Premium Electric Motorcycle Market Outlook

The global premium electric motorcycle market size is projected to witness a significant growth trajectory with an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 12% from 2024 to 2032. In 2023, the market was valued at around USD 1.5 billion and is forecasted to reach approximately USD 3.7 billion by 2032. This growth is driven by a combination of factors including technological advancements, increased environmental consciousness, and favorable regulatory frameworks supporting electric mobility across various regions worldwide. The premium electric motorcycle market is set to capitalize on the shift towards sustainable transportation solutions, with rising consumer demand for high-performance electric motorcycles playing a pivotal role in its expansion.

The growth of the premium electric motorcycle market can be attributed to several factors, beginning with the continuous technological advancements in battery technology and electric drivetrain systems. These innovations have significantly enhanced the performance, range, and efficiency of electric motorcycles, making them more appealing to consumers seeking alternatives to traditional gasoline-powered bikes. The development of more efficient lithium-ion batteries has particularly contributed to extending the range and reducing the charging time of premium electric motorcycles, thereby addressing one of the main consumer concerns and boosting market growth. Additionally, the integration of smart technologies such as IoT and AI in premium electric motorcycles has further enhanced their appeal by offering features like predictive maintenance, ride analytics, and connected ecosystems.

Another critical growth factor is the increasing environmental awareness and the global push towards reducing carbon emissions. Governments worldwide are implementing stringent regulations and providing incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles, including motorcycles. Subsidies, tax rebates, and incentives for both manufacturers and consumers have created a favorable environment for the growth of the premium electric motorcycle market. Furthermore, the depleting fossil fuel reserves and the rising fuel prices have motivated consumers to shift towards cost-effective and environmentally friendly electric vehicles. This shift is particularly prominent among urban populations who are more conscious of their carbon footprint and are looking for sustainable commuting options.

Changing consumer preferences and lifestyle trends also play a significant role in the market's growth. There is a growing preference for premium products that offer superior quality, performance, and aesthetics. Premium electric motorcycles, with their modern design and advanced features, cater to consumers who are willing to invest in a higher-end product that aligns with their values and lifestyle. The younger demographic, in particular, is drawn to electric motorcycles due to their innovative features, stylish designs, and the status symbol they represent. Additionally, the rising trend of motorcycle tourism and adventure sports has created a demand for high-performance electric motorcycles capable of delivering superior speed and agility, thus propelling market growth.

The emergence of the Electric Motocross Bike is a notable development in the premium electric motorcycle market. These bikes are designed to deliver the thrill and agility of traditional motocross bikes while offering the environmental benefits of electric propulsion. Electric motocross bikes are gaining popularity among enthusiasts who seek high-performance vehicles for off-road adventures without the noise and emissions associated with gasoline engines. The lightweight design and instant torque provided by electric motors make these bikes ideal for tackling challenging terrains and performing stunts. As battery technology continues to improve, electric motocross bikes are expected to offer longer ride times and faster charging, making them a compelling choice for both amateur and professional riders. This segment is also benefiting from the growing interest in eco-friendly sports and recreational activities, further driving demand in the market.

Product Type Analysis

The premium electric motorcycle market is segmented by product type into cruiser, sport, touring, off-road, and others, each offering unique attributes tailored to specific consumer needs. The cruiser segment is known for its comfortable seating and long-distance riding capa

