respond with the answer as either of Male or Female. Our research and this dataset mirrors the data reported as Male and Female for gender distribution analysis.
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Ontario town Population by Gender. You can refer the same here
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License information was derived automatically
Population, female (% of total population) in World was reported at 49.72 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. World - Population, female (% of total) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Context
The dataset tabulates the population of Sitka City and Borough by gender across 18 age groups. It lists the male and female population in each age group along with the gender ratio for Sitka City and Borough. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of Sitka City and Borough by gender and age. For example, using this dataset, we can identify the largest age group for both Men and Women in Sitka City and Borough. Additionally, it can be used to see how the gender ratio changes from birth to senior most age group and male to female ratio across each age group for Sitka City and Borough.
Key observations
Largest age group (population): Male # 60-64 years (368) | Female # 60-64 years (388). Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.
Age groups:
Scope of gender :
Please note that American Community Survey asks a question about the respondents current sex, but not about gender, sexual orientation, or sex at birth. The question is intended to capture data for biological sex, not gender. Respondents are supposed to respond with the answer as either of Male or Female. Our research and this dataset mirrors the data reported as Male and Female for gender distribution analysis.
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Sitka City and Borough Population by Gender. You can refer the same here
There are more women than men in Germany, although the number of men has been slowly increasing in recent years, especially since 2015. In 2024, there were around **** million males and **** million females in Germany. Births and deaths Globally, the death rate had been slowly decreasing until 2019, but there was a sharp spike in 2020 and 2021, which can be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. The general decline, however, is probably due to medical advancements which mean that many diseases are now treatable or curable, that were not 50 years ago. The birth rate has also been decreasing across the world, but it is lowest in Europe and North America. Future challenges There are a number of challenges facing the German population in the future. Some of the most pressing ones are the growing urban population and especially its ageing structure in combination with slow birth rates, which will put increased pressure on the pension system. Because of this trend, old age security and pensions are already today in the top ten most pressing political issues in Germany.
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Context
The dataset tabulates the population of Islamorada, Village Of Islands by gender across 18 age groups. It lists the male and female population in each age group along with the gender ratio for Islamorada, Village Of Islands. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of Islamorada, Village Of Islands by gender and age. For example, using this dataset, we can identify the largest age group for both Men and Women in Islamorada, Village Of Islands. Additionally, it can be used to see how the gender ratio changes from birth to senior most age group and male to female ratio across each age group for Islamorada, Village Of Islands.
Key observations
Largest age group (population): Male # 70-74 years (487) | Female # 50-54 years (454). Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.
Age groups:
Scope of gender :
Please note that American Community Survey asks a question about the respondents current sex, but not about gender, sexual orientation, or sex at birth. The question is intended to capture data for biological sex, not gender. Respondents are supposed to respond with the answer as either of Male or Female. Our research and this dataset mirrors the data reported as Male and Female for gender distribution analysis.
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Islamorada, Village Of Islands Population by Gender. You can refer the same here
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License information was derived automatically
Context
The dataset presents median income data over a decade or more for males and females categorized by Total, Full-Time Year-Round (FT), and Part-Time (PT) employment in Bellingham. It showcases annual income, providing insights into gender-specific income distributions and the disparities between full-time and part-time work. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into gender-based pay disparity trends and explore the variations in income for male and female individuals.
Key observations: Insights from 2023
Based on our analysis ACS 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates, we present the following observations: - All workers, aged 15 years and older: In Bellingham, the median income for all workers aged 15 years and older, regardless of work hours, was $41,310 for males and $30,798 for females.
These income figures indicate a substantial gender-based pay disparity, showcasing a gap of approximately 25% between the median incomes of males and females in Bellingham. With women, regardless of work hours, earning 75 cents to each dollar earned by men, this income disparity reveals a concerning trend toward wage inequality that demands attention in thecity of Bellingham.
