Data Files for Creel et al. 2022: "Postglacial Relative Sea Level Change in Norway" and Balascio et al. 2023: "Refining Holocene sea-level dynamics for the Lofoten and Vesterålen archipelagos, northern Norway: Implications for prehistoric human-environment interactions"

This repository contains the following files:

1. Netcdf and csv files for the mean (stehme_mean.nc, stehme_mean_ts.csv) and standard deviation (stehme_std.nc, stehme_std_ts.csv) of the spatiotemporal empirical hierarchical model ensemble (STEHME) produced for Creel et al. 2022. The 'ts' suffix denotes time series for each unique lat/lon site. The netcdf files contain spatial maps at 100 yr resolution.

2. mmc1.xlsx, the HOLSEA format Norway data compilation produced for Creel et al. 2022.

3. Netcdf and csv files for the mean (stehme_mean_230721.nc, stehme_mean_ts_230721.csv) and standard deviation (stehme_std_230721.nc, stehme_std_ts_230721.csv) of the spatiotemporal empirical hierarchical model ensemble (STEHME) produced for Balascio et al. 2023. The 'ts' suffix denotes time series for each unique lat/lon site. The netcdf files contain spatial maps at 100 yr resolution.

Modern_data.csv and Modern_data_WD_Coord.csv are dataset to perform the modern analogue technique, using R and its software package “analgoue”.

Upward vertical growth of P. damicornis measured from a dye line, 2018-2019. access_formats=.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson acquisition_description=Fragments of Pocillopora were dyed using alizarin dye and placed in-situ to grow. After 12 months, the corals were collected and cleaned by placing them in a plastic bag to allow the tissue to die/decompose. The dead tissue was washed off to reveal the coral skeleton. Colonies were labeled based on main branches and largest sub-branches. The collected coral were measured from the outside at the edge of the dye line to the top of the branch using digital calipers. Colonies were sawed apart by a diamond edge saw to reveal the inner dye line and measured from the dye line to the top of the branch using the same digital calipers. awards_0_award_nid=655898 awards_0_award_number=OCE-1535007 awards_0_data_url=http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1535007 awards_0_funder_name=NSF Division of Ocean Sciences awards_0_funding_acronym=NSF OCE awards_0_funding_source_nid=355 awards_0_program_manager=Michael E. Sieracki awards_0_program_manager_nid=50446 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Linear Extension Upward vertical growth of P. damicornis measured from a dye line, 2018-2019 PI: Aronson, R.B. (FIT), L. Toth (USGS) Version: 2019-09-09 Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 data_source=extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019 defaultDataQuery=&time<now doi=10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.776448.1 Easternmost_Easting=-79.0283 geospatial_lat_max=8.6312 geospatial_lat_min=7.4033 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-79.0283 geospatial_lon_min=-81.759 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east infoUrl=https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/776448 institution=BCO-DMO instruments_0_acronym=unknown instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description=Used to measure coral growth instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid=776457 instruments_0_description=No relevant match in BCO-DMO instrument vocabulary. instruments_0_instrument_external_identifier=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/999/ instruments_0_instrument_name=unknown instruments_0_instrument_nid=575 instruments_0_supplied_name=Fisher Scientific Traceable Electronic Digital Caliper; manufacturer – Control Company; model # - 14-648-17, FB70250, 32599 metadata_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/776448 Northernmost_Northing=8.6312 param_mapping={'776448': {'Lat': 'master - latitude', 'Long': 'master - longitude'}} parameter_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/776448/parameters people_0_affiliation=Florida Institute of Technology people_0_affiliation_acronym=FIT people_0_person_name=Dr Richard B. Aronson people_0_person_nid=655902 people_0_role=Principal Investigator people_0_role_type=originator people_1_affiliation=United States Geological Survey people_1_affiliation_acronym=USGS people_1_person_name=Dr Lauren T. Toth people_1_person_nid=655904 people_1_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_1_role_type=originator people_2_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_2_affiliation_acronym=WHOI BCO-DMO people_2_person_name=Nancy Copley people_2_person_nid=50396 people_2_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_2_role_type=related project=Coral Climate ETP projects_0_acronym=Coral Climate ETP projects_0_description=Coral reefs are under threat around the world, and climate change