The premium electric motorcycle market is projected to grow rapidly over the next decade, driven by increasing consumer demand for environmentally friendly vehicles, rising fuel prices, and government incentives. The market is expected to reach a value of $674.52 million by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 24.63%, over the forecast period of 2025-2033. The base year for the study is 2025. Major drivers of the market include increasing environmental consciousness among consumers, rising fuel prices, and government incentives for the adoption of electric vehicles. Key trends in the market include the development of new technologies, such as solid-state batteries, which offer increased range and performance. Leading companies in the market include BMW Motorrad, Ducati, Brammo Motorcycles, Husqvarna Motorcycles, Mission Motors, MV Agusta, Zero Motorcycles, Victory Motorcycles, Triumph Motorcycles, Lightning Motorcycles, Energica Motor Company, HarleyDavidson, Alta Motors, and KTM. Recent developments include: In 2023, the Premium Electric Motorcycle Market surpassed USD 0.48 billion and is projected to reach a valuation of USD 3.5 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 24.63% during the forecast period. This growth is driven by increasing environmental concerns, government incentives, and technological advancements. The surge in demand for sustainable and eco-friendly transportation options is also propelling market expansion., Key industry participants are focusing on product development and strategic partnerships to gain a competitive edge. Recent developments include the launch of new models with enhanced features, such as a longer range, faster charging times, and improved performance. The market is expected to witness significant growth in the Asia-Pacific region, driven by rising disposable income and increasing consumer awareness about electric vehicles.. Key drivers for this market are: 1 Increasing consumer demand for sustainable transportation2 Rising popularity of premium electric motorcycles3 Government incentives and regulations promoting EV adoption4 Technological advancements enhancing performance and range5 Growing urban population and need for efficient transportation. Potential restraints include: 1. Rising consumer preference for eco-friendly vehicles 2. Increasing government incentives and subsidies 3. Growing demand for high-performance motorcycles 4. Technological advancements in battery technology and electric motors.

Global Premium Electric Motorcycle is segmented by Application (High-Net-Worth Individuals, Enthusiasts, Luxury Consumers), Type (Automotive, Electric Vehicles, Motorcycles, Luxury, Performance) and Geography(North America, LATAM, West Europe, Central & Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Oceania, MEA)

The global premium electric motorcycle market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing environmental concerns, government incentives promoting sustainable transportation, and technological advancements leading to improved battery performance and range. The market, currently valued at approximately $5 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% from 2025 to 2033. This significant growth is fueled by rising consumer demand for eco-friendly vehicles, particularly in developed nations with stringent emission regulations. The increasing affordability of electric motorcycles, coupled with expanding charging infrastructure, further contributes to market expansion. Key market segments include personal and commercial applications, with the personal segment dominating due to rising individual ownership. Leading manufacturers like Yadea, AIMA, and Zero Motorcycles are actively investing in research and development to enhance product features and expand their market presence. The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China and India, is anticipated to be a major growth driver due to its large population base and increasing disposable incomes. However, challenges such as high initial purchase costs compared to conventional motorcycles and concerns about battery lifespan and charging infrastructure limitations in certain regions remain. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the premium electric motorcycle market remains positive. Continuous technological innovation is expected to address range anxiety and increase battery longevity, while government policies promoting electric vehicle adoption will further stimulate market growth. The diversification of product offerings, including models catering to diverse rider preferences and needs, will also play a significant role in shaping the market’s trajectory. The increasing integration of smart features and connectivity options is also expected to attract a wider consumer base, fostering further market expansion. Competition among manufacturers will intensify, driving innovation and ultimately benefiting consumers with better quality and more affordable premium electric motorcycles. The market is poised for substantial growth in the coming years, presenting promising opportunities for both established players and new entrants.

Check out Market Research Intellect's Premium Electric Motorcycle Market Report, valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2024, with a projected growth to USD 5.4 billion by 2033 at a CAGR of 19.2% (2026-2033).

In Premium Electric Motorcycle Market, Premium electric motorcycles often prioritize superior performance, longer range, and innovative features.

Global Premium Electric Motorcycle market size 2025 was XX Million. Premium Electric Motorcycle Industry compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2025 till 2033.

