In 2023, the average life expectancy for those born in more developed countries was 75 years for men and 82 years for women. On the other hand, the respective numbers for men and women born in the least developed countries were 63 and 67 years.

Improved health care has lead to higher life expectancy

Life expectancy is the measure of how long a person is expected to live. Life expectancy varies worldwide and involves many factors such as diet, gender, and environment. As medical care has improved over the years, life expectancy has increased worldwide. Introduction to health care such as vaccines has significantly improved the lives of millions of people worldwide. The average worldwide life expectancy at birth has steadily increased since 2007, but dropped during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021.

Life expectancy worldwide

More developed countries tend to have higher life expectancies, for a multitude of reasons. Health care infrastructure and quality of life tend to be higher in more developed countries, as is access to clean water and food. Africa was the continent that had the lowest life expectancy for both men and women in 2023, while Oceania had the highest for men and Europe and Oceania had the highest for women.

In 2023, the average life expectancy of the world was 70 years for men and 75 years for women. The lowest life expectancies were found in Africa, while Oceania and Europe had the highest.

What is life expectancy?

Life expectancy is defined as a statistical measure of how long a person may live, based on demographic factors such as gender, current age, and most importantly the year of their birth. The most commonly used measure of life expectancy is life expectancy at birth or at age zero. The calculation is based on the assumption that mortality rates at each age were to remain constant in the future.

Life expectancy has changed drastically over time, especially during the past 200 years. In the early 20th century, the average life expectancy at birth in the developed world stood at 31 years. It has grown to an average of 70 and 75 years for males and females respectively, and is expected to keep on growing with advances in medical treatment and living standard continuing.

Highest and lowest life expectancy worldwide

Life expectancy still varies greatly between different regions and countries of the world. The biggest impact on life expectancy is the quality of public health, medical care, and diet. As of 2021, the countries with the highest life expectancy were Japan, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and South Korea, all at 84 years. Most of the countries with the lowest life expectancy are mostly African countries. The ranking was led by the Chad, Nigeria, and Lesotho with 53 years.

Hemodialysis Service Market Outlook

The global hemodialysis service market size is projected to reach $150 billion by 2032, up from $90 billion in 2023, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5%. This growth trajectory is driven by an escalating prevalence of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), aging populations, and advancements in healthcare infrastructure globally.

The rising incidence of CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide is a critical growth factor for the hemodialysis service market. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CKD affects approximately 10% of the global population, and the numbers are expected to rise due to increasing diabetes and hypertension cases. As CKD progresses, patients often require dialysis or kidney transplants, leading to heightened demand for hemodialysis services. This increasing patient pool is a fundamental driver expanding market size.

Another significant factor propelling market growth is the aging global population. Elderly individuals are more susceptible to kidney diseases, necessitating hemodialysis. In developed and developing countries alike, advancements in healthcare have improved life expectancy, resulting in a larger geriatric population that requires long-term dialysis services. This demographic shift is a substantial contributor to market expansion. Additionally, innovations in hemodialysis technology, such as more efficient dialysis machines and improved dialysate solutions, enhance patient outcomes and drive market growth.

Furthermore, government initiatives and funding to improve dialysis services are prominent growth factors. Many countries have recognized the burden of CKD and are investing in healthcare infrastructure to accommodate the growing number of dialysis patients. For instance, policies encouraging the establishment of dialysis centers and subsidies for dialysis services make treatment more accessible and affordable, significantly impacting market growth. Partnerships between public and private sectors are also fostering advancements and expansion in the hemodialysis service market.