- Full-time workers, aged 15 years and older: In Bellingham, among full-time, year-round workers aged 15 years and older, males earned a median income of $62,422, while females earned $55,683, resulting in a 11% gender pay gap among full-time workers. This illustrates that women earn 89 cents for each dollar earned by men in full-time positions. While this gap shows a trend where women are inching closer to wage parity with men, it also exhibits a noticeable income difference for women working full-time in the city of Bellingham.Interestingly, when analyzing income across all roles, including non-full-time employment, the gender pay gap percentage was higher for women compared to men. It appears that full-time employment presents a more favorable income scenario for women compared to other employment patterns in Bellingham.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. All incomes have been adjusting for inflation and are presented in 2023-inflation-adjusted dollars.
Gender classifications include:
Employment type classifications include:
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Bellingham median household income by race. You can refer the same here
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Context
The dataset presents median income data over a decade or more for males and females categorized by Total, Full-Time Year-Round (FT), and Part-Time (PT) employment in China. It showcases annual income, providing insights into gender-specific income distributions and the disparities between full-time and part-time work. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into gender-based pay disparity trends and explore the variations in income for male and female individuals.
Key observations: Insights from 2023
Based on our analysis ACS 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates, we present the following observations: - All workers, aged 15 years and older: In China, the median income for all workers aged 15 years and older, regardless of work hours, was $58,750 for males and $30,313 for females.
These income figures highlight a substantial gender-based income gap in China. Women, regardless of work hours, earn 52 cents for each dollar earned by men. This significant gender pay gap, approximately 48%, underscores concerning gender-based income inequality in the city of China.
- Full-time workers, aged 15 years and older: In China, among full-time, year-round workers aged 15 years and older, males earned a median income of $62,188, while females earned $69,375Surprisingly, within the subset of full-time workers, women earn a higher income than men, earning 1.12 dollars for every dollar earned by men. This suggests that within full-time roles, womens median incomes significantly surpass mens, contrary to broader workforce trends.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. All incomes have been adjusting for inflation and are presented in 2023-inflation-adjusted dollars.
Gender classifications include:
Employment type classifications include:
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for China median household income by race. You can refer the same here
Scholarship on women voters in the United States has focused on the gender gap showing that women are more likely to vote for Democratic Party candidates than men since the 1980s. The persistence of the gender gap has nurtured the conclusion that women are Democrats. This article presents evidence upending that conventional wisdom. Data from the American National Election Study are analyzed to demonstrate that white women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections. The relevance of race for partisan choice among women voters is estimated with data collected in 2008, 2012, and 2016, and the significance of being white is identified after accounting for political party identification and other predictors.
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Context
The dataset presents median income data over a decade or more for males and females categorized by Total, Full-Time Year-Round (FT), and Part-Time (PT) employment in University Park. It showcases annual income, providing insights into gender-specific income distributions and the disparities between full-time and part-time work. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into gender-based pay disparity trends and explore the variations in income for male and female individuals.
Key observations: Insights from 2023
Based on our analysis ACS 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates, we present the following observations: - All workers, aged 15 years and older: In University Park, the median income for all workers aged 15 years and older, regardless of work hours, was $73,828 for males and $98,810 for females.
Contrary to expectations, women in University Park, women, regardless of work hours, earn a higher income than men, earning 1.34 dollars for every dollar earned by men. This analysis indicates a significant shift in income dynamics favoring females.
- Full-time workers, aged 15 years and older: In University Park, among full-time, year-round workers aged 15 years and older, males earned a median income of $114,750, while females earned $123,194Contrary to expectations, in University Park, women, earn a higher income than men, earning 1.07 dollars for every dollar earned by men. This analysis showcase a consistent trend of women outearning men, when working full-time or part-time in the town of University Park.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. All incomes have been adjusting for inflation and are presented in 2023-inflation-adjusted dollars.
Gender classifications include:
Employment type classifications include:
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for University Park median household income by race. You can refer the same here
The proportion of male and female postsecondary graduates, by Classification of Instructional Programs, Primary groupings (CIP_PG), International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) and age group.
In 2024, the total population of Colombia amounted to over 52 million. The number of women who lived in Colombia exceeded the number of men by approximately 690,000. Population figures in this South American country show a maintained upward trend at least since 2008.
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Context
The dataset presents median income data over a decade or more for males and females categorized by Total, Full-Time Year-Round (FT), and Part-Time (PT) employment in Velda Village Hills. It showcases annual income, providing insights into gender-specific income distributions and the disparities between full-time and part-time work. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into gender-based pay disparity trends and explore the variations in income for male and female individuals.