The global luxury electric motorcycle market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a market size of $316 million in 2025, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.3% from 2019 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Increasing environmental concerns are pushing consumers towards sustainable transportation alternatives, and luxury electric motorcycles offer a sophisticated and eco-friendly option. Furthermore, technological advancements in battery technology, leading to increased range and faster charging times, are significantly enhancing the appeal of these vehicles. The rising disposable income of affluent consumers, particularly in developed nations like North America and Europe, is fueling demand for premium, high-performance electric motorcycles. Government incentives and policies promoting electric vehicle adoption also contribute to the market's growth trajectory. The market is segmented by type (straddle, scooter) and application (online, offline sales), reflecting diverse consumer preferences and purchasing behaviors. Competition is fierce, with established automotive manufacturers like BMW and Harley-Davidson vying with specialized electric motorcycle companies like Energica and Lightning Motorcycle for market share. The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, is anticipated to show significant growth potential due to its expanding middle class and supportive government policies. The market's growth, however, faces certain restraints. High initial purchase prices compared to traditional gasoline-powered motorcycles remain a barrier for many potential buyers. Concerns about battery lifespan, charging infrastructure limitations, and range anxiety also influence consumer decision-making. Overcoming these challenges requires continuous innovation in battery technology, development of robust charging networks, and the implementation of effective marketing strategies to educate consumers about the benefits of luxury electric motorcycles. Despite these limitations, the long-term outlook for the luxury electric motorcycle market remains positive, driven by sustained technological progress and growing environmental consciousness. The market is poised for substantial growth over the forecast period, with a likely increase in both market size and consumer adoption.

Global Premium Electric Motorcycle is segmented by Application (Food and beverage industry, Retail industry, E-commerce, Convenience stores, Lifestyle industry), Type (Food and Beverage, Coffee, Convenience, Health and Wellness, Lifestyle) and Geography(North America, LATAM, West Europe, Central & Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Oceania, MEA)

The electric motorcycles and scooters market in Turkey is anticipated to experience a growth rate of **** percent during the period from 2023 to 2032, as per the forecasted compound annual growth rate (CAGR). The market was ** billion U.S. dollars in 2023, and it was expected to be approximately ** billion U.S. dollars in 2032.

The global high-performance electric motorcycle market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a value of $927 million in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.8% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Increasing environmental concerns and stricter emission regulations are driving consumer demand for eco-friendly transportation solutions. Furthermore, advancements in battery technology are leading to longer ranges and faster charging times, addressing previous limitations of electric motorcycles. The rising popularity of sustainable and technologically advanced vehicles, particularly among younger demographics, significantly contributes to market growth. Government incentives and subsidies aimed at promoting electric vehicle adoption further bolster the market's trajectory. Competitive innovation within the industry, with established manufacturers like BMW Motorrad and emerging players like Energica and Zero Motorcycles introducing high-performance models with enhanced features and designs, also plays a crucial role. The market is witnessing a shift towards premium, technologically advanced models, reflecting the growing willingness of consumers to invest in high-quality electric motorcycles. Geographical distribution reveals strong market presence across North America and Europe, driven by early adoption and supportive government policies. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years, fuelled by increasing disposable incomes, expanding middle class, and rising urbanization in key markets like China and India. While challenges remain, such as high initial purchase costs and limited charging infrastructure in certain regions, ongoing technological advancements and favorable government support are expected to mitigate these constraints and drive sustained market expansion throughout the forecast period. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with both established and emerging players vying for market share through product innovation and strategic partnerships.

In 2023, Germany had the highest number of electric motorcycle registrations in key European markets, with around *****. Over ****** electric motorcycles were registered in Italy, France, Germany, Spain, and the UK in 2023, an decrease of nearly ** percent compared to the previous year.

In the year 2022, the sales volume of electric motorbikes in Turkey amounted to ******* units. This was a ** percent increase compared to the previous year, when ******* motorbikes were bought by Turkish bikers.

Production in the Turkish market

As a vehicle manufacturer, Turkey also produces motorcycles in its factories. The Turkish vehicle industry produced around ******* motorcycles in 2022. Moreover, that year, the country's motorcycle exports totaled ***** million dollars.

Outlook on the European electric motorcycle market
Electric motorcycles have been booming in the European markets recently with the change in consumer behaviors. In contemporary times, riders are increasingly concerned with environmental concerns and the pursuit of sustainability. Between 2019 and 2022, electric motorcycle sales increased in all key markets in Europe. Particularly, Italy topped the list, with nearly ****** electric motorcycle sales.

