The SOCIB Glider Facility is an example of new technologies being progressively implemented in coastal to open ocean regions allowing autonomous and sustained high-resolution monitoring of specific areas. SOCIB-GF is fully operational in JERICO-NEXT and since 2006 has accomplished 64 missions, 1.244 days in water, 14.555 nm navigated with 39.378 vertical profiles collected. SOCIB-GF human team is composed out of 2 full-time engineers, 1 full-time technician, 2 part-time field-technicians (for at sea operations), 2 part time engineers (for glider data management) and 2 part-time experienced scientists. An intense and fruitful collaboration with IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) team also exists since the origin of glider operations. The fleet in 2016 consists of 7 Slocum gliders and 2 iRobot Seagliders, equipped for collecting both physical (T, S) and biogeochemical data (fluorescence, oxygen, etc.) at high spatial resolutions (2km). SOCIB-GF includes a pressure chamber (1.000 m) as well as ballasting and operations labs. It also has access to other SOCIB facilities such as (1) ETD (Engineering & Technology Development): Hurricane Zodiac 9.2 m RIB, Lab-Van and harbour warehouse; (2) SOCIB-R/V: a 24 m coastal catamaran and (3) Data Center: including data management, public repository, on-line web-based platform tracker -for mission monitoring- and development of tools such as the glider processing toolbox (Troupin et al., Methods in Oceanog., 2015, - freely available scripts available at https://github.com/socib/glider_toolbox).

SOCIB Glider Missions - Canales Endurance Line - was initiated in 2011, with in kind collaboration of CSIC (IMEDEA), covering both the Mallorca and Ibiza channel in a semi-continuous operational mode and sampling physical and biogeochemical observations. The Ibiza channel is a well-established biodiversity hotspot and accordingly more intensive monitoring of the Ibiza channel is carried out to capture the mesoscale and submesoscale structures and their relation to the weekly to seasonal and annual/inter-annual variability. On the canales endurance line, ocean gliders making repeated dives from the surface to 1000 m interior of the ocean, repeating the cycle every ~5 hours, and traveling ~5 km in the horizontal during each dive. The canales endurance line is covering both the Mallorca and Ibiza channel in a semi-continuous operational mode. The glider missions typically last about 60 to 90 days, providing 6-10 sections of the Ibiza channel and 2 sections of the Mallorca channel. Since 2011 the Canales Endurance line has completed 108 glider missions, covered 53000 km over the ground, and has more than 97000 physical and biogeochemical profiles.

CoreTrustSeal certification

The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed basin with limited water exchange with the open basins and significant river discharges. These inflows are critical to the Black Sea's hydrology, nutrient availability, and ecosystem biogeochemistry. In the Black Sea, the interaction of atmospheric forcing, river discharges, and mesoscale dynamics contributes to the formation of distinct water masses. The northern part of the Black Sea has a shelf exposed to seasonal hypoxia and eutrophication. In contrast, the southern half is deep and stratified, with anoxic waters below 100 meters. These characteristics made the Black Sea an enormous meromictic sea. In the DOORS project (Developing Optimal and Open Research Support), a glider mission was conducted during the DOORS field campaign from May 6 to June 17, 2023, in the Romanian Exclusive Economic Zone. The mission covered 288 nautical miles and collected 863 physical and biogeochemical profiles down to a depth of 1000 meters. During the glider mission, we performed ten transects to the shelf and close to the Danube Cone. Each transect lasted around four days to complete, allowing us to better understand the temporal and spatial variability.

A repeat seasonal hydrographic survey of the Balearic Sea, monitoring the Ibiza and Mallorca Channels.

This dataset is about: Physical oceanography on standard levels during SOCIB cruise SOCIB_1212. Please consult parent dataset @ https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.831923 for more information.

CTD collection

The aim of this experiment was to assess the operational HF radar surface current velocities in the Ibiza Channel in a Lagrangian framework, by comparing against surface drifter derived velocities"

The project aims at assessing the importance of a new monitoring line across the Algerian Basin between Palma de Mallorca and the Algerian Coast. The Algerian Basin (AB) is located in the south of the Western Mediterranean Sea and is characterized by the presence of fairly fresh surface waters coming from the Atlantic (Atlantic Water- AW) and the more saline waters from the northwestern Mediterranean region interacting at different scales from basin-scale to mesoscale structures. The project aims at assessing the importance of a monitoring line across the AB between Palma de Mallorca and the Algerian coasts. ABACUS project will contribute to data collection in The Southern European Seas, one of the main EU maritime policy objectives, as outlined in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive through a multi-platform study of the mesoscale variability and main physical and biological characteristics of the AC system.