Key observations: Insights from 2023
Based on our analysis ACS 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates, we present the following observations: - All workers, aged 15 years and older: In Velda Village Hills, the median income for all workers aged 15 years and older, regardless of work hours, was $22,625 for males and $32,870 for females.
Contrary to expectations, women in Velda Village Hills, women, regardless of work hours, earn a higher income than men, earning 1.45 dollars for every dollar earned by men. This analysis indicates a significant shift in income dynamics favoring females.
- Full-time workers, aged 15 years and older: In Velda Village Hills, among full-time, year-round workers aged 15 years and older, males earned a median income of $36,250, while females earned $37,250Contrary to expectations, in Velda Village Hills, women, earn a higher income than men, earning 1.03 dollars for every dollar earned by men. This analysis showcase a consistent trend of women outearning men, when working full-time or part-time in the village of Velda Village Hills.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. All incomes have been adjusting for inflation and are presented in 2023-inflation-adjusted dollars.
Gender classifications include:
Employment type classifications include:
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Velda Village Hills median household income by race. You can refer the same here
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License information was derived automatically
Context
The dataset presents median income data over a decade or more for males and females categorized by Total, Full-Time Year-Round (FT), and Part-Time (PT) employment in Wheeler town. It showcases annual income, providing insights into gender-specific income distributions and the disparities between full-time and part-time work. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into gender-based pay disparity trends and explore the variations in income for male and female individuals.
Key observations: Insights from 2023
Based on our analysis ACS 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates, we present the following observations: - All workers, aged 15 years and older: In Wheeler town, the median income for all workers aged 15 years and older, regardless of work hours, was $43,452 for males and $44,427 for females.
Contrary to expectations, women in Wheeler town, women, regardless of work hours, earn a higher income than men, earning 1.02 dollars for every dollar earned by men. This analysis indicates a significant shift in income dynamics favoring females.
- Full-time workers, aged 15 years and older: In Wheeler town, among full-time, year-round workers aged 15 years and older, males earned a median income of $50,417, while females earned $48,777, resulting in a 3% gender pay gap among full-time workers. This illustrates that women earn 97 cents for each dollar earned by men in full-time positions. While this gap shows a trend where women are inching closer to wage parity with men, it also exhibits a noticeable income difference for women working full-time in the town of Wheeler town.Surprisingly, across all roles (including non-full-time employment), women had a higher median income compared to men in Wheeler town. This might indicate a more favorable income scenario for female workers across different employment patterns within the town of Wheeler town, especially in non-full-time positions.
When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. All incomes have been adjusting for inflation and are presented in 2023-inflation-adjusted dollars.
Gender classifications include:
Employment type classifications include:
Variables / Data Columns
Good to know
Margin of Error
Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.
Custom data
If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.
Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.
This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Wheeler town median household income by race. You can refer the same here
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License information was derived automatically
In this study, we analyze the free verbal associations to the stimuli women quotas and men quotas of 327 medical students. Women and men quotas are characterized by the same modus operandi (i.e., preferential treatment based on sex/gender). However, women quotas help a low-status group, whereas men quotas help a high-status group. In line with a support paradox, that is, the perception that support for women is less fair and less legitimate than support for men, we expected that students would reject women quotas in academia more vehemently than men quotas. Specifically, we hypothesized that students would have more negative and more emotional associations with women quotas than men quotas. As predicted, students had more negative associations with women quotas than with men quotas. However, students did not have more emotional associations with women quotas than with men quotas. In addition, we explored the semantic content of the free associations to identify specific concerns over each quota. Students perceived women quotas as counterproductive, derogatory, and unfair, whereas they perceived men quotas as beneficial and fair. Concerns over the negative perceptions of quota beneficiaries were associated more frequently with women quotas than men quotas. Potential factors underlying students’ perceptions of both quotas are discussed.
Worldwide, the male population is slightly higher than the female population, although this varies by country. As of 2024, Hong Kong has the highest share of women worldwide with almost ** percent. Moldova followed behind with around ** percent. Among the countries with the largest share of women in the total population, several were former Soviet states or were located in Eastern Europe. By contrast, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman had some of the highest proportions of men in their populations.