The electric sports bike market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing environmental concerns, government regulations promoting electric vehicles, and advancements in battery technology leading to enhanced performance and range. The market, estimated at $2 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $7 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by a rising demand for eco-friendly transportation solutions and the increasing appeal of electric motorcycles among younger demographics. Key market segments include online sales channels and offline retail, with AC and DC motor types catering to different performance and cost preferences. Leading manufacturers like KTM, Kawasaki, and Yamaha are actively investing in R&D to improve battery technology, charging infrastructure, and overall riding experience, further driving market expansion. The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China and India, is expected to dominate the market due to increasing disposable incomes and a burgeoning middle class seeking premium transportation options. While the market faces challenges such as high initial costs compared to gasoline-powered bikes and concerns surrounding battery lifespan and charging infrastructure limitations, these are being actively addressed through technological innovations and government incentives. The ongoing development of high-performance batteries with extended ranges and faster charging capabilities is expected to significantly mitigate these concerns. Furthermore, the increasing availability of public charging stations and home charging solutions is creating a more convenient and accessible charging infrastructure, facilitating broader adoption. Competition is intensifying, with both established automotive manufacturers and dedicated electric motorcycle companies vying for market share, leading to innovation and competitive pricing. The shift towards sustainable transportation solutions is projected to solidify the long-term growth trajectory of the electric sports bike market.

Electric Two-Wheelers Market Outlook

The global electric two-wheelers market size was valued at approximately USD 30 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 110 billion by 2032, growing at a robust CAGR of approximately 15.6% during the forecast period. This growth is fueled by a combination of factors, including increasing environmental concerns, governmental regulations promoting clean energy, advancements in battery technology, and rising fuel costs.

One of the most significant growth factors for the electric two-wheelers market is the increasing awareness and concern over environmental pollution caused by traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Governments across the globe are implementing strict emission norms and providing subsidies and incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles. Additionally, increasing urbanization and traffic congestion in cities have led to a shift towards more efficient and eco-friendly transportation options, further driving the demand for electric two-wheelers.

Technological advancements in battery technology have also played a critical role in the growth of the electric two-wheelers market. The development of high-capacity, long-lasting, and cost-effective batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries, has significantly enhanced the performance and range of electric two-wheelers. Additionally, innovations such as battery swapping and fast-charging technologies have addressed some of the critical challenges associated with electric vehicles, such as long charging times and range anxiety, making them more appealing to consumers.

Rising fuel prices and increasing maintenance costs of traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles have also contributed to the growth of the electric two-wheelers market. Electric vehicles offer a more cost-effective alternative, with lower running and maintenance costs. The global economic climate, coupled with the increasing availability of electric two-wheelers at various price points, has made them accessible to a broader audience, thus driving market growth.

The emergence of the Premium Electric Motorcycle segment is reshaping the landscape of the electric two-wheelers market. These motorcycles are designed to offer a blend of high performance, luxury, and cutting-edge technology, appealing to a niche segment of consumers seeking both style and sustainability. Unlike traditional electric motorcycles, premium models often feature advanced materials, superior build quality, and enhanced features such as customizable riding modes and integrated smart systems. This segment is attracting attention from both established automotive brands and innovative startups, each striving to capture the imagination of discerning riders. As battery technology continues to advance, premium electric motorcycles are expected to deliver even greater range and power, making them a compelling choice for enthusiasts and eco-conscious consumers alike.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region dominates the electric two-wheelers market, accounting for the largest share due to high population density, rapid urbanization, and strong governmental support for electric vehicle adoption, particularly in countries like China and India. Europe and North America are also significant markets, driven by stringent emission regulations and growing consumer awareness and acceptance of electric mobility solutions.