Through the long-term monitoring program called “Canales”, gliders operated by SOCIB have been deployed in the Ibiza Channel (western Mediterranean) along a semi-continuous endurance line. Since 2011, more than 70 glider missions have been successfully performed, collecting temperature and salinity profiles from the surface to 950 m depth, from which geostrophic velocities were derived. Following the methodology described in Juza et al. (2025), total and water mass geostrophic transports were then computed for each completed section. The water masses are: recent and modified Atlantic Waters (AWr and AWm, respectively), Western Intermediate Water (WIW), Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW). This dataset contains the monthly climatology of the northward (positive) and southward (negative) flows for the total, AWr, AWm, WIW, LIW and WMDW transports in the Ibiza Channel over the period 2011-2022.

CTD collection

OceanGliders GDAC trajectories acknowledgement=Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/). Govern de les Illes Balears (http://www.caib.es/). author_email=glider@socib.es cdm_data_type=Trajectory cdm_trajectory_variables=JULD, time citation=Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/). Govern de les Illes Balears (http://www.caib.es/). comment=Data regularized, corrected and/or derived from raw glider data. Conventions=CF-1.6 EGO-1.2, COARDS, ACDD-1.3 creator=SOCIB Glider facility data_center=SOCIB Data Center data_center_email=data.centre@socib.es data_mode=R data_type=EGO glider time-series data distribution_statement=see citation Easternmost_Easting=696970.15 featureType=Trajectory format_version=1.2 geospatial_lat_max=696970.15 geospatial_lat_min=-94.01332363329217 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=696970.15 geospatial_lon_min=-179.9998312997277 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east ices_platform_code=undefined infoUrl=http://www.ego-network.org/ institution=IFREMER instrument=SCB-SLDEEP008 instrument_manufacturer=Teledyne instrument_model=Slocum G3 Deep keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords naming_authority=EGO Northernmost_Northing=696970.15 positioning_system=GPS and dead reckoning processing_level=L1 processed data with corrections and derivations project=SOCIB Operational publisher=SOCIB qc_manual=none source=Glider observation source_files=sdeep08-2025-267-0-12-sbd(01600012) sdeep08-2025-267-0-14-sbd(01600014) sdeep08-2025-267-0-16-sbd(01600016) sdeep08-2025-267-0-20-sbd(01600020) sdeep08-2025-267-0-22-sbd(01600022) sdeep08-2025-267-0-25-sbd(01600025) sdeep08-2025-267-0-27-sbd(01600027) sdeep08-2025-267-0-8-sbd(01600008) sdeep08-2025-267-0-0-tbd(01600000) sdeep08-2025-267-0-12-tbd(01600012) sdeep08-2025-267-0-14-tbd(01600014) sdeep08-2025-267-0-16-tbd(01600016) sdeep08-2025-267-0-18-tbd(01600018) sdeep08-2025-267-0-20-tbd(01600020) sdeep08-2025-267-0-22-tbd(01600022) sdeep08-2025-267-0-25-tbd(01600025) sdeep08-2025-267-0-27-tbd(01600027) sdeep08-2025-267-0-6-tbd(01600006) sdeep08-2025-267-0-8-tbd(01600008)

sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-94.01332363329217 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v29 time_coverage_end=2025-12-18T05:36:43Z time_coverage_start=1970-01-01T00:00:00Z transmission_system=IRIDIUM update_interval=daily Westernmost_Easting=-179.9998312997277

Lagrangian experiment in the Ibiza channel during Summer 2016, aiming to validate HF-Radar surface currents (new Antenna Pattern Measurement)

