Sure! I'd be happy to provide you with an introduction to machine learning basics for beginners. Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on enabling computers to learn and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed. Here are some key concepts and terms to help you get started:

1. Supervised Learning: In supervised learning, the machine learning algorithm learns from labeled training data. The training data consists of input examples and their corresponding correct output or target values. The algorithm learns to generalize from this data and make predictions or classify new, unseen examples.

2. Unsupervised Learning: Unsupervised learning involves learning patterns and relationships from unlabeled data. Unlike supervised learning, there are no target values provided. Instead, the algorithm aims to discover inherent structures or clusters in the data.

3. Training Data and Test Data: Machine learning models require a dataset to learn from. The dataset is typically split into two parts: the training data and the test data. The model learns from the training data, and the test data is used to evaluate its performance and generalization ability.

4. Features and Labels: In supervised learning, the input examples are often represented by features or attributes. For example, in a spam email classification task, features might include the presence of certain keywords or the length of the email. The corresponding output or target values are called labels, indicating the class or category to which the example belongs (e.g., spam or not spam).

5. Model Evaluation Metrics: To assess the performance of a machine learning model, various evaluation metrics are used. Common metrics include accuracy (the proportion of correctly predicted examples), precision (the proportion of true positives among all positive predictions), recall (the proportion of true positives predicted correctly), and F1 score (a combination of precision and recall).

6. Overfitting and Underfitting: Overfitting occurs when a model becomes too complex and learns to memorize the training data instead of generalizing well to unseen examples. On the other hand, underfitting happens when a model is too simple and fails to capture the underlying patterns in the data. Balancing the complexity of the model is crucial to achieve good generalization.

7. Feature Engineering: Feature engineering involves selecting or creating relevant features that can help improve the performance of a machine learning model. It often requires domain knowledge and creativity to transform raw data into a suitable representation that captures the important information.

8. Bias and Variance Trade-off: The bias-variance trade-off is a fundamental concept in machine learning. Bias refers to the errors introduced by the model's assumptions and simplifications, while variance refers to the model's sensitivity to small fluctuations in the training data. Reducing bias may increase variance and vice versa. Finding the right balance is important for building a well-performing model.

9. Supervised Learning Algorithms: There are various supervised learning algorithms, including linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, support vector machines (SVM), and neural networks. Each algorithm has its own strengths, weaknesses, and specific use cases.

10. Unsupervised Learning Algorithms: Unsupervised learning algorithms include clustering algorithms like k-means clustering and hierarchical clustering, dimensionality reduction techniques like principal component analysis (PCA) and t-SNE, and anomaly detection algorithms, among others.

These concepts provide a starting point for understanding the basics of machine learning. As you delve deeper, you can explore more advanced topics such as deep learning, reinforcement learning, and natural language processing. Remember to practice hands-on with real-world datasets to gain practical experience and further refine your skills.

Machine Learning Tutorials - Example Projects - AI

I am sharing my 28 Machine Learning, Deep Learning (Artificial Intelligence - AI) projects with their data, software and outputs on Kaggle for educational purposes as open source. It appeals to people who want to work in this field, have 0 Machine Learning knowledge, have Intermediate Machine Learning knowledge, specialize in this field (Attracts to all levels). The deep learning projects in it are for advanced level, so I recommend you to start your studies from the Machine Learning section. You can check your own outputs along with the outputs in it. I am happy to share 28 educational projects with the whole world through Kaggle. Knowledge is free and better when shared!

Algorithms used in it:

1) Nearest Neighbor
2) Naive Bayes
3) Decision Trees
4) Linear Regression
5) Support Vector Machines (SVM)
6) Neural Networks
7) K-means clustering

Kind regards, Emirhan BULUT

You can use the links below for communication. If you have any questions or comments, feel free to let me know!

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/artificialintelligencebulut/ Email: emirhan@novosteer.com

Emirhan BULUT. (2022). Machine Learning Tutorials - Example Projects - AI [Data set]. Kaggle. https://doi.org/10.34740/KAGGLE/DSV/4361310

We present Code4ML: a Large-scale Dataset of annotated Machine Learning Code, a corpus of Python code snippets, competition summaries, and data descriptions from Kaggle.

The data is organized in a table structure. Code4ML includes several main objects: competitions information, raw code blocks collected form Kaggle and manually marked up snippets. Each table has a .csv format.

Each competition has the text description and metadata, reflecting competition and used dataset characteristics as well as evaluation metrics (competitions.csv). The corresponding datasets can be loaded using Kaggle API and data sources.

The code blocks themselves and their metadata are collected to the data frames concerning the publishing year of the initial kernels. The current version of the corpus includes two code blocks files: snippets from kernels up to the 2020 year (сode_blocks_upto_20.csv) and those from the 2021 year (сode_blocks_21.csv) with corresponding metadata. The corpus consists of 2 743 615 ML code blocks collected from 107 524 Jupyter notebooks.