is the main reason they are declining. Knowing how local conditions on a reef exaggerate or mask the impacts of climate change make it possible to predict which reefs are most likely to survive longer and, therefore, which reefs deserve the greatest effort and funding for conservation. Reefs off the Pacific coast of Panama are vulnerable to the impacts of global climate change but are also strongly influenced by small-scale currents and other local conditions. The goal of this study is to see how those local differences affect coral growth and the ability of the corals to build reefs. Climate change appears poised to shut down reef growth off Pacific Panama within the next century. Considering that sea-level rise is accelerating at the same time, if coral reefs shut down they will not be able to protect populated shorelines from storm damage and erosion. In addition to its scientific insights, this project will provide undergraduate and graduate training, provide research training for underrepresented groups, advance women in scientific careers, and contribute important information for management and policy. The results will be incorporated into innovative curricular materials for K through 12 classes in Title-I schools in Florida aligned with Next Generation (Common Core) standards, and standards for Climate and Ocean Literacy. An annual film festival will be organized for K through 12 students to explore themes in marine science through videography. Global climate change is now the leading cause of coral-reef degradation, but the extent to which mesoscale oceanography overprints climatic forcing is poorly understood. Previous studies in Pacific Panama showed that reef ecosystems collapsed from 4100 to 1600 years ago. The 2500-yr hiatus in reef-building occurred at locations throughout the Pacific, and the primary cause was increased variability of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. This study will determine the influence of contemporary variability in mesoscale oceanography in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) on variability in the condition of local coral populations. Insights from the living populations will be combined with paleoecological and geochemical studies of reef frameworks to infer past conditions that were inimical or beneficial to coral growth and reef accretion. Three primary hypotheses will be tested in Pacific Panama: H1. Mesoscale oceanography is manifested in gradients of reef condition, coral growth, and coral physiological condition. Physiographic protection from upwelling currents and thermocline shoaling confers positive effects on coral growth rate and physiology. H2. The impacts of mesoscale oceanographic regimes on the growth and condition of reef-corals were felt at least as far back as the mid- to late Holocene. H3. Physiographic protection from upwelling currents and thermocline shoaling conferred positive effects on vertical reef accretion in the past and shortened the late-Holocene hiatus. Specific research approaches to test these hypotheses will include collecting high-resolution, oceanographic time series to characterize contemporary environments along gradients of physical conditions; collecting ecological and geochemical data on the condition of living coral populations; and extracting cores from the reef frameworks and analyzing the coral assemblages taxonomically, taphonomically, and geochemically to assess patterns of biotic and paleoenvironmental variability. Strong spatial and temporal variability in the physical drivers of reef development make the ETP an excellent model system in which to examine the response of coral reefs to climate change over a range of physical regimes. This research will provide a unique opportunity to tease apart the controls on reef development across multiple spatial and temporal scales. The climatology underlying the late-Holocene hiatus was similar to probable scenarios for the next century, implying that climate change could be driving reef ecosystems of the ETP (and elsewhere) toward another collapse. Understanding how the hiatus unfolded along oceanographic gradients will increase our power to predict the future responses of reefs to a rapidly changing climate. projects_0_end_date=2019-03 projects_0_geolocation=Pacific Panamá projects_0_name=Collaborative Research: Climate Change, Mesoscale Oceanography, and the Dynamics of Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs projects_0_project_nid=655899 projects_0_project_website=http://www.fit.edu/research/portal/project/420/climate-change-mesoscale-oceanography-and-the-dynamics-of-eastern-pacific-coral-reefs projects_0_start_date=2015-09 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=7.4033 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v55 version=1 Westernmost_Easting=-81.759 xml_source=osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3

