SOCIB Glider Missions - Canales Endurance Line - was initiated in 2011, with in kind collaboration of CSIC (IMEDEA), covering both the Mallorca and Ibiza channel in a semi-continuous operational mode and sampling physical and biogeochemical observations. The Ibiza channel is a well-established biodiversity hotspot and accordingly more intensive monitoring of the Ibiza channel is carried out to capture the mesoscale and submesoscale structures and their relation to the weekly to seasonal and annual/inter-annual variability. On the canales endurance line, ocean gliders making repeated dives from the surface to 1000 m interior of the ocean, repeating the cycle every ~5 hours, and traveling ~5 km in the horizontal during each dive. The canales endurance line is covering both the Mallorca and Ibiza channel in a semi-continuous operational mode. The glider missions typically last about 60 to 90 days, providing 6-10 sections of the Ibiza channel and 2 sections of the Mallorca channel. Since 2011 the Canales Endurance line has completed 108 glider missions, covered 53000 km over the ground, and has more than 97000 physical and biogeochemical profiles.

Lagrangian experiment in the Ibiza channel during Autumn 2018, aiming to use the novel CARTHE GPS drifters (low-cost, compact, practical, eco-friendly and able too track currents centered 40 cm below the surface) to validate HF-Radar (new Antenna Pattern Measurement) and WMOP surface velocities, capture all representative spatio-temporal scales of surface circulation, study dispersion of surface particles, perform HFR data assimilation experiment with WMOP.

This data product contains Real-Time (RT) datasets from the two oceanographic campaigns of the FaSt-SWOT project (Fine-Scale ocean currents from integrated multi-platform experiments and numerical simulations: contribution to the new SWOT satellite mission), which were conducted in the Balearic Sea during spring 2023. The FaSt-SWOT experiments were designed to validate the first observations of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission during its fast-sampling phase. The primary objective is to improve the characterization of oceanic fine scales (20-100 km), by integrating multi-platform in-situ observations, satellite observations, numerical models, and innovative computational techniques. The RT datasets integrate measurements from a unique set of in-situ platforms deployed during the two campaigns including data from two Slocum Gliders (owned and operated by SOCIB), data from a total of 40 surface drifters (20 HEREON and 20 CARTHE) and continuous observations from the SOCIB Research Vessel, including the thermosalinograph (sea surface temperature and salinity), weather station, CTD casts (to 500 m depth for FaSt-SWOT leg 1 and 700 m for FaSt-SWOT leg 2) and GPS positioning. All datasets have been standardized in netCDF format following the SOCIB convention and include the corresponding quality control procedures for each platform. This combined dataset aims to assess the actual capability of SWOT to map Sea Surface Height (SSH) variability across these fine-scale ranges in the Balearic Sea. Keywords: FaSt-SWOT, SWOT satellite mission, Balearic Sea, gliders, drifters, research vessel, essential ocean variables, multi-platform in-situ observations.

CTD collection

Through the long-term monitoring program called “Canales”, gliders operated by SOCIB have been deployed in the Ibiza Channel (western Mediterranean) along a semi-continuous endurance line. Since 2011, more than 70 glider missions have been successfully performed, collecting temperature and salinity profiles from the surface to 950 m depth, from which geostrophic velocities were derived. Following the methodology described in Juza et al. (2025), total and water mass geostrophic transports were then computed for each completed section. The water masses are: recent and modified Atlantic Waters (AWr and AWm, respectively), Western Intermediate Water (WIW), Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW). This dataset contains the monthly climatology of the northward (positive) and southward (negative) flows for the total, AWr, AWm, WIW, LIW and WMDW transports in the Ibiza Channel over the period 2011-2022.

The Argo observing network is composed of profiling floats which collect information from the ocean surface to subsurface. These floats collect vertical profiles of ocean temperature and salinity, and some also measure biogeochemical ocean properties. These data provide information about the 4-dimensional ocean, helping to understand the oceans’ role in the Earth's climate system and to improve future climate change estimates. As part of the Euro-Argo ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium), SOCIB has contributed to the program in the Western Mediterranean Sea since 2011. Each year, SOCIB deploys three floats to maintain a set of five floats, distributed across the sea with an average spacing of 2 degrees. This ensures continuous observation capability. This dataset compiles SOCIB's contribution to Euro-Argo ERIC since January 2011.

