The SOCIB Glider Facility is an example of new technologies being progressively implemented in coastal to open ocean regions allowing autonomous and sustained high-resolution monitoring of specific areas. SOCIB-GF is fully operational in JERICO-NEXT and since 2006 has accomplished 64 missions, 1.244 days in water, 14.555 nm navigated with 39.378 vertical profiles collected. SOCIB-GF human team is composed out of 2 full-time engineers, 1 full-time technician, 2 part-time field-technicians (for at sea operations), 2 part time engineers (for glider data management) and 2 part-time experienced scientists. An intense and fruitful collaboration with IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) team also exists since the origin of glider operations. The fleet in 2016 consists of 7 Slocum gliders and 2 iRobot Seagliders, equipped for collecting both physical (T, S) and biogeochemical data (fluorescence, oxygen, etc.) at high spatial resolutions (2km). SOCIB-GF includes a pressure chamber (1.000 m) as well as ballasting and operations labs. It also has access to other SOCIB facilities such as (1) ETD (Engineering & Technology Development): Hurricane Zodiac 9.2 m RIB, Lab-Van and harbour warehouse; (2) SOCIB-R/V: a 24 m coastal catamaran and (3) Data Center: including data management, public repository, on-line web-based platform tracker -for mission monitoring- and development of tools such as the glider processing toolbox (Troupin et al., Methods in Oceanog., 2015, - freely available scripts available at https://github.com/socib/glider_toolbox).

The Argo observing network is composed of profiling floats which collect information from the ocean surface to subsurface. These floats collect vertical profiles of ocean temperature and salinity, and some also measure biogeochemical ocean properties. These data provide information about the 4-dimensional ocean, helping to understand the oceans role in the Earth s climate system and to improve future climate change estimates. As part of the Euro-Argo ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium), SOCIB has contributed to the program in the Western Mediterranean Sea since 2011. Each year, SOCIB deploys three floats to maintain a set of five floats, distributed across the sea with an average spacing of 2 degrees. This ensures continuous observation capability. This dataset compiles SOCIB s contribution to Euro-Argo ERIC since January 2011.

Data produced in the platform Buoy BahiaDePalma. It's compound by: Conductivity and Temperature Recorder, Current profiler, Currentmeter, Multiparameter probe, Oceanographic Buoy, Status, Waves recorder, Weather Station data

This dataset is about: Physical oceanography on standard levels during SOCIB cruise SOCIB_1212. Please consult parent dataset @ https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.831923 for more information.

The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed basin with limited water exchange with the open basins and significant river discharges. These inflows are critical to the Black Sea's hydrology, nutrient availability, and ecosystem biogeochemistry. In the Black Sea, the interaction of atmospheric forcing, river discharges, and mesoscale dynamics contributes to the formation of distinct water masses. The northern part of the Black Sea has a shelf exposed to seasonal hypoxia and eutrophication. In contrast, the southern half is deep and stratified, with anoxic waters below 100 meters. These characteristics made the Black Sea an enormous meromictic sea. In the DOORS project (Developing Optimal and Open Research Support), a glider mission was conducted during the DOORS field campaign from May 6 to June 17, 2023, in the Romanian Exclusive Economic Zone. The mission covered 288 nautical miles and collected 863 physical and biogeochemical profiles down to a depth of 1000 meters. During the glider mission, we performed ten transects to the shelf and close to the Danube Cone. Each transect lasted around four days to complete, allowing us to better understand the temporal and spatial variability.

The project aims at assessing the importance of a new monitoring line across the Algerian Basin between Palma de Mallorca and the Algerian Coast. The Algerian Basin (AB) is located in the south of the Western Mediterranean Sea and is characterized by the presence of fairly fresh surface waters coming from the Atlantic (Atlantic Water- AW) and the more saline waters from the northwestern Mediterranean region interacting at different scales from basin-scale to mesoscale structures. The project aims at assessing the importance of a monitoring line across the AB between Palma de Mallorca and the Algerian coasts. ABACUS project will contribute to data collection in The Southern European Seas, one of the main EU maritime policy objectives, as outlined in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive through a multi-platform study of the mesoscale variability and main physical and biological characteristics of the AC system.