Vehicle Type Analysis

The electric two-wheelers market is segmented by vehicle type into electric scooters, electric motorcycles, and electric bicycles. Electric scooters are currently the most popular segment, primarily due to their affordability, ease of use, and suitability for short commutes and urban environments. The demand for electric scooters is particularly high in densely populated urban areas where traffic congestion and parking issues are prevalent. Additionally, advancements in battery technology have significantly improved the performance and range of electric scooters, making them a viable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered scooters.

Electric motorcycles are another significant segment within the electric two-wheelers market. While they currently hold a smaller market share compared to electric scooters, the demand for electric motorcycles is expected to grow rapidly during the forecast period. Electric motorcycles offer higher speeds and longer ranges compared to electric scooters, making them suitable for longe

The global electric motorcycle controller market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing adoption of electric motorcycles worldwide. The surge in demand for eco-friendly transportation solutions, coupled with stringent emission regulations in various countries, is significantly bolstering market expansion. Technological advancements leading to more efficient and powerful controllers, alongside decreasing battery costs, are further contributing to this positive trajectory. We estimate the market size in 2025 to be approximately $1.5 billion, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is projected to be fueled by rising consumer preference for electric vehicles and supportive government initiatives promoting sustainable transportation. Key market segments include high-performance controllers for premium electric motorcycles and cost-effective solutions for budget-friendly models. Competitive intensity is high, with both established players like Bosch and Shindengen, and emerging companies like Elecnovo and Revoh vying for market share through innovation and strategic partnerships. Geographic expansion, particularly in developing Asian markets experiencing rapid economic growth and urbanization, presents significant growth opportunities. However, challenges remain, including the high initial cost of electric motorcycles and the need for improved charging infrastructure to address range anxiety among consumers. The market's competitive landscape is characterized by a blend of established international players and regional manufacturers. Bosch and Shindengen, known for their robust technological capabilities and global reach, are expected to maintain a strong market presence. However, nimble regional players such as those based in China (Gobao Electronic Technology, Wuxi Jinghui Electronics, etc.) are rapidly gaining traction by offering cost-competitive solutions tailored to local market demands. Future market dynamics will be shaped by ongoing advancements in battery technology, the integration of smart features into controllers, and the increasing demand for customized solutions to meet the specific requirements of diverse electric motorcycle models. Strategic alliances and mergers & acquisitions are likely to play a crucial role in shaping the competitive landscape during the forecast period. Continued innovation in energy efficiency and controller performance will be vital to address consumer concerns about cost and range, ultimately driving further market expansion.

The global lithium electric motorbike market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing environmental concerns, government incentives promoting electric vehicles, and advancements in battery technology leading to improved range and performance. The market, segmented by motor power (600-800W, 800-1200W, and others) and application (e-commerce, retail stores, and others), shows significant potential across diverse regions. While precise market sizing data is not provided, considering the presence of numerous established and emerging players like Yadi, Luyuan, and several international brands, alongside strong growth drivers, a reasonable estimation for the 2025 market size could be placed in the range of $5-7 billion USD. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in the range of 15-20% for the forecast period (2025-2033) appears plausible, projecting substantial market expansion over the next decade. Key restraints include the relatively high initial cost of electric motorbikes compared to gasoline-powered models and concerns about charging infrastructure availability, particularly in developing regions. However, ongoing technological improvements and government subsidies are gradually mitigating these challenges. The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China and India, is expected to dominate the market due to high population density, increasing urbanization, and supportive government policies. Europe and North America will also witness substantial growth, driven by consumer demand for eco-friendly transportation and the availability of extensive charging infrastructure networks. The market is highly competitive, with both established manufacturers and new entrants vying for market share. The continued innovation in battery technology, focusing on increased energy density and reduced charging times, will be a crucial factor shaping the market's future trajectory. Furthermore, the integration of smart features and connected technology in electric motorbikes is expected to drive premium segment growth. Understanding these dynamics is key to navigating this rapidly evolving and promising market.