The market for Dialysis Products and Services is intricately linked to the hemodialysis service sector, as these products form the backbone of effective dialysis treatment. Dialysis products, including dialysis machines, dialyzers, and dialysate solutions, are essential for the operation of both in-center and home hemodialysis services. The continuous innovation in these products, such as the development of more efficient and patient-friendly machines, directly impacts the quality of care and patient outcomes. Moreover, the availability of a wide range of dialysis services, from in-center care to home-based treatment options, is heavily reliant on the advancements in dialysis products. As the demand for hemodialysis services grows, so too does the need for high-quality dialysis products and services, underscoring their critical role in the healthcare ecosystem.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific is foreseen to experience the most rapid market growth, owing to increasing healthcare expenditures, rising awareness about CKD, and expanding healthcare infrastructure. Countries like China and India, with their vast populations, are seeing a surge in CKD cases, necessitating a robust hemodialysis service network. North America, holding a significant market share, continues to grow due to a well-established healthcare system and high prevalence of CKD. Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa are also contributing to the market, with varied growth rates influenced by healthcare policies, economic conditions, and disease prevalence.

Service Type Analysis

In the hemodialysis service market, the service type segment is bifurcated into in-center hemodialysis and home hemodialysis. In-center hemodialysis dominates the market due to the comprehensive care provided in specialized settings. Patients receiving in-center hemodialysis benefit from continuous monitoring by healthcare professionals, which is crucial for managing complications and ensuring effective treatment. The infrastructure in these centers is equipped with advanced dialysis machines and emergency care facilities, enhancing patient safety and treatment efficacy. Moreover, in-center services are often preferred by patients who require frequent medical supervision due to co-morbid conditions.

However, home hemodialysis is gaining traction and showing a significant

At the beginning of the 1840s, life expectancy from birth in Ireland was just over 38 years. However, this figure would see a dramatic decline with the beginning of the Great Famine in 1845, and dropped below 21 years in the second half of the decade (in 1849 alone, life expectancy fell to just 14 years). The famine came as a result of a Europe-wide potato blight, which had a disproportionally devastating impact on the Irish population due to the dependency on potatoes (particularly in the south and east), and the prevalence of a single variety of potato on the island that allowed the blight to spread faster than in other areas of Europe. Additionally, authorities forcefully redirected much of the country's surplus grain to the British mainland, which exacerbated the situation. Within five years, mass starvation would contribute to the deaths of over one million people on the island, while a further one million would emigrate; this also created a legacy of emigration from Ireland, which saw the population continue to fall until the mid-1900s, and the total population of the island is still well below its pre-famine level of 8.5 million people.

Following the end of the Great Famine, life expectancy would begin to gradually increase in Ireland, as post-famine reforms would see improvements in the living standards of the country’s peasantry, most notably the Land Wars, a largely successful series of strikes, boycotts and protests aimed at reform of the country's agricultural land distribution, which began in the 1870s and lasted into the 20th century. As these reforms were implemented, life expectancy in Ireland would rise to more than fifty years by the turn of the century. While this rise would slow somewhat in the 1910s, due to the large number of Irish soldiers who fought in the First World War and the Spanish Flu pandemic, as well as the period of civil unrest leading up to the island's partition in 1921, life expectancy in Ireland would rise greatly in the 20th century. In the second half of the 20th century, Ireland's healthcare system and living standards developed similarly to the rest of Western Europe, and today, it is often ranks among the top countries globally in terms of human development, GDP and quality of healthcare. With these developments, the increase in life expectancy from birth in Ireland was relatively constant in the first century of independence, and in 2020 is estimated to be 82 years.

Quality of Life Index (higher is better) is an estimation of overall quality of life by using an empirical formula which takes into account purchasing power index (higher is better), pollution index (lower is better), house price to income ratio (lower is better), cost of living index (lower is better), safety index (higher is better), health care index (higher is better), traffic commute time index (lower is better) and climate index (higher is better).

Current formula (written in Java programming language):

index.main = Math.max(0, 100 + purchasingPowerInclRentIndex / 2.5 - (housePriceToIncomeRatio * 1.0) - costOfLivingIndex / 10 + safetyIndex / 2.0 + healthIndex / 2.5 - trafficTimeIndex / 2.0 - pollutionIndex * 2.0 / 3.0 + climateIndex / 3.0);

For details how purchasing power (including rent) index, pollution index, property price to income ratios, cost of living index, safety index, climate index, health index and traffic index are calculated please look up their respective pages.