HF RADAR TOTAL - Ibiza _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.9.3-development,hdf5=1.12.2 area=Ibiza Channel calibration_link=FORM: ereyes@socib.es; GALF: ereyes@socib.es calibration_type=FORM: APM; GALF: APM cdm_data_type=Grid citation=These data were collated within the Copernicus Marine Service (In Situ) and EMODnet collaboration framework. Data is made freely available by the Copernicus Marine Service and the programs that contribute to it. These data are collected and processed by SOCIB (Balearic Island Coastal and Observing Forecasting System) with the support of different projects: Jerico-Next, INCREASE, CMEMS-INSTAC phase II and IBISAR comment=HFR is nowadays the unique land-based remote sensing technology providing continuous maps of near-real surface currents (0.9m) over wide areas (out of about 85 km from near shore) whit high-spatial (3 km) and temporal resolution (hourly). Two or mode HFR sites are needed for computing the map of total surface current vectors in the overlapping coverage area. Total velocities are derived using least square fit that maps radial velocities measured from individual sites onto a cartesian grid. The final product is a map of the horizontal components of the ocean currents on a regular grid in the area of overlap of two or more radar stations. Conventions=CF-1.11 Copernicus-InSituTAC-FormatManual-2.0.0 Copernicus-InSituTAC-ParametersList-3.3.0 Copernicus-InSituTAC-AttributesList-1.0.0 data_mode=R doa_estimation_method=FORM: Direction Finding; GALF: Direction Finding Easternmost_Easting=1.400685 format_version=2.0 geospatial_lat_max=39.1067 geospatial_lat_min=38.32299 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.027024482758620662 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=1.400685 geospatial_lon_min=0.5038552 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.03449345384615385 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east history=Data measured from 2025-12-16T23:30:00Z to 2025-12-17T10:30:00Z. netCDF file created at 2025-12-17T10:53:11Z by the European HFR Node. id=GL_TV_HF_HFR-Ibiza-Total_20251217 infoUrl=https://www.hfrnode.eu/ institution=SOCIB - Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and forecasting System institution_edmo_code=3410 institution_references=https://www.socib.es/ https://www.socib.es keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords last_calibration_date=FORM: 2020-03-03T00:00:00Z; GALF: 2017-01-26T00:00:00Z manufacturer=FORM: CODAR SeaSonde, GALF: CODAR SeaSonde naming_authority=Copernicus Marine In Situ netcdf_version=netCDF-4 classic model network=HFR_Ibiza Northernmost_Northing=39.1067 platform_code=HFR-Ibiza-Total platform_name=HFR-Ibiza-Total processing_level=3B project=Jerico-Next; INCREASE; CMEMS-INSTAC phase2 references=http://marine.copernicus.eu http://www.marineinsitu.eu http://www.marineinsitu.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/HFR_Data_Model_Reference_Card_v1.pdf sensor_model=FORM: CODAR SeaSonde, GALF: CODAR SeaSonde site_code=HFR-Ibiza source=coastal structure source_platform_category_code=17 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=38.32299 spatial_resolution=3.0 time_coverage_duration=P0DT11H0M0S time_coverage_end=2025-12-17T10:00:00Z time_coverage_resolution=PT1H time_coverage_start=2019-02-01T00:00:00Z update_interval=void Westernmost_Easting=0.5038552

CTD collection

CTD collection

Training dataset

BWILD is a dataset tailored to train Artificial Intelligence applications to automate beach seagrass wrack detection in RGB images. It includes oblique RGB images captured by SIRENA beach video-monitoring systems, along with corresponding annotations, auxiliary data and a README file. BWILD encompasses data from two microtidal sandy beaches in the Balearic Islands, Spain. The dataset consists of images with varying fields of view (9 cameras), beach wrack abundance, degrees of occupation, and diverse meteoceanic and lighting conditions. The annotations categorise image pixels into five classes: i) Landwards, ii) Seawards, iii) Diffuse wrack, iv) Intermediate wrack, and v) Dense wrack.

Technical details

The BWILD version 1.1.0 is packaged in a compressed file (BWILD_v1.1.0.zip). A total of 3286 RGB images are shared in PNG format, corresponding annotations and masks in various formats (PNG, XML, JSON,TXT), and the README file in PDF format.