CALYPSO (Coherent Lagrangian Pathways from the Surface Ocean to Interior) is an ONR Departmental Research Initiative that addresses the challenge of observing, understanding and predicting the three-dimensional pathways by which water from the surface ocean makes its way into the deeper ocean. Discovering the routes by which trace substances, phytoplankton, and dissolved gases like oxygen, are transported vertically, as they are also carried horizontally by oceanic currents, is the goal of this research. An innovative set of observational techniques are being used, along with process study models, predictive models, and data synthesis, to identify coherent pathways for vertical transport and to diagnose and predict the physical processes that underlie such subduction.

HF RADAR TOTAL - Ibiza _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.9.3-development,hdf5=1.12.2 area=Ibiza Channel calibration_link=FORM: ereyes@socib.es; GALF: ereyes@socib.es calibration_type=FORM: APM; GALF: APM cdm_data_type=Grid citation=These data were collated within the Copernicus Marine Service (In Situ) and EMODnet collaboration framework. Data is made freely available by the Copernicus Marine Service and the programs that contribute to it. These data are collected and processed by SOCIB (Balearic Island Coastal and Observing Forecasting System) with the support of different projects: Jerico-Next, INCREASE, CMEMS-INSTAC phase II and IBISAR comment=HFR is nowadays the unique land-based remote sensing technology providing continuous maps of near-real surface currents (0.9m) over wide areas (out of about 85 km from near shore) whit high-spatial (3 km) and temporal resolution (hourly). Two or mode HFR sites are needed for computing the map of total surface current vectors in the overlapping coverage area. Total velocities are derived using least square fit that maps radial velocities measured from individual sites onto a cartesian grid. The final product is a map of the horizontal components of the ocean currents on a regular grid in the area of overlap of two or more radar stations. Conventions=CF-1.11 Copernicus-InSituTAC-FormatManual-2.0.0 Copernicus-InSituTAC-ParametersList-3.3.0 Copernicus-InSituTAC-AttributesList-1.0.0 data_mode=R doa_estimation_method=FORM: Direction Finding; GALF: Direction Finding Easternmost_Easting=1.400685 format_version=2.0 geospatial_lat_max=39.1067 geospatial_lat_min=38.32299 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.027024482758620662 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=1.400685 geospatial_lon_min=0.5038552 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.03449345384615385 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east history=Data measured from 2026-07-30T23:30:00Z to 2026-07-31T00:30:00Z. netCDF file created at 2026-07-31T00:54:15Z by the European HFR Node. id=GL_TV_HF_HFR-Ibiza-Total_20260731 infoUrl=https://www.hfrnode.eu/ institution=SOCIB - Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and forecasting System institution_edmo_code=3410 institution_references=https://www.socib.es/ https://www.socib.es keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords last_calibration_date=FORM: 2020-03-03T00:00:00Z; GALF: 2017-01-26T00:00:00Z manufacturer=FORM: CODAR SeaSonde, GALF: CODAR SeaSonde naming_authority=Copernicus Marine In Situ netcdf_version=netCDF-4 classic model network=HFR_Ibiza Northernmost_Northing=39.1067 platform_code=HFR-Ibiza-Total platform_name=HFR-Ibiza-Total processing_level=3B project=Jerico-Next; INCREASE; CMEMS-INSTAC phase2 references=http://marine.copernicus.eu http://www.marineinsitu.eu http://www.marineinsitu.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/HFR_Data_Model_Reference_Card_v1.pdf sensor_model=FORM: CODAR SeaSonde, GALF: CODAR SeaSonde site_code=HFR-Ibiza source=coastal structure source_platform_category_code=17 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=38.32299 spatial_resolution=3.0 time_coverage_duration=P0DT1H0M0S time_coverage_end=2026-07-31T00:00:00Z time_coverage_resolution=PT1H time_coverage_start=2019-02-01T00:00:00Z update_interval=void Westernmost_Easting=0.5038552