Formulas used in the past

Formula used between June 2017 and Decembar 2017

We decided to decrease weight from costOfLivingIndex in this formula:

index.main = Math.max(0, 100 + purchasingPowerInclRentIndex / 2.5 - (housePriceToIncomeRatio * 1.0) - costOfLivingIndex / 5 + safetyIndex / 2.0 + healthIndex / 2.5 - trafficTimeIndex / 2.0 - pollutionIndex * 2.0 / 3.0 + climateIndex / 3.0);

The World Happiness 2017, which ranks 155 countries by their happiness levels, was released at the United Nations at an event celebrating International Day of Happiness on March 20th. The report continues to gain global recognition as governments, organizations and civil society increasingly use happiness indicators to inform their policy-making decisions. Leading experts across fields – economics, psychology, survey analysis, national statistics, health, public policy and more – describe how measurements of well-being can be used effectively to assess the progress of nations. The reports review the state of happiness in the world today and show how the new science of happiness explains personal and national variations in happiness.

The scores are based on answers to the main life evaluation question asked in the poll. This question, known as the Cantril ladder, asks respondents to think of a ladder with the best possible life for them being a 10 and the worst possible life being a 0 and to rate their own current lives on that scale. The scores are from nationally representative samples for 2017 and use the Gallup weights to make the estimates representative. The columns following the happiness score estimate the extent to which each of six factors – economic production, social support, life expectancy, freedom, absence of corruption, and generosity – contribute to making life evaluations higher in each country than they are in Dystopia, a hypothetical country that has values equal to the world’s lowest national averages for each of the six factors. They have no impact on the total score reported for each country, but they do explain why some countries rank higher than others.

Quality of life index, link: https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/indices_explained.jsp

Happiness store, link: https://www.kaggle.com/unsdsn/world-happiness/home

Community-based social models of care for seniors promote better outcomes in terms of quality of life, managing chronic illness and life expectancy than institutional care. However, small rural areas in high income countries face an ongoing crisis in coordinating care related to service mix, workforce and access. A scoping review was conducted to examine initiatives that promoted integrated models of multisectoral, collaborative aged care in rural settings which could help respond to this ongoing crisis and improve responses to emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic database search, screening and a two-stage full text review was followed by a case study critical appraisal. A content analysis of extracted data from included papers was undertaken. Integrated care services, activities and facilities were identified that helped guide the review process and data synthesis. The three included case studies all emphasized key principles that crucially underpinned the models related to collaboration, cooperation and innovation. Challenges to effective care included fiscal and structural constraints, with underlying social determinant impacts. Based on these findings, we describe the genesis of a “toolkit” with components of integrated models of care. Effective care requires aging to be addressed as a complex, interconnected social issue rather than solely a health problem. It demands a series of coordinated system-based responses that consider the complex and heterogeneous contexts (and needs) of communities. Such models are underpinned by leadership and political will, working with a wide breadth of stakeholders across family, community and clinical domains in private and public sectors.

Portable Medical Electronic Products (Home Healthcare) Market Outlook 2032

The global portable medical electronic products (home healthcare) market size was USD 77.57 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 115.77 Billion by 2032, expanding at a CAGR of 4.55% during 2024–2032. The market growth is attributed to the high healthcare expenditure in developed countries and the growing focus on preventive healthcare.



Growing awareness of the benefits of home healthcare is expected to propel the market. This understanding is projected to increase as healthcare providers and governments promote home healthcare as a cost-effective alternative to hospital stays. Portable medical electronic products enable patients to receive high-quality care in the comfort of their homes, enhancing their quality of life and reducing the burden on healthcare facilities.