Data preprocessing

The BWILD dataset utilizes snapshot images from two SIRENA beach video-monitoring systems. To facilitate annotation while maintaining a diverse range of scenarios, the original 1280x960 pixel images were cropped to smaller regions, with a uniform resolution of 640x480 pixels. A subset of images was carefully curated to minimize annotation workload while ensuring representation of various time periods, distances to camera, and environmental conditions. Image selection involved filtering for quality, clustering for diversity, and prioritizing scenes containing beach seagrass wracks. Further details are available in the README file.

Data splitting

Data splitting requirements may vary depending on the chosen Artificial Intelligence approach (e.g., splitting by entire images or by image patches). Researchers should use a consistent method and document the approach and splits used in publications, enabling reproducible results and facilitating comparisons between studies.

Classes, labels and annotations

The BWILD dataset has been labelled manually using the 'Computer Vision Annotation Tool' (CVAT), categorising pixels into five labels of interest using polygon annotations.

  Label
                                     Description

landwards Pixels that are towards the landside with respect to the shoreline

seawards Pixels that are towards the seaside with respect to the shoreline

diffuse wrack Pixels that potentially resembled beach wracks based on colour and shape, yet the annotator could not confirm this with certainty, were denoted as ‘diffuse wrack’

Intermediate wrack Pixels with low-density beach wracks or mixed beach wracks and sand surfaces

Dense wrack Pixels with high-density beach wracks

Annotations were exported from CVAT in four different formats: (i) CVAT for images (XML); (ii) Segmentation Mask 1.0 (PNG); (iii) COCO (JSON); (iv) Ultralytics YOLO Segmentation 1.0 (TXT). These diverse annotation formats can be used for various applications including object detection and segmentation, and simplify the interaction with the dataset, making it more user-friendly. Further details are available in the README file.

Parameters

RGB values or any transformation in the colour space can be used as parameters.

Data sources

A SIRENA system consists of a set of RGB cameras mounted at the top of buildings on the beachfront. These cameras take oblique pictures of the beach, with overlapping sights, at 7.5 FPS during the first 10 minutes of each hour in daylight hours. From these pictures, different products are generated, including snapshots, which correspond to the frame of the video at the 5th minute. In the Balearic Islands, SIRENA stations are managed by the Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System (SOCIB), and are mounted at the top of hotels located in front of the coastline. The present dataset includes snapshots from the SIRENA systems operating since 2011 at Cala Millor (5 cameras) and Son Bou (4 cameras) beaches, located in Mallorca and Menorca islands (Balearic Islands, Spain), respectively. All latest and historical SIRENA images are available at the Beamon app viewer (https://apps.socib.es/beamon).

Data quality

All images included in BWILD have been supervised by the authors of the dataset. However, variable presence of beach segrass wracks across different beach segments and seasons impose a variable distribution of images across different SIRENA stations and cameras. Users of BWILD dataset must be aware of this variance. Further details are available in the README file.

Image resolution

The resolution of the images in BWILD is of 640x480 pixels.

Spatial coverage

The BWILD version 1.1.0 contains data from two SIRENA beach video-monitoring stations, encompassing two microtidal sandy beaches in the Balearic Islands, Spain. These are: Cala Millor (clm) and Son Bou (snb).

SIRENA station Longitude Latitude

clm 3.383 39.596

snb 4.077 39.898

Contact information

For further technical inquiries or additional information about the annotated dataset, please contact jsoriano@socib.es.

CALYPSO (Coherent Lagrangian Pathways from the Surface Ocean to Interior) is an ONR Departmental Research Initiative that addresses the challenge of observing, understanding and predicting the three-dimensional pathways by which water from the surface ocean makes its way into the deeper ocean. Discovering the routes by which trace substances, phytoplankton, and dissolved gases like oxygen, are transported vertically, as they are also carried horizontally by oceanic currents, is the goal of this research. An innovative set of observational techniques are being used, along with process study models, predictive models, and data synthesis, to identify coherent pathways for vertical transport and to diagnose and predict the physical processes that underlie such subduction.