CoreTrustSeal certification

The data set consists of real-time continuous coastal ocean surface current maps in the Ibiza Channel (Western Mediterranean) averaged over a time interval of 1 hour around the cardinal hour, measured by the coastal High-Frequency Radars installed. Surface ocean velocities estimated by HF Radar are representative of the upper 0.9 meters of the ocean for a central frequency of 13.5 MHz. acknowledgement=Ministerio de ciencia e innovacion (http://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/). Govern de les Illes Balears (http://www.caib.es/). The network has been designed, implemented and managed through the efforts of SOCIB. The collection of this datasets was partially supported by the Jerico Next (H2020) and CMEMS-SE and INCREASE projects. area=Ibiza Channel calibration_link=FORM: ereyes@socib.es, GALF: ereyes@socib.es calibration_type=FORM: APM, GALF: APM cdm_data_type=Grid citation=These data were collected and made freely available by the EuroGOOS European HFR Node. These data are collected and processed by SOCIB (Balearic Island Coastal and Observing Forecasting System) with the support of different projects: Jerico-Next, INCREASE, CMEMS-INSTAC phase II and IBISAR comment=HFR is nowadays the unique land-based remote sensing technology providing continuous maps of near-real surface currents (0.9m) over wide areas (out of about 85 km from near shore) whit high-spatial (3 km) and temporal resolution (hourly). Two or mode HFR sites are needed for computing the map of total surface current vectors in the overlapping coverage area. Total velocities are derived using least square fit that maps radial velocities measured from individual sites onto a cartesian grid. The final product is a map of the horizontal components of the ocean currents on a regular grid in the area of overlap of two or more radar stations. contributor_email=glopez@socib.es;ereyes@socib.es contributor_name=Guiomar Lopez;Emma Reyes contributor_role=HFR expert; HFR expert Conventions=CF-1.11, EuroGOOS European HFR Node, COARDS, ACDD-1.3 data_assembly_center=European HFR Node data_character_set=utf8 data_language=eng data_mode=R data_type=HF radar total current data distribution_statement=These data are public and free of charge. User assumes all risk for use of data. User must display citation in any publication or product using data. User must contact PI prior to any commercial use of data. doa_estimation_method=FORM: Direction Finding, GALF: Direction Finding Easternmost_Easting=1.400685 format_version=v3 geospatial_lat_max=39.1067 geospatial_lat_min=38.32299 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.027024482758620662 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=1.400685 geospatial_lon_min=0.5038552 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.03449345384615385 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east history=Data collected at 2026-08-01T11:00:00Z. netCDF file created at 2026-08-01T11:49:47Z by the European HFR Node. id=HFR-Ibiza-Total_2026-08-01T11:00:00Z infoUrl=https://www.hfrnode.eu/ institution=SOCIB - Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and forecasting System institution_edmo_code=3410 institution_references=https://www.socib.es/, https://www.socib.es keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords last_calibration_date=FORM: 2020-03-03T00:00:00Z, GALF: 2017-01-26T00:00:00Z manufacturer=FORM: CODAR SeaSonde, GALF: CODAR SeaSonde metadata_character_set=utf8 metadata_contact=lorenzo.corgnati@sp.ismar.cnr.it metadata_date_stamp=2026-08-01T11:49:47Z metadata_language=eng naming_authority=eu.hfrnode netcdf_format=NETCDF4_CLASSIC netcdf_version=4.9.3 network=HFR_Ibiza Northernmost_Northing=39.1067 platform_code=HFR-Ibiza-Total processing_level=3B project=Jerico-Next; INCREASE; CMEMS-INSTAC phase2 qc_manual=Recommendation Report 2 on improved common procedures for HFR QC analysis: https://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-944 reference_system=EPSG:4326 references=Recommendation Report 2 on improved common procedures for HFR QC analysis: https://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-944 sensor_model=FORM: CODAR SeaSonde, GALF: CODAR SeaSonde site_code=HFR-Ibiza software_name=EU_HFR_NODE_NRTprocessor software_version=v3 source=coastal structure source_platform_category_code=17 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=38.32299 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 testOutOfDate=now-1day time_coverage_duration=PT1H time_coverage_end=2026-08-01T11:00:00Z time_coverage_resolution=PT1H time_coverage_start=2018-12-01T00:00:00Z topic_category=oceans update_interval=void Westernmost_Easting=0.5038552