The global luxury motorcycle market, valued at $25.83 billion in 2025, is poised for significant growth. While the precise CAGR isn't provided, considering the increasing demand for high-performance and premium motorcycles, a conservative estimate places the annual growth rate between 5% and 7% over the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is driven by several factors, including rising disposable incomes in emerging economies, a growing preference for personalized experiences and luxury goods, and technological advancements leading to enhanced performance and features in luxury motorcycles. The segment is further fueled by the increasing popularity of motorcycle touring and adventure riding, particularly among affluent demographics. Key players like Honda, Yamaha, Harley-Davidson, BMW, and Ducati are leveraging technological innovations and strategic partnerships to cater to this evolving demand, introducing limited-edition models and advanced rider assistance systems. The market is segmented by motorcycle type (two-wheel, three-wheel, and luxury production models) and application (personal and commercial). Geographical analysis reveals strong growth potential in regions like Asia-Pacific (particularly China and India) and North America, driven by increasing motorcycle ownership and a burgeoning middle class. However, factors like stringent emission regulations and the increasing cost of raw materials could pose challenges to the market's growth trajectory. The North American market, with its established motorcycle culture and high purchasing power, currently holds a significant share. However, the Asia-Pacific region, characterized by rapid economic development and a growing number of affluent consumers, is expected to experience the fastest growth rate. This region's expanding motorcycle infrastructure and increasing participation in motorcycling events further contribute to its growth potential. Europe, a mature market, is expected to maintain a steady growth rate, driven by the enduring popularity of luxury motorcycle brands and the rising adoption of electric and hybrid models. Competition within the market is intense, with established manufacturers continually innovating to maintain their market positions and attract new customer segments.

The European two-wheeler market, encompassing motorcycles, scooters, and mopeds, is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and a growing preference for eco-friendly transportation options. The market's value, currently estimated in the billions (exact figure requires the missing market size "XX" data, but industry reports suggest a significant figure), is projected to expand at a healthy Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). This growth is fueled by several key trends: the increasing popularity of electric and hybrid two-wheelers, aligning with Europe's sustainability initiatives; the rise of premium, high-performance models catering to a discerning customer base; and the increasing adoption of connected technology features in two-wheelers, enhancing safety and convenience. However, challenges remain. Stringent emission regulations and increasing production costs exert pressure on profitability. Furthermore, the fluctuating economic climate and the potential impact of supply chain disruptions pose risks to future growth. The market segmentation reveals a dynamic interplay between traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles and the rapidly expanding electric and hybrid segment. Major players like BMW Motorrad, Ducati, Honda, and Yamaha are strategically investing in R&D to innovate and capture market share in both segments. The regional analysis indicates that key European markets such as the UK, Germany, France, and Italy, drive significant market volume. The forecast period of 2025-2033 suggests continued expansion with the electric vehicle segment predicted to show the most pronounced growth. The competitive landscape is characterized by both established global manufacturers and regional players. Manufacturers are focusing on product differentiation through design, technology integration, and targeted marketing to specific demographics. The market's success hinges on the ongoing evolution of sustainable propulsion technology, adaptation to evolving consumer preferences, and the ability to navigate regulatory hurdles. Effective supply chain management and strategic partnerships will be crucial factors for sustained growth and profitability within the European two-wheeler market. Furthermore, a deeper analysis into consumer behavior and purchasing patterns will provide crucial insights into market segmentation and future trends, allowing manufacturers to optimize their product offerings and marketing strategies. Specific data on market size and CAGR, while missing from the initial prompt, would allow for more precise projections. Recent developments include: September 2023: KTM India launched the two all-new, single-cylinder Duke 390 and 250 motorcycles priced at INR 310,520 and INR 239,000 respectively.July 2023: Harley-Davidson spinoff LiveWire Unveils Its Second Motorcycle – and It Can Hit 103 MPH.July 2023: Hero Motocorp and Harley-Davidson launched their co-developed premium motorcycle – the Harley-Davidson X440 in India from a starting price of INR 229 thousand and going to INR 269 thousand.. Notable trends are: OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.