Through the long-term monitoring program called “Canales”, gliders operated by SOCIB have been deployed in the Ibiza Channel (western Mediterranean) along a semi-continuous endurance line. Since 2011, more than 70 glider missions have been successfully performed, collecting temperature and salinity profiles from the surface to 950 m depth, from which geostrophic velocities were derived. Following the methodology described in Juza et al. (2025), total and water mass geostrophic transports were then computed for each completed section. The water masses are: recent and modified Atlantic Waters (AWr and AWm, respectively), Western Intermediate Water (WIW), Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW). This dataset contains the monthly climatology of the northward (positive) and southward (negative) flows for the total, AWr, AWm, WIW, LIW and WMDW transports in the Ibiza Channel over the period 2011-2022.

Training dataset

BWILD is a dataset tailored to train Artificial Intelligence applications to automate beach seagrass wrack detection in RGB images. It includes oblique RGB images captured by SIRENA beach video-monitoring systems, along with corresponding annotations, auxiliary data and a README file. BWILD encompasses data from two microtidal sandy beaches in the Balearic Islands, Spain. The dataset consists of images with varying fields of view (9 cameras), beach wrack abundance, degrees of occupation, and diverse meteoceanic and lighting conditions. The annotations categorise image pixels into five classes: i) Landwards, ii) Seawards, iii) Diffuse wrack, iv) Intermediate wrack, and v) Dense wrack.

Technical details

The BWILD version 1.1.0 is packaged in a compressed file (BWILD_v1.1.0.zip). A total of 3286 RGB images are shared in PNG format, corresponding annotations and masks in various formats (PNG, XML, JSON,TXT), and the README file in PDF format.

Data preprocessing

The BWILD dataset utilizes snapshot images from two SIRENA beach video-monitoring systems. To facilitate annotation while maintaining a diverse range of scenarios, the original 1280x960 pixel images were cropped to smaller regions, with a uniform resolution of 640x480 pixels. A subset of images was carefully curated to minimize annotation workload while ensuring representation of various time periods, distances to camera, and environmental conditions. Image selection involved filtering for quality, clustering for diversity, and prioritizing scenes containing beach seagrass wracks. Further details are available in the README file.

Data splitting

Data splitting requirements may vary depending on the chosen Artificial Intelligence approach (e.g., splitting by entire images or by image patches). Researchers should use a consistent method and document the approach and splits used in publications, enabling reproducible results and facilitating comparisons between studies.

Classes, labels and annotations

The BWILD dataset has been labelled manually using the 'Computer Vision Annotation Tool' (CVAT), categorising pixels into five labels of interest using polygon annotations.

  Label
                                     Description

landwards Pixels that are towards the landside with respect to the shoreline

seawards Pixels that are towards the seaside with respect to the shoreline

diffuse wrack Pixels that potentially resembled beach wracks based on colour and shape, yet the annotator could not confirm this with certainty, were denoted as ‘diffuse wrack’

Intermediate wrack Pixels with low-density beach wracks or mixed beach wracks and sand surfaces

Dense wrack Pixels with high-density beach wracks

Annotations were exported from CVAT in four different formats: (i) CVAT for images (XML); (ii) Segmentation Mask 1.0 (PNG); (iii) COCO (JSON); (iv) Ultralytics YOLO Segmentation 1.0 (TXT). These diverse annotation formats can be used for various applications including object detection and segmentation, and simplify the interaction with the dataset, making it more user-friendly. Further details are available in the README file.

Parameters

RGB values or any transformation in the colour space can be used as parameters.