The data set consists of maps of radial velocity of the sea water surface current collected at Formentera (FORM) site in the Ibiza Channel (Mediterranean Sea). Data are averaged over a time interval of 1 hour around the cardinal hour. High Frequency (HF)-RADAR measurements of ocean velocity are radial in direction relative to the radar location and representative of the upper 0.9 meters of the ocean. acknowledgement=Ministerio de ciencia e innovacion (http://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/). Govern de les Illes Balears (http://www.caib.es/). The network has been designed, implemented and managed through the efforts of SOCIB. The collection of this datasets was partially supported by the Jerico Next (H2020) and CMEMS-SE and INCREASE projects. area=Ibiza Channel calibration_link=ereyes@socib.es calibration_type=APM cdm_data_type=Grid citation=These data were collected and made freely available by the EuroGOOS European HFR Node. These data are collected and processed by SOCIB (Balearic Island Coastal and Observing Forecasting System) with the support of different projects: Jerico-Next, INCREASE, CMEMS-INSTAC phase II and IBISAR comment=HFR is nowadays the unique land-based remote sensing technology providing continuous maps of near-real surface currents (0.9m) over wide areas (out of about 85 km from near shore) whit high-spatial (3 km) and temporal resolution (hourly). Two or mode HFR sites are needed for computing the map of total surface current vectors in the overlapping coverage area. Total velocities are derived using least square fit that maps radial velocities measured from individual sites onto a cartesian grid. The final product is a map of the horizontal components of the ocean currents on a regular grid in the area of overlap of two or more radar stations. contributor_email=glopez@socib.es;ereyes@socib.es contributor_name=Guiomar Lopez;Emma Reyes contributor_role=HFR expert; HFR expert Conventions=CF-1.11, EuroGOOS European HFR Node, COARDS, ACDD-1.3 data_assembly_center=European HFR Node data_character_set=utf8 data_language=eng data_mode=R data_type=HF radar radial current data distribution_statement=These data are public and free of charge. User assumes all risk for use of data. User must display citation in any publication or product using data. User must contact PI prior to any commercial use of data. doa_estimation_method=Direction Finding format_version=v3 history=Data measured at 2026-08-22T01:00:00Z. netCDF file created at 2026-08-22T01:51:07Z by the European HFR Node. id=HFR-Ibiza-FORM_2026-08-22T01:00:00Z infoUrl=https://www.hfrnode.eu/ institution=SOCIB - Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and forecasting System institution_edmo_code=3410 institution_references=https://www.socib.es keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords last_calibration_date=2020-03-03T00:00:00Z manufacturer=CODAR SeaSonde metadata_character_set=utf8 metadata_contact=lorenzo.corgnati@sp.ismar.cnr.it metadata_date_stamp=2026-08-22T01:51:07Z metadata_language=eng naming_authority=eu.hfrnode netcdf_format=NETCDF4_CLASSIC netcdf_version=4.9.3 network=HFR_Ibiza oceanops_ref=6103619 platform_code=HFR-Ibiza-FORM processing_level=2B project=Jerico-Next; INCREASE; CMEMS-INSTAC phase2 qc_manual=Recommendation Report 2 on improved common procedures for HFR QC analysis: https://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-944 reference_system=EPSG:4326 references=Recommendation Report 2 on improved common procedures for HFR QC analysis: https://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-944 sensor_model=CODAR SeaSonde site_code=HFR-Ibiza site_lat=38.6662 site_lon=1.3887 software_name=EU_HFR_NODE_NRTprocessor software_version=v3 source=coastal structure source_platform_category_code=17 sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 testOutOfDate=now-1day time_coverage_duration=PT1H time_coverage_end=2026-08-22T01:00:00Z time_coverage_resolution=PT1H time_coverage_start=2018-12-01T00:00:00Z topic_category=oceans update_interval=void wigos_id=0-22000-0-6103619 wmo_platform_code=6103619

This dataset accompanies the publication "SWOT enhances small-scale eddy detection in the Mediterranean Sea" and originates from the FaSt-SWOT experiments. The fieldwork, conducted in the Balearic Sea, provides a comprehensive validation of the SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) satellite mission by integrating gliders, drifter observations, ship-based data (CTD, ADCP, and Moving Vessel Profiler), HF radar, and mooring data. These high-resolution observations are combined with numerical simulations to improve the characterization of submesoscale and mesoscale ocean features.

Datos en tiempo real de temperatura del agua del mar, oleaje y corrientes procedentes de las boyas oceanográficas de SOCIB en las Islas Baleares: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza y Formentera.