Rising demand for telemedicine and remote patient monitoring services is anticipated to fuel the market. This demand is estimated to grow as healthcare providers seek to improve patient access to care and reduce healthcare costs. Portable medical electronic products enable remote patient monitoring, allowing healthcare providers to track patients' health in real time and intervene promptly when necessary.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Portable Medical Electronic Products (Home Healthcare) Market

Artificial Intelligence has a positive impact on portable medical electronic products (home healthcare) market. AI's impact is profound, enhancing the functionality, accuracy, and user-friendliness of these devices. AI-powered predictive algorithms in heart monitors or glucose meters analyze patterns in a patient's data, predict potential health risks, and alert both patients and healthcare providers. This proactive approach to healthcare management is expected to significantly reduce hospital visits and healthcare costs. Moreover, AI is instrumental in the development of smart wearable devices that monitor vital signs in real time, providing valuable insights into a patient's health status. These insights enable timely interventions, potentially preventing severe health complications.

ObjectiveMental health problems among older adults are becoming a growing public health concern in South Asia due to continued changes in population dynamics caused by declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancy. This scoping review aimed to explore and summarize evidence about mental health interventions and their impacts on geriatric mental health and highlight gaps and areas for future research.MethodsWe searched six electronic databases and additional sources for experimental/non-experimental studies evaluating the effectiveness of geriatric mental health interventions in eight countries in the South Asia region from the date of inception of each database up to August 5, 2022. Following the preliminary screening, we extracted data from the eligible articles using a Microsoft Excel data extraction worksheet. We followed Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines for this scoping review and reported evidence adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist.ResultsFrom a total of 3432 potential articles retrieved, 19 were included in this review following pre-determined eligibility criteria. Across studies, mental health interventions can be broadly categorized into the following types– 1) traditional Yoga, Tai chi, or other meditative movements; 2) behavioral, occupational, or learning-based interventions; 3) tech-based interventions; 4) music therapy; and 5) new healthcare model. The evidence was predominantly based on India (n = 16), whereas three articles were identified from Pakistan. No article was found from six other South Asian countries. Depression and anxiety were the most frequent mental health outcomes, followed by quality of life, cognitive function, self-esteem, physical performance, and many more.ConclusionAlthough limited, this review found various interventions that have varying effects on different geriatric mental health outcomes. A handful of evidence on mental health intervention in South Asia indicates a lack of acknowledgment that may develop a serious paucity of geriatric mental health practice. Therefore, future researchers are encouraged to conduct empirical studies to understand disease burden, including associated factors of geriatric mental health, which may help to construct contextually appropriate mental health interventions in this region.

Bathing Services For Senior Market Outlook

The global market size for bathing services for seniors was estimated to be USD 10.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach approximately USD 18.9 billion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period. The burgeoning elderly population, coupled with the increased focus on personalized senior care, is a significant growth factor driving this market. The aging demographic worldwide, particularly in developed nations, is leading to an increased demand for specialized care services, including bathing assistance.

One of the primary drivers of market growth is the rising life expectancy globally. Advances in healthcare have led to an increase in the elderly population, who often require specialized care services. Bathing, a fundamental part of hygiene and wellness, becomes increasingly challenging for seniors due to mobility issues, chronic conditions, and other age-related factors. This necessity creates a robust demand for bathing services tailored to meet the specific needs of seniors, thus bolstering the market's expansion.

Additionally, the growing awareness of the importance of hygiene and its impact on health among the elderly population and their families has significantly contributed to market growth. Bathing services not only help maintain hygiene but also aid in detecting skin abnormalities, ensuring overall physical well-being, and providing psychological comfort. The emphasis on maintaining dignity and ensuring comprehensive care for the elderly is fostering the demand for professional bathing services.

Technological advancements and the integration of smart home solutions in senior care are also instrumental in driving market growth. Innovations such as automated bathing systems, safety equipment, and remote monitoring tools have made it easier to provide efficient and safe bathing services to seniors. These technological interventions are particularly beneficial in providing in-home bathing services, ensuring a safer and more comfortable experience for the elderly. As these technologies become more affordable and accessible, their adoption is expected to rise, further driving market growth.