Data sources

A SIRENA system consists of a set of RGB cameras mounted at the top of buildings on the beachfront. These cameras take oblique pictures of the beach, with overlapping sights, at 7.5 FPS during the first 10 minutes of each hour in daylight hours. From these pictures, different products are generated, including snapshots, which correspond to the frame of the video at the 5th minute. In the Balearic Islands, SIRENA stations are managed by the Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System (SOCIB), and are mounted at the top of hotels located in front of the coastline. The present dataset includes snapshots from the SIRENA systems operating since 2011 at Cala Millor (5 cameras) and Son Bou (4 cameras) beaches, located in Mallorca and Menorca islands (Balearic Islands, Spain), respectively. All latest and historical SIRENA images are available at the Beamon app viewer (https://apps.socib.es/beamon).

Data quality

All images included in BWILD have been supervised by the authors of the dataset. However, variable presence of beach segrass wracks across different beach segments and seasons impose a variable distribution of images across different SIRENA stations and cameras. Users of BWILD dataset must be aware of this variance. Further details are available in the README file.

Image resolution

The resolution of the images in BWILD is of 640x480 pixels.

Spatial coverage

The BWILD version 1.1.0 contains data from two SIRENA beach video-monitoring stations, encompassing two microtidal sandy beaches in the Balearic Islands, Spain. These are: Cala Millor (clm) and Son Bou (snb).

SIRENA station Longitude Latitude

clm 3.383 39.596

snb 4.077 39.898

Contact information

For further technical inquiries or additional information about the annotated dataset, please contact jsoriano@socib.es.

Continuous hourly coastal ocean surface current maps in the Ibiza Channel measured by High-Frequency Radars (HFR). HFR is nowadays the unique land-based remote sensing technology providing continuous maps of near-real surface currents (0.9 m) over wide areas (out of about 85 km from near shore) with high-spatial (3 km) and temporal resolution (hourly). The operation principle of HFRs for measuring coastal ocean surface currents is based on the Bragg resonant backscatter phenomenon: the HFR CODAR SeaSonde combined-antenna transmits electromagnetic waves with frequency of 13.5MHz (associated to wavelength of 22.2 m) and the ocean waves of half the transmitted electromagnetic wavelength (11.1 m) scatter the pulse back to the antenna. Two or more HFR sites are needed for computing the map of total surface current vectors in the overlapping coverage area."

A coastal sea level reconstruction based on tide gauge observations is developed and applied to the western basin of the Mediterranean sea, including sea level anomaly (SLA) and interpolation error along the entire coastline. The reconstructions are carried out in four frequency bands: periods longer than 10 years, periods between 1 and 10 years, periods between 1 month and 1 year, and periods between 1day and 1month. Total sea level at monthly and daily resolution, obtained by merging the different frequency bands, is also provided. The reconstructions are based on an optimal interpolation method in which the correlation between tide gauge data and all coastal points has been determined from the outputs of the numerical model managed by the Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System (SOCIB, https://www.socib.es). The reconstructions for frequencies lower than 1 month use monthly observations from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL, https://www.psmsl.org/) database and cover the period from 1884 to 2019. For the reconstruction of higher frequencies, hourly observations from the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis (GESLA–2, https://www.gesla.org/) dataset are used, and cover from 1980 to 2015.

Systematic and sustained high quality measurements of nearshore waves and beach morphology are crucial to unravel the effects of global warming on sandy coasts and thus be able to assess the validity of sediment transport numerical models. Such measurements are also key to understanding the morphodynamic processes that determine how the beach evolves. In 2011 a comprehensive beach monitoring program, the first in the Mediterranean Sea, started at Cala Millor Beach on the island of Mallorca (Spain). The aim was to provide long-term datasets of near-shore morphodynamics in a carbonate sandy micro-tidal and semi-embayed beach fronted by a Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadow. The dataset includes topobathymetries, shoreline positions obtained from video cameras, meteorological parameters from a weather station, currents, as well as waves and sea level from ADCP measurements and sediment size. This free and unrestricted archived dataset can be used to support the modelling of erosion-deposition patterns, calibrate beach evolution models, and as a result to propose adaptation and mitigation actions under different global change scenarios.