Training dataset BWILD is a dataset tailored to train Artificial Intelligence applications to automate beach seagrass wrack detection in RGB images. It includes oblique RGB images captured by SIRENA beach video-monitoring systems, along with corresponding annotations, auxiliary data and a README file. BWILD encompasses data from two microtidal sandy beaches in the Balearic Islands, Spain. The dataset consists of images with varying fields of view (9 cameras), beach wrack abundance, degrees of occupation, and diverse meteoceanic and lighting conditions. The annotations categorise image pixels into five classes: i) Landwards, ii) Seawards, iii) Diffuse wrack, iv) Intermediate wrack, and v) Dense wrack. Technical details The BWILD version 1.1.0 is packaged in a compressed file (BWILD_v1.1.0.zip). A total of 3286 RGB images are shared in PNG format, corresponding annotations and masks in various formats (PNG, XML, JSON,TXT), and the README file in PDF format. Data preprocessing The BWILD dataset utilizes snapshot images from two SIRENA beach video-monitoring systems. To facilitate annotation while maintaining a diverse range of scenarios, the original 1280x960 pixel images were cropped to smaller regions, with a uniform resolution of 640x480 pixels. A subset of images was carefully curated to minimize annotation workload while ensuring representation of various time periods, distances to camera, and environmental conditions. Image selection involved filtering for quality, clustering for diversity, and prioritizing scenes containing beach seagrass wracks. Further details are available in the README file. Data splitting Data splitting requirements may vary depending on the chosen Artificial Intelligence approach (e.g., splitting by entire images or by image patches). Researchers should use a consistent method and document the approach and splits used in publications, enabling reproducible results and facilitating comparisons between studies. Classes, labels and annotations The BWILD dataset has been labelled manually using the 'Computer Vision Annotation Tool' (CVAT), categorising pixels into five labels of interest using polygon annotations. Label Description landwards Pixels that are towards the landside with respect to the shoreline seawards Pixels that are towards the seaside with respect to the shoreline diffuse wrack Pixels that potentially resembled beach wracks based on colour and shape, yet the annotator could not confirm this with certainty, were denoted as ‘diffuse wrack’ Intermediate wrack Pixels with low-density beach wracks or mixed beach wracks and sand surfaces Dense wrack Pixels with high-density beach wracks Annotations were exported from CVAT in four different formats: (i) CVAT for images (XML); (ii) Segmentation Mask 1.0 (PNG); (iii) COCO (JSON); (iv) Ultralytics YOLO Segmentation 1.0 (TXT). These diverse annotation formats can be used for various applications including object detection and segmentation, and simplify the interaction with the dataset, making it more user-friendly. Further details are available in the README file. Parameters RGB values or any transformation in the colour space can be used as parameters. Data sources A SIRENA system consists of a set of RGB cameras mounted at the top of buildings on the beachfront. These cameras take oblique pictures of the beach, with overlapping sights, at 7.5 FPS during the first 10 minutes of each hour in daylight hours. From these pictures, different products are generated, including snapshots, which correspond to the frame of the video at the 5th minute. In the Balearic Islands, SIRENA stations are managed by the Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System (SOCIB), and are mounted at the top of hotels located in front of the coastline. The present dataset includes snapshots from the SIRENA systems operating since 2011 at Cala Millor (5 cameras) and Son Bou (4 cameras) beaches, located in Mallorca and Menorca islands (Balearic Islands, Spain), respectively. All latest and historical SIRENA images are available at the Beamon app viewer (https://apps.socib.es/beamon). Data quality All images included in BWILD have been supervised by the authors of the dataset. However, variable presence of beach segrass wracks across different beach segments and seasons impose a variable distribution of images across different SIRENA stations and cameras. Users of BWILD dataset must be aware of this variance. Further details are available in the README file. Image resolution The resolution of the images in BWILD is of 640x480 pixels. Spatial coverage The BWILD version 1.1.0 contains data from two SIRENA beach video-monitoring stations, encompassing two microtidal sandy beaches in the Balearic Islands, Spain. These are: Cala Millor (clm) and Son Bou (snb). SIRENA station Longitude Latitude clm 3.383 39.596 snb 4.077 39.898 Contact information For further technical inquiries or additional information about the annotated dataset, please contact jsoriano@socib.es.

The BWILD dataset is a product of the "Beach Monitoring Use Case" within the "iMagine project" with funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme. The authors express their gratitude to the project managers and all partners involved for fostering the creation of open-access image repositories for AI-based image analysis services.