Adult Day Care Ads Services are becoming an integral part of the senior care ecosystem, offering a unique blend of social interaction and professional care. These services provide a structured environment where seniors can engage in various activities, promoting mental and physical well-being. The growing popularity of adult day care centers is driven by the need for respite care for family caregivers and the desire to enhance the quality of life for seniors. By advertising these services effectively, providers can reach a wider audience, ensuring that more families are aware of the benefits and availability of such programs. As the demand for diverse senior care options increases, Adult Day Care Ads Services play a crucial role in connecting families with the right resources.

From a regional perspective, North America holds a significant share of the market, driven by a high elderly population and advanced healthcare infrastructure. Europe follows closely, with a similar demographic trend and a strong focus on senior care facilities. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period, attributed to the rapidly aging population and increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure. Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to contribute to market growth, albeit at a slower pace, due to improving healthcare services and growing awareness.

Service Type Analysis

The bathing services for seniors market can be segmented by service type into in-home bathing services, assisted living bathing services, and nursing home bathing services. Each of these service types caters to different needs and preferences of the elderly population. In-home bathing services have gained considerable popularity due to the growing preference for aging in place. Seniors and their families often prefer in-home care services that allow the elderly to stay in their familiar environment while receiving personalized care. This segment is expected to witness substantial growth, driven by technological advancements and increased availability of trained caregivers.&l

The health expenditure as a share of gross domestic product in Nigeria increased by 0.7 percentage points (+20.71 percent) compared to the previous year. Therefore, the share in Nigeria reached a peak in 2021 with 4.08 percent. This indicator estimates current health expenditures, including healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT, and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks. The level of current health expenditure is expressed as a share of GDP.Find more statistics on other topics about Nigeria with key insights such as infant mortality rate, death rate, and total life expectancy at birth.

Medical Walkers Market Outlook

The global medical walkers market size was valued at approximately USD 2.9 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 4.5 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of about 5.1% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by an aging population and a rise in mobility-related health issues, which necessitates the use of medical assistance devices like walkers. The increasing prevalence of diseases that affect mobility, such as arthritis and Parkinson's, has significantly contributed to the demand for medical walkers, establishing them as a crucial component in the mobility aids sector. The market's expansion is further accelerated by advancements in product design and technology, enhancing user comfort and safety.

One of the primary growth factors for the medical walkers market is the rapidly aging global population. As life expectancy increases, so does the prevalence of age-related health issues that impair mobility, such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and other musculoskeletal disorders. These conditions often render individuals unable to move without support, thereby increasing the demand for medical walkers. Furthermore, healthcare policies in numerous countries are increasingly focusing on improving the quality of life for the elderly, including the provision of subsidized or free mobility aids, which is expected to further bolster market growth. The growing awareness about the availability and benefits of medical walkers also plays a significant role in their adoption, particularly in developed countries.

Technological advancements have significantly influenced the medical walkers market, driving it towards more sophisticated and user-friendly products. Innovations such as foldable walkers, adjustable height settings, lightweight materials, and integration of smart technologies have made these devices more efficient and user-centric. For instance, rollators are equipped with wheels and brakes, offering greater stability and ease of movement for users. These advancements not only improve the functionality of medical walkers but also enhance the comfort and confidence of users, fostering greater independence. The incorporation of smart features, like GPS tracking and biometric monitoring, is anticipated to open new avenues for market growth, appealing to a tech-savvy consumer base.

The increasing trend of home healthcare is also a significant factor propelling the growth of the medical walkers market. With the rising costs of hospital care and a shift towards cost-effective treatment alternatives, more patients and families are opting for home healthcare solutions. Medical walkers play an essential role in facilitating mobility for individuals receiving care at home, thereby boosting their demand. Additionally, the ease of availability of these products through online platforms has further spurred their widespread adoption. The convenience of purchasing medical walkers online, coupled with detailed product information and customer reviews, has made them accessible to a larger audience, which is expected to drive market growth in the coming years.