Description of attributes for sediment mass budget at the coast for the last 10, 50 and 100 years for the Mediterranean basin and for each NUTS3 region along the coast.

The aim of this experiment was to assess the operational HF radar surface current velocities in the Ibiza Channel in a Lagrangian framework, by comparing against surface drifter derived velocities"

Shipboard observations of marine mammal distribution and habitat are expensive and logistically challenging to collect in Arctic waters. Port facilities are minimal and access to appropriate vessels for spending extended periods of time at sea is extremely limited. Autonomous platforms like gliders provide the capability to collect both oceanographic and passive acoustic data for far longer periods of time (weeks to months) and at significantly reduced costs than traditional shipboard or aerial surveys. We have developed a system to record, detect, classify, and remotely report Arctic and sub-Arctic marine mammal calls in real time from Slocum ocean gliders based on the digital acoustic monitoring (DMON) instrument and the low-frequency detection and classification system (LFDCS). The system was successfully demonstrated for Arctic research during three AOOS-funded studies in the Chukchi Sea during September 2013 and 2014 and from 11 July – 8 September 2015. The joint acoustic-oceanographic data were used to examine the distribution, occurrence, and habitat of marine mammals using in-situ passive acoustic and oceanographic data collected by the glider, and to demonstrate the near real-time detection and reporting capability of the system. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.5.0|hdf5libversion=1.10.1 acknowledgement=At sea assistance was provided by the captain and crew of the R/V Norseman II. Support for the development of the Arctic marine mammal call library and preparation of the DMON/LFDCS for this study was provided by the Alaska Ocean Observing System. Glider deployment was supported by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. The DMON instrument was developed by Mark Johnson and Tom Hurst at WHOI. Mark Johnson was responsible for developing the application programming interface (API) for the DMON, and coded the initial DMON implementation of the pitch tracking algorithm described in Baumgartner and Mussoline (2011). Support for the development, integration, and testing of the glider DMON/LFDCS was provided by the Office of Naval Research and the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Advanced Sampling Technologies Working Group in collaboration with the Northeast Fisheries Science Centers Passive Acoustics Research Group (leader: Sofie Van Parijs). NOAA funding was provided through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region. cdm_data_type=TrajectoryProfile cdm_profile_variables=time_uv,lat_uv,lon_uv,u,v,profile_id,time,latitude,longitude cdm_trajectory_variables=trajectory,wmo_id comment=Processed from MATLAB HDF5 files uploaded to the Research Workspace contributor_name=Brita Irving, Peter Winsor, Kathleen M. Stafford, Mark Baumgartner, Hank Statscewich contributor_role=Data Manager/Glider Technician, Principal Investigator, Co-PI, Co-PI, Glider Technician Conventions=Unidata Dataset Discovery v1.0, COARDS, CF-1.6 Easternmost_Easting=-157.50800744120895 featureType=TrajectoryProfile format_version=IOOS_Glider_NetCDF_v3.0-qartod geospatial_bounds=POLYGON ((71.652540 -157.530230, 71.652540 -157.528600, 71.651210 -157.528600, 71.651210 -157.530230, 71.652540 -157.530230)) geospatial_lat_max=71.71754976168756 geospatial_lat_min=70.8206819234844 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-157.50800744120895 geospatial_lon_min=-162.9031666850235 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=82.7104 geospatial_vertical_min=0.05593025 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m gts_ingest=true history=2018-02-05T20:49:02Z - Created with the GUTILS package: "convert.py"%standard names for qartod flags have changed on 2022-06-30 id=unit_167-20130911T0027 infoUrl=https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/ institution=University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences ioos_dac_checksum=dda03ee25988cb0cbcdf4d81381b1087 ioos_dac_completed=True ioos_regional_association=Alaska Ocean Observing System keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords Metadata_Conventions=Unidata Dataset Discovery v1.0, COARDS, CF-1.6 metadata_link=https://github.com/ioos/ioosngdac/, see references attribute naming_authority=gov.noaa.ioos Northernmost_Northing=71.71754976168756 platform=glider platform_type=Slocum Glider platform_vocabulary=https://mmisw.org/orr/#http://mmisw.org/ont/ioos/platform processing_level=Data provided as is with quality assurance and quality control performed. Processing steps similar to the publicly available glider_toolbox provided by the Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System [Troupin et al., 2015, https://github.com/socib/glider_toolbox]. project=2013 Whale Glider references=http://dcs.whoi.edu/chukchi_2013/chukchi_2013.html;https://ioos.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Manual-for-QC-of-Glider-Data_05_09_16.pdf;https://github.com/ioos/ioos-netcdf/blob/master/content/ioos-netcdf-metadata-description-v1_1.md;https://github.com/ioos/ioosngdac/wiki/NGDAC-NetCDF-File-Format-Version-2#lon_uv_qc;https://github.com/ioos/ioosngdac/blob/master/nc/template/IOOS_Glider_NetCDF_v3.0-qartod.cdl;https://github.com/socib/glider_toolbox;C. Troupin, J.P. Beltran, E. Heslop, M. Torner, B. Garau, J. Allen, S. Ruiz, and J. Tintoré. (2015) A toolbox for glider data processing and management. Methods in Oceanography 13-14, 13-23.;Garau et al., 2011 B. Garau, S. Ruiz, W.G. Zhang, A. Pascual, E. Heslop, J. Kerfoot, J. Tintoré. Thermal lag correction on slocum CTD glider data. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 28 (2011), pp. 1065–1071 https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-10-05030.1;Baumgartner, M.F., Stafford, K.M., Winsor, P., Statscewich, H., Fratantoni, D., 2014. Glider-Based Passive Acoustic Monitoring in the Arctic. Marine Technology Society Journal 48, 40–51. sea_name=Chukchi Sea source=Observational data from a profiling glider. sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=70.8206819234844 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v27 subsetVariables=wmo_id,trajectory,profile_id,time,latitude,longitude time_coverage_duration=P0DT0H7M58.132671S time_coverage_end=2013-09-19T17:28:05Z time_coverage_start=2013-09-11T00:36:11Z Westernmost_Easting=-162.9031666850235