Shipboard observations of marine mammal distribution and habitat are expensive and logistically challenging to collect in Arctic waters. Port facilities are minimal and access to appropriate vessels for spending extended periods of time at sea is extremely limited. Autonomous platforms like gliders provide the capability to collect both oceanographic and passive acoustic data for far longer periods of time (weeks to months) and at significantly reduced costs than traditional shipboard or aerial surveys. We have developed a system to record, detect, classify, and remotely report Arctic and sub-Arctic marine mammal calls in real time from Slocum ocean gliders based on the digital acoustic monitoring (DMON) instrument and the low-frequency detection and classification system (LFDCS). The system was successfully demonstrated for Arctic research during three AOOS-funded studies in the Chukchi Sea during September 2013 and 2014, 11 July – 8 September 2015, 10 July - 4 october 2016, and from 13 July - 23 August 2017. The joint acoustic-oceanographic data were used to examine the distribution, occurrence, and habitat of marine mammals using in-situ passive acoustic and oceanographic data collected by the glider, and to demonstrate the near real-time detection and reporting capability of the system. _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.5 acknowledgement=The Slocum glider was prepared and deployed by Brita Irving and Hank Statscewich (UAF). Deployment was made possible by Rebecca Woodgate (UW), chief scientist of the deployment cruise on the R/V Norseman II. At sea assistance was provided by the captain and crew of the R/V Norseman II. Critical engineering support was provided by Keenan Ball, Jim Partan, and Tom Hurst (WHOI). Support for the development of the Arctic marine mammal call library as well as the preparation and operation of the glider in 2017 was provided by Alaska Ocean Observing System. The glider was procured in 2016 with support from the North Pacific Research Board. Support for the development and testing of the DMON/LFDCS was provided by the Office of Naval Research, and additional support for integration and testing was provided by the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Advanced Sampling Technologies Working Group in collaboration with the Northeast Fisheries Science Centers Passive Acoustics Research Group (leader: Sofie Van Parijs). cdm_data_type=TrajectoryProfile cdm_profile_variables=time_uv,lat_uv,lon_uv,u,v,profile_id,time,latitude,longitude cdm_trajectory_variables=trajectory,wmo_id comment=Processed from MATLAB HDF5 files uploaded to the Research Workspace contributor_name=Brita Irving, Peter Winsor, Kathleen M. Stafford, Mark Baumgartner, Hank Statscewich contributor_role=Data Manager/Glider Technician, Principal Investigator, Co-PI, Co-PI, Glider Technician Conventions=Unidata Dataset Discovery v1.0, COARDS, CF-1.6 dac_qc_comment=For detailed quality control comments specific to each deployment, please refer to the dac_qc_comment attribute in the individual deployment files. Easternmost_Easting=-164.91738808909255 featureType=TrajectoryProfile format_version=IOOS_Glider_NetCDF_v3.0-qartod geospatial_bounds=POLYGON ((68.706870 -167.453330, 68.706870 -167.452380, 68.706640 -167.452380, 68.706640 -167.453330, 68.706870 -167.453330)) geospatial_lat_max=68.98482137447363 geospatial_lat_min=66.48690332565543 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-164.91738808909255 geospatial_lon_min=-168.19441559872922 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=54.54923 geospatial_vertical_min=5.569143E-5 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m gts_ingest=true history=2020-01-10T14:23:33Z - Created with the GUTILS package: https://github.com/SECOORA/GUTILS%standard names for qartod flags have changed on 2022-06-30 id=unit_595-20170713T1730 infoUrl=https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/ institution=University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences ioos_dac_checksum=f5af7ccbc360335954055c0639dcf7d8 ioos_dac_completed=True ioos_regional_association=Alaska Ocean Observing System keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords Metadata_Conventions=Unidata Dataset Discovery v1.0, COARDS, CF-1.6 metadata_link=https://github.com/ioos/ioosngdac/, see references attribute naming_authority=gov.noaa.ioos Northernmost_Northing=68.98482137447363 platform=glider platform_type=Slocum Glider platform_vocabulary=https://mmisw.org/orr/#http://mmisw.org/ont/ioos/platform processing_level=Data provided as is with quality assurance and quality control performed. Processing steps similar to the publicly available glider_toolbox provided by the Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System [Troupin et al., 2015, https://github.com/socib/glider_toolbox]. project=2017 Whale Glider references=http://dcs.whoi.edu/chukchi0717/chukchi0717_unit_595.shtml;https://ioos.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Manual-for-QC-of-Glider-Data_05_09_16.pdf;https://github.com/ioos/ioos-netcdf/blob/master/content/ioos-netcdf-metadata-description-v1_1.md;https://github.com/ioos/ioosngdac/wiki/NGDAC-NetCDF-File-Format-Version-2#lon_uv_qc;https://github.com/ioos/ioosngdac/blob/master/nc/template/IOOS_Glider_NetCDF_v3.0-qartod.cdl;https://github.com/socib/glider_toolbox;C. Troupin, J.P. Beltran, E. Heslop, M. Torner, B. Garau, J. Allen, S. Ruiz, and J. Tintoré. (2015) A toolbox for glider data processing and management. Methods in Oceanography 13-14, 13-23.;Garau et al., 2011 B. Garau, S. Ruiz, W.G. Zhang, A. Pascual, E. Heslop, J. Kerfoot, J. Tintoré. Thermal lag correction on slocum CTD glider data. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 28 (2011), pp. 1065–1071 https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-10-05030.1;Baumgartner, M.F., Stafford, K.M., Winsor, P., Statscewich, H., Fratantoni, D., 2014. Glider-Based Passive Acoustic Monitoring in the Arctic. Marine Technology Society Journal 48, 40–51. sea_name=Chukchi Sea source=Observational data from a profiling glider. sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=66.48690332565543 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v27 subsetVariables=wmo_id,trajectory,profile_id,time,latitude,longitude time_coverage_duration=P0DT0H6M17.332896S time_coverage_end=2017-08-21T06:33:12Z time_coverage_start=2017-07-12T17:33:29Z Westernmost_Easting=-168.19441559872922