A coastal sea level reconstruction based on tide gauge observations is developed and applied to the western basin of the Mediterranean sea, including sea level anomaly (SLA) and interpolation error along the entire coastline. The reconstructions are carried out in four frequency bands: periods longer than 10 years, periods between 1 and 10 years, periods between 1 month and 1 year, and periods between 1day and 1month. Total sea level at monthly and daily resolution, obtained by merging the different frequency bands, is also provided. The reconstructions are based on an optimal interpolation method in which the correlation between tide gauge data and all coastal points has been determined from the outputs of the numerical model managed by the Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System (SOCIB, https://www.socib.es). The reconstructions for frequencies lower than 1 month use monthly observations from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL, https://www.psmsl.org/) database and cover the period from 1884 to 2019. For the reconstruction of higher frequencies, hourly observations from the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis (GESLA–2, https://www.gesla.org/) dataset are used, and cover from 1980 to 2015.

Training dataset RipAID is a dataset tailored to train Artificial Intelligence applications dedicated to automating rip currents detection in RGB images. It includes oblique images captured by SIRENA beach video-monitoring systems, along with corresponding annotations in various formats (XML, JSON, TXT). RipAID encompasses images from two microtidal sandy beaches, with varying fields of view (8 cameras), rip currents characteristics, and diverse meteoceanic and lighting conditions. The RipAID dataset contains two classes: rip currents and doubt, labeled with oriented bounding boxes. Technical details The RipAID version 1.0.0 is packaged in a compressed file (RipAID_v1.0.0.zip). A total of 2815 RGB images are shared in PNG format, corresponding annotations in various formats (XML, JSON, TXT), and the README file in PDF format. Data preprocessing The RipAID dataset comprises original resolution (1280✕960 px) snapshot images from two SIRENA beach monitoring systems. No further preprocessing was performed. Refer to the README file for more information. Data splitting Researchers should consistently document their splitting method and rationale in publications to ensure reproducibility and facilitate comparisons. Classes, labels and annotations The RipAID dataset has been labelled manually using the 'Computer Vision Annotation Tool' (CVAT). In the RipAID dataset, two classes are differentiated, and labelled using oriented bounding boxes: 'rip_current' and 'doubt'. The 'rip_current' label denotes a clearly identifiable rip current, while the 'doubt' label is assigned to features that exhibit uncertainty regarding their classification as rip currents. The "doubt" category has been included as a preventive measure to ensure a conservative approach. The README file contains further details on the criteria used to define bounding boxes.

Label Description

rip_current Clearly identifiable rip-current, with defined lateral edges, and neck and/or head observable.

doubt Plausible rip current, considering factors such as incoming wave patterns, disruption in wave breaking front, the presence of a defined neck, on other relevant hydrodynamic features.

Annotations were exported from CVAT in three different formats: (i) CVAT for images (XML); (ii) COCO (JSON); (iii) Ultralytics YOLO-OBB (TXT). The diverse annotation formats offered in RipAID simplify the interaction with the dataset. Parameters RGB values or any transformation in the colour space can be used as parameters. Data sources A SIRENA system consists of a set of RGB cameras mounted at the top of buildings on the beachfront. These cameras take oblique pictures of the beach, with overlapping sights, at 7.5 FPS during the first 10 minutes of each hour in daylight hours. From these pictures, different products are generated, including snapshots, which correspond to the frame of the video at the 5th minute. In the Balearic Islands, SIRENA stations are managed by the Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System (SOCIB), and are mounted at the top of hotels located in front of the coastline. The present dataset includes snapshots from 8 different cameras of the SIRENA systems operating since 2011 at Cala Millor and Son Bou beaches, located in Mallorca and Menorca islands (Balearic Islands, Spain), respectively. All latest and historical SIRENA images are available at the Beamon app viewer (https://apps.socib.es/beamon). Data quality The RipAID dataset has uneven image distribution across SIRENA stations, cameras, and seasons due to rip current occurrence and collection strategy. Users should be aware of this variability. Additionally, despite expert labeling, the inherent variability of rip currents can lead to labeling ambiguity, which is important to consider. Further details are available in the README file. Image resolution The resolution of the images in RipAID is of 1280✕960 pixels. Spatial coverage The RipAID version 1.0.0 contains data from two SIRENA beach video-monitoring stations, encompassing two microtidal sandy beaches in the Balearic Islands, Spain. These are: Cala Millor (clm) and Son Bou (snb).

SIRENA station Longitude Latitude

clm 3.383 39.596

snb 4.077 39.898

Contact information For further technical inquiries or additional information about the annotated dataset, please contact jsoriano@socib.es.