This dataset contains all data used in the article:

Observational characterization of atmospheric disturbances generating meteotsunamis in the Balearic Islands

Joan Villalonga*(1,2), Sebastià Monserrat (1), Damià Gomis (1,3), Gabriel Jordà*(2)

(1) Departament de Física (UIB), Palma, Spain.

(2) Centre Oceanogràfic de Balears, CN-Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Palma, Spain.

(3) Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Spain.

Corresponding email: joan.villalonga@uib.cat

There are 7 data files:

Atm_pres_all: containing the atmospheric pressure time series measured in the different meteorological stations used in the work. Each station contain its name and position in coordinates. All the time series have a temporal resolution of 1 min. The data have been obtained from BalearsMeteo (http://balearsmeteo.com/) and from SOCIB (https://www.socib.es/).

ciutadella_SL_AtmPres: containing the sea level and atmospheric pressure records in Ciutadella from 2018 to 2021. All the time series have a temporal resolution of 1 min. The data have been provided by PortIB (https://www.portsib.es/ca/paginas/inici).

ciutadella_SL_long: containing the sea level records in Ciutadella from 2014 to 2021. All the time series have a temporal resolution of 1 min. The data have been provided by PortIB (https://www.portsib.es/ca/paginas/inici).

ciutadella_spectral_data: containing the sea level and atmospheric pressure power wavelet spectra in Ciutadella from 2018 to 2021. Computed from the data in ciutadella_SL_AtmPres.

corr_rissagues_1min_allfreq_12h: containing the maximum lagged correlation matrices between the atmospheric pressure time series measured at the 12h surrounding each meteotsunami event in 2021. They have been computed from the data in Atm_pres_all.

sepic_index_vars: containing the five ERA5 1-hour time series of the variables used to compute the meteotsunami index as described in Sepic, et al,. 2016.

wind_ciutadella: containing the time series of the wind speed and direction provided by ERA5 reanalysis over Ciutadella during the period of study.