The data set consists of maps of radial velocity of the sea water surface current collected at Puig de Galfi (GALF) site in the Ibiza Channel (Mediterranean Sea). Data are averaged over a time interval of 1 hour around the cardinal hour. High Frequency (HF)-RADAR measurements of ocean velocity are radial in direction relative to the radar location and representative of the upper 0.3-2.5 meters of the ocean. acknowledgement=Ministerio de ciencia e innovacion (http://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/). Govern de les Illes Balears (http://www.caib.es/). The network has been designed, implemented and managed through the efforts of SOCIB. The collection of this datasets was partially supported by the Jerico Next (H2020) and CMEMS-SE and INCREASE projects. area=Ibiza Channel calibration_link=ereyes@socib.es calibration_type=APM cdm_data_type=Grid citation=These data were collected and made freely available by the EuroGOOS European HFR Node. These data are collected and processed by SOCIB (Balearic Island Coastal and Observing Forecasting System) with the support of different projects: Jerico-Next, INCREASE, CMEMS-INSTAC phase II and IBISAR comment=HFR is nowadays the unique land-based remote sensing technology providing continuous maps of near-real surface currents (0.9m) over wide areas (out of about 85 km from near shore) whit high-spatial (3 km) and temporal resolution (hourly). Two or mode HFR sites are needed for computing the map of total surface current vectors in the overlapping coverage area. Total velocities are derived using least square fit that maps radial velocities measured from individual sites onto a cartesian grid. The final product is a map of the horizontal components of the ocean currents on a regular grid in the area of overlap of two or more radar stations. contributor_email=glopez@socib.es;ereyes@socib.es contributor_name=Guiomar Lopez;Emma Reyes contributor_role=HFR expert; HFR expert Conventions=CF-1.11, EuroGOOS European HFR Node, COARDS, ACDD-1.3 data_assembly_center=European HFR Node data_character_set=utf8 data_language=eng data_mode=R data_type=HF radar radial current data distribution_statement=These data are public and free of charge. User assumes all risk for use of data. User must display citation in any publication or product using data. User must contact PI prior to any commercial use of data. doa_estimation_method=Direction Finding format_version=v3 history=Data measured at 2026-08-26T10:00:00Z. netCDF file created at 2026-08-26T10:53:02Z by the European HFR Node. id=HFR-Ibiza-GALF_2026-08-26T10:00:00Z infoUrl=https://www.hfrnode.eu/ institution=SOCIB - Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and forecasting System institution_edmo_code=3410 institution_references=https://www.socib.es keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords last_calibration_date=2017-01-26T00:00:00Z manufacturer=CODAR SeaSonde metadata_character_set=utf8 metadata_contact=lorenzo.corgnati@sp.ismar.cnr.it metadata_date_stamp=2026-08-26T10:53:02Z metadata_language=eng naming_authority=eu.hfrnode netcdf_format=NETCDF4_CLASSIC netcdf_version=4.9.3 network=HFR_Ibiza oceanops_ref=6103618 platform_code=HFR-Ibiza-GALF processing_level=2B project=Jerico-Next; INCREASE; CMEMS-INSTAC phase2 qc_manual=Recommendation Report 2 on improved common procedures for HFR QC analysis: https://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-944 reference_system=EPSG:4326 references=Recommendation Report 2 on improved common procedures for HFR QC analysis: https://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-944 sensor_model=CODAR SeaSonde site_code=HFR-Ibiza site_lat=38.9519 site_lon=1.21915 software_name=EU_HFR_NODE_NRTprocessor software_version=v3 source=coastal structure source_platform_category_code=17 sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 testOutOfDate=now-1day time_coverage_duration=PT1H time_coverage_end=2026-08-26T10:00:00Z time_coverage_resolution=PT1H time_coverage_start=2018-12-01T00:00:00Z topic_category=oceans update_interval=void wigos_id=0-22000-0-6103618 wmo_platform_code=6103618