Percent cover of coral in pacific Panama using the point intercept method from 2016-2018. access_formats=.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson acquisition_description=While quadrats were placed in areas of high cover to maximize our ability to detect changes through time, coral cover data also were collected from 25 m point-intercept transects whose placement was re-randomized during each visit. Six haphazardly-placed transects were run across the reef at each site, and the composition of the benthos was recorded every 25 cm (100 points per transect) in situ by divers. Any point over live coral was assigned a bleaching score by the diver from 1 to 5, as above. Coordinates are approximate for the point-intercept transects. awards_0_award_nid=655898 awards_0_award_number=OCE-1535007 awards_0_data_url=http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1535007 awards_0_funder_name=NSF Division of Ocean Sciences awards_0_funding_acronym=NSF OCE awards_0_funding_source_nid=355 awards_0_program_manager=Michael E. Sieracki awards_0_program_manager_nid=50446 awards_1_award_nid=655911 awards_1_award_number=OCE-1535203 awards_1_data_url=http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1535203 awards_1_funder_name=NSF Division of Ocean Sciences awards_1_funding_acronym=NSF OCE awards_1_funding_source_nid=355 awards_1_program_manager=Michael E. Sieracki awards_1_program_manager_nid=50446 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Percent cover of coral in pacific Panama using the point intercept method PI: Aronson, R.B. Version: 2018-08-24 Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 data_source=extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019 defaultDataQuery=&time<now doi=10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.747552.1 Easternmost_Easting=-79.0283 geospatial_lat_max=8.6312 geospatial_lat_min=7.4033 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-79.0283 geospatial_lon_min=-81.759 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east infoUrl=https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/747552 institution=BCO-DMO metadata_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/747552 Northernmost_Northing=8.6312 param_mapping={'747552': {'Latitude': 'master - latitude', 'Longitude': 'master - longitude'}} parameter_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/747552/parameters people_0_affiliation=Florida Institute of Technology people_0_affiliation_acronym=FIT people_0_person_name=Dr Richard B. Aronson people_0_person_nid=655902 people_0_role=Principal Investigator people_0_role_type=originator people_1_affiliation=University of California-San Diego people_1_affiliation_acronym=UCSD-SIO people_1_person_name=Dr James J. Leichter people_1_person_nid=51533 people_1_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_1_role_type=originator people_2_affiliation=United States Geological Survey people_2_affiliation_acronym=USGS people_2_person_name=Dr Lauren T. Toth people_2_person_nid=655904 people_2_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_2_role_type=originator people_3_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_3_affiliation_acronym=WHOI BCO-DMO people_3_person_name=Mathew Biddle people_3_person_nid=708682 people_3_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_3_role_type=related project=Coral Climate ETP projects_0_acronym=Coral Climate ETP projects_0_description=Coral reefs are under threat around the world, and climate change is the main reason they are declining. Knowing how local conditions on a reef exaggerate or mask the impacts of climate change make it possible to predict which reefs are most likely to survive longer and, therefore, which reefs deserve the greatest effort and funding for conservation. Reefs off the Pacific coast of Panama are vulnerable to the impacts of global climate change but are also strongly influenced by small-scale currents and other local conditions. The goal of this study is to see how those local differences affect coral growth and the ability of the corals to build reefs. Climate change appears poised to shut down reef growth off Pacific Panama within the next century. Considering that sea-level rise is accelerating at the same time, if coral reefs shut down they will not be able to protect populated shorelines from storm damage and erosion. In addition to its scientific insights, this project will provide undergraduate and graduate training, provide research training for underrepresented groups, advance women in scientific careers, and contribute important information for management and policy. The results will be incorporated into innovative curricular materials for K through 12 classes in Title-I schools in Florida aligned with Next Generation (Common Core) standards, and standards for Climate and Ocean Literacy. An annual film festival will be organized for K through 12 students to explore themes in marine science through videography. Global climate change is now the leading cause of coral-reef degradation, but the extent to which mesoscale oceanography overprints climatic forcing is poorly understood. Previous studies in Pacific Panama showed that reef ecosystems collapsed from 4100 to 1600 years ago. The 2500-yr hiatus in reef-building occurred at locations throughout the Pacific, and the primary cause was increased variability of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. This study will determine the influence of contemporary variability in mesoscale oceanography in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) on variability in the condition of local coral populations. Insights from the living populations will be combined with paleoecological and geochemical studies of reef frameworks to infer past conditions that were inimical or beneficial to coral growth and reef accretion. Three primary hypotheses will be tested in Pacific Panama: H1. Mesoscale oceanography is manifested in gradients of reef condition, coral growth, and coral physiological condition. Physiographic protection from upwelling currents and thermocline shoaling confers positive effects on coral growth rate and physiology. H2. The impacts of mesoscale oceanographic regimes on the growth and condition of reef-corals were felt at least as far back as the mid- to late Holocene. H3. Physiographic protection from upwelling currents and thermocline shoaling conferred positive effects on vertical reef accretion in the past and shortened the late-Holocene hiatus. Specific research approaches to test these hypotheses will include collecting high-resolution, oceanographic time series to characterize contemporary environments along gradients of physical conditions; collecting ecological and geochemical data on the condition of living coral populations; and extracting cores from the reef frameworks and analyzing the coral assemblages taxonomically, taphonomically, and geochemically to assess patterns of biotic and paleoenvironmental variability. Strong spatial and temporal variability in the physical drivers of reef development make the ETP an excellent model system in which to examine the response of coral reefs to climate change over a range of physical regimes. This research will provide a unique opportunity to tease apart the controls on reef development across multiple spatial and temporal scales. The climatology underlying the late-Holocene hiatus was similar to probable scenarios for the next century, implying that climate change could be driving reef ecosystems of the ETP (and elsewhere) toward another collapse. Understanding how the hiatus unfolded along oceanographic gradients will increase our power to predict the future responses of reefs to a rapidly changing climate. projects_0_end_date=2019-03 projects_0_geolocation=Pacific Panamá projects_0_name=Collaborative Research: Climate Change, Mesoscale Oceanography, and the Dynamics of Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs projects_0_project_nid=655899 projects_0_project_website=http://www.fit.edu/research/portal/project/420/climate-change-mesoscale-oceanography-and-the-dynamics-of-eastern-pacific-coral-reefs projects_0_start_date=2015-09 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=7.4033 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v55 version=1 Westernmost_Easting=-81.759 xml_source=osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3