For more details, please consult the manuscript of the article

CALYPSO (Coherent Lagrangian Pathways from the Surface Ocean to Interior) is an ONR Departmental Research Initiative that addresses the challenge of observing, understanding and predicting the three-dimensional pathways by which water from the surface ocean makes its way into the deeper ocean. Discovering the routes by which trace substances, phytoplankton, and dissolved gases like oxygen, are transported vertically, as they are also carried horizontally by oceanic currents, is the goal of this research. An innovative set of observational techniques are being used, along with process study models, predictive models, and data synthesis, to identify coherent pathways for vertical transport and to diagnose and predict the physical processes that underlie such subduction.

here we present an extensive dataset of turbulence from an ocean microstructure glider (omg) campaign in an energeticly-forced coastal system, te moana-o-raukawa (cook strait), the water channel separating the north and south islands of aotearoa (new zealand). the microstucture data is combined with glider-based background stratification to study both the mechanisms driving energetic turbulence and its fundamental capacity to mix stratification. this study used a teledyne webb research slocum g2 glider equipped with a seabird ctd sensor and a rockland scientific microrider 1000-em microstructure package. temperature, conductivity, and pressure data were sampled at 0.5 hz, and subsequently processed to remove spikes. the accuracy within calibration range of temperature and conductivity were +/-0.002oc and +/-0.0003 s m-1, respectively. glider data processing was completed using the socib glider toolbox (https://github.com/socib/glider_toolbox; troupin et al. (2015)). glider data processing includes salinity lag correction for the thermal lag error for the un-pumped ctd unit. data were averaged in vertical bins of 1 m. microstructure measurements of shear and temperature are gathered at 512 hz, and direct current speeds are recorded by the electromagnetic (em) current meter mounted adjacently to the microstructure probes.

Socib Glider

Lagrangian experiment in the Ibiza channel during Autumn 2018, aiming to use the novel CARTHE GPS drifters (low-cost, compact, practical, eco-friendly and able too track currents centered 40 cm below the surface) to validate HF-Radar (new Antenna Pattern Measurement) and WMOP surface velocities, capture all representative spatio-temporal scales of surface circulation, study dispersion of surface particles, perform HFR data assimilation experiment with WMOP.

continuous, long-duration and high resolution hydrographic sampling from gliders have enabled the evaluation of variability in density structure of submesoscale features in a new zealand shelf sea. glider sampling allows for: 1) minimal disturbance of upper stratification and 2) horizontal and temporal spacing between profiles to be typically less than one kilometer and 30 minutes depending on the profile depth. seven glider surveys were completed from 2015 to 2018. the average glider track spanned 132 40o75s, 174o49e to 39o91s, 171o90e. in each survey, the glider transverses from east to west and back to its deployment location. for surveys 3, 4, 6, 9 and 11, the glider was deployed closer to the cook strait narrows. as the glider would spend multiple days trying to overcome strong currents due to strong tidal fluctuations near the narrows, deployments for surveys 12 and 15 were from tasman bay to maximise observations across the greater cook strait shelf sea.this study used teledyne webb research slocum g2 gliders equipped with seabird ctd sensor, aanderaa oxygen optode and wet labs environmental characterization optics (eco) puck, that measured chlorophyll-a fluorescence, backscatter (at 470, 532, 660 and 700 nm) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (cdom). temperature, conductivity, and pressure data were sampled at 0.5 hz, and subsequently processed to remove spikes. the accuracy within calibration range of temperature and conductivity were +/-0.002oc and +/-0.0003 s m-1, respectively. glider data processing was completed using the socib glider toolbox (https://github.com/socib/glider_toolbox; troupin et al. (2015)). glider data processing includes salinity lag correction for the thermal lag error for the un-pumped ctd unit. data were averaged in vertical bins of 1 m.