CTD collection

Terrestrial AIS (T-AIS) data from the Western Mediterranean (map inset Fig 5a) were collated by the Balearic Islands Coastal and Forecasting System (SOCIB) using a real-time operational system connected to a web-service provided by MarineTraffic (https://www.marinetraffic.com/). The database used in this study contained AIS data from 1st January 2016 until 30th June 2020 at 5 minute intervals (> 545 million AIS messages). In addition to the vessel tracks, the database also included information associated with each vessel, such as the vessel type or length. A first pre-processing of the raw data included the removal of duplicates, invalid identification numbers (i.e. Maritime Mobile Service Identity -MMSI- codes without 9 digits) and codes outside the correct numerical range (i.e. MMSI codes with first digits between 2 and 7 are those intended for individual ships). In order to address inconsistencies in the vessel and MMSI combinations (e.g., changes of MMSI across years), we selected the more frequent combination of MMSI and vessel characteristics (e.g. vessel name and vessel type) for each calendar year. We used a similar vessel categorization as the S-AIS dataset, but were able to derive a sixth category from the AIS metadata, separating “recreational” vessels from “other” vessels. Therefore, vessels were classified into six categories: cargo, tanker, passenger (included high speed crafts and passenger vessels), fishing, recreational (included sailing vessels and pleasure crafts), and others (included all other ship types). We excluded ship type codes 20 to 29 (i.e. wing-in-ground-effect and search and rescue aircraft), as well as codes that had an invalid value (i.e. empty or null) or the value was not listed in the previous type codes. We calculated the number of vessels per day taking into account only those that were underway, thus removing moored vessels inside ports that were inactive. T-AIS coverage was not homogenous in the study area (Holmes et al. 2020) due to a non-uniformly distribution of antennas (i.e. few antennas in north Africa, see www.marinetraffic.com). Based on a previous analysis of the AIS coverage (Holmes et al 2020), we filtered vessels within the coastal zone (44.4 km, ~24 nautical miles) of EU countries (i.e. a total area of 164,318.2 km2 comprised by Spain, France and Italy), thus reducing potential bias due to temporal gaps in signal reception.

This is the third cruise for the US Office of Naval Research’s Coherent Lagrangian Pathways from the Surface Ocean to Interior (Calypso) project. The program is motivated by the understanding that the vertical movement of water from the surface to depth across the base of the mixed layer has implications for the transport of properties, gases, biogeochemistry, and the fate of drifting particles/objects. However, vertical velocities are weak (about a thousand times smaller than horizontal velocities) and difficult to detect. To represent these motions we need to answer the following questions: (1) How are water and properties from the surface boundary layer exported to depth? (2) What coherent pathways act as conduits for exchange? (3) What dynamics shapes these pathways? (4) What are the Lagrangian trajectories? (5) What are the time and space scales of subduction? (6) Where does the water end up? (7) Can we predict these pathways in 3 dimensions and what data are needed to aid or constrain predictive models? Previous work has established the theoretical basis for predicting coherent Lagrangian structures in the ocean. Confirmation of the predictive theory has only been accomplished in the horizontal dimension and the observational study and confirmation of predictive theories for 3D plus time have not yet been demonstrated. Calypso aims to: (1) Establish an understanding and predictive capability of the three-dimensional coherent pathways by which water carrying tracers and drifting objects is transported from the surface ocean to depths below the mixed layer. (2) Design and implement an observational study to test the theories, hypothesis, and predictions of the 3-D, time-evolving Lagrangian pathways. Due to the need to sample across a range of scales, we have set up this two-ship study with numerous autonomous and Lagrangian platforms. Eurofleets+ helped the observational program succeed via the award of ship time on R/V Pelagia. During the cruise, most of the operations from R/V Pelagia focussed on repeat surveys at a front and a cyclonic eddy to the NE of the front with a variety of ship-based measurements and autonomous platforms. Two-ship operations combined repeat small-scale surveys by R/V Pelagia , which were embedded within larger scale surveys by R/V Pourquois Pas.

Socib Glider