Among the various types of mobility aids, the Medical Ankle Walker stands out as a specialized device designed to support individuals recovering from lower limb injuries. Unlike traditional walkers, the Medical Ankle Walker is specifically crafted to immobilize the ankle, providing stability and protection during the healing process. This device is particularly beneficial for patients with fractures, sprains, or post-surgical recovery needs, as it allows for partial weight-bearing while ensuring that the ankle remains in a stable position. The design of the Medical Ankle Walker often includes adjustable straps and cushioned interiors to enhance comfort and ensure a secure fit, making it a preferred choice for both patients and healthcare providers. As the demand for targeted rehabilitation solutions grows, the Medical Ankle Walker is expected to see increased adoption in both clinical and home care settings, contributing to the overall growth of the medical walkers market.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the medical walkers market is categorized into standard walkers, two-wheeled walkers, rollators, and others. Standard walkers are the most basic type of walker available, characterized by their four-legged frame providing maximum stability. They are predominantly used by individuals who require substantial support while walking. Despite their simplicity, standa

Hospital Bed Market Outlook

The global hospital bed market size was valued at approximately USD 3.5 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 5.9 billion by 2032, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% from 2024 to 2032. This significant growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for advanced healthcare facilities, an aging global population, and a rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases. The surge in hospital admissions due to COVID-19 and subsequent infectious disease outbreaks has underscored the necessity for well-equipped hospital beds, further propelling market growth. Moreover, technological advancements in hospital bed designs, ensuring enhanced patient comfort and safety, have become a pivotal growth factor in this market.

One of the primary growth drivers for the hospital bed market is the increasing geriatric population worldwide. The elderly population is more susceptible to health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and mobility disorders, necessitating specialized care and hospital admission. This demographic shift is resulting in a greater demand for both acute and long-term care beds, thereby driving the market. Additionally, the global increase in life expectancy has led to a rise in age-related health complications, which further boosts the need for state-of-the-art hospital beds to provide quality care. Furthermore, the focus on improving healthcare infrastructure by both government and private sectors in developing countries is significantly contributing to market expansion.

Another crucial factor supporting the growth of the hospital bed market is the technological advancements in bed design and functionality. Innovations such as electric beds, which offer features like adjustable height, remote controls, and patient monitoring systems, enhance the overall patient experience and support nursing staff in providing efficient care. The development of beds equipped with smart technologies, including sensors for early warning signs of patient deterioration, is gaining traction. These advancements not only improve patient comfort and safety but also streamline hospital operations, making them a preferred choice among healthcare providers. The integration of telehealth with hospital beds is another emerging trend that is poised to create lucrative opportunities in the market.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the hospital bed market, highlighting the critical need for preparedness in healthcare settings. The surge in demand for hospital beds during the pandemic led to rapid expansions and strategic investments in healthcare facilities worldwide. This situation has prompted healthcare providers to reassess their emergency response strategies, resulting in increased spending on medical infrastructure, including hospital beds. Moreover, the pandemic has accelerated government initiatives focused on strengthening healthcare systems, particularly in emerging economies, where investments in hospital bed manufacturing and supply chains are poised to drive long-term market growth.

Manual Hospital Beds continue to play a crucial role in healthcare settings, especially in regions where budget constraints and limited access to electricity pose challenges. These beds are favored for their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, making them a viable option in rural and underdeveloped areas. Despite the rise of technologically advanced beds, manual beds remain indispensable in many facilities due to their durability and ease of maintenance. They offer a practical solution for healthcare providers who need reliable equipment without the complexities of electronic systems. As healthcare infrastructure improves globally, the demand for manual beds persists, driven by their adaptability and affordability.

In terms of regional outlook, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest growth in the hospital bed market during the forecast period. Factors contributing to this growth include the burgeoning population, increasing healthcare expenditure, and initiatives to improve healthcare infrastructure in countries like China and India. North America remains a significant market owing to the presence of advanced healthcare facilities, a well-established healthcare system, and a high prevalence of chronic diseases. Europe is also expected to maintain a substantial share due to its aging population and robust healthcare sector. Meanwhile, the Middle East & Africa and Latin America are projected to show moderate growth, driven by improving healthcare facilities