Marked up code blocks have the following metadata: anonymized id, the format of the used data (for example, table or audio), the id of the semantic type, a flag for the code errors, the estimated relevance to the semantic class (from 1 to 5), the id of the parent notebook, and the name of the competition. The current version of the corpus has ~12 000 labeled snippets (markup_data_20220415.csv).

As marked up code blocks data contains the numeric id of the code block semantic type, we also provide a mapping from this number to semantic type and subclass (actual_graph_2022-06-01.csv).

The dataset can help solve various problems, including code synthesis from a prompt in natural language, code autocompletion, and semantic code classification.

Concept-oriented deep learning (CODL) is a general approach to meet the future challenges for deep learning: learning with little or no external supervision, coping with test examples that come from a different distribution than the training examples, and integrating deep learning with symbolic AI.

APISCRAPY's AI & ML training data is meticulously curated and labelled to ensure the best quality. Our training data comes from a variety of areas, including healthcare and banking, as well as e-commerce and natural language processing.

A supervised learning task involves constructing a mapping from an input data space (normally described by several features) to an output space. A set of training examples---examples with known output values---is used by a learning algorithm to generate a model. This model is intended to approximate the mapping between the inputs and outputs. This model can be used to generate predicted outputs for inputs that have not been seen before. Within supervised learning, one type of task is a classification learning task, in which each output consists of one or more classes to which the corresponding input belongs. For example, we may have data consisting of observations of sunspots. In a classification learning task, our goal may be to learn to classify sunspots into one of several types. Each example may correspond to one candidate sunspot with various measurements or just an image. A learning algorithm would use the supplied examples to generate a model that approximates the mapping between each supplied set of measurements and the type of sunspot. This model can then be used to classify previously unseen sunspots based on the candidate's measurements. In this chapter, we explain several basic classification algorithms.

These four labeled data sets are targeted at ordinal quantification. The goal of quantification is not to predict the label of each individual instance, but the distribution of labels in unlabeled sets of data.

With the scripts provided, you can extract CSV files from the UCI machine learning repository and from OpenML. The ordinal class labels stem from a binning of a continuous regression label.

We complement this data set with the indices of data items that appear in each sample of our evaluation. Hence, you can precisely replicate our samples by drawing the specified data items. The indices stem from two evaluation protocols that are well suited for ordinal quantification. To this end, each row in the files app_val_indices.csv, app_tst_indices.csv, app-oq_val_indices.csv, and app-oq_tst_indices.csv represents one sample.

Our first protocol is the artificial prevalence protocol (APP), where all possible distributions of labels are drawn with an equal probability. The second protocol, APP-OQ, is a variant thereof, where only the smoothest 20% of all APP samples are considered. This variant is targeted at ordinal quantification tasks, where classes are ordered and a similarity of neighboring classes can be assumed.

Usage

You can extract four CSV files through the provided script extract-oq.jl, which is conveniently wrapped in a Makefile. The Project.toml and Manifest.toml specify the Julia package dependencies, similar to a requirements file in Python.

Preliminaries: You have to have a working Julia installation. We have used Julia v1.6.5 in our experiments.

Data Extraction: In your terminal, you can call either

make

(recommended), or

julia --project="." --eval "using Pkg; Pkg.instantiate()"
julia --project="." extract-oq.jl

Outcome: The first row in each CSV file is the header. The first column, named "class_label", is the ordinal class.

Further Reading

Implementation of our experiments: https://github.com/mirkobunse/regularized-oq

The Iris dataset is among the most well-known in the fields of data science and machine learning. It contains 150 samples of iris flowers from three different species: Virginica, Versicolor, and Setosa. Every sample includes the length of the sepal, the width of the sepal, the length of the petal, and the width of the petal. This dataset is frequently used for exploratory data analysis (EDA), data visualization, and classification algorithm experiments. It is simple, clear, and perfect for beginners who want to learn how to build and evaluate machine learning models. Petal Length, Petal Width, and Sepal Length are the three classes: Setosa, Virginica, and Versicolor. There are 150 samples in all. Perfect for tasks involving visualization, supervised learning, and model comparison!

We provide the generated dataset used for unsupervised machine learning in [1]. The data is in CSV format and contains all principal components and ground truth labels, per tissue type. Tissue type codes used are; C1 for kidney, C2 for skin, C3 for colon, and 'PC' for the principal component. Please see the original design in [1] for feature extraction specifications. Features have been extracted independently for each tissue type.

Reference: Prezja, F.; Pölönen, I.; Äyrämö, S.; Ruusuvuori, P.; Kuopio, T. H&E Multi-Laboratory Staining Variance Exploration with Machine Learning. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 7511. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157511

This dataset consists of imagery, imagery footprints, associated ice seal detections and homography files associated with the KAMERA Test Flights conducted in 2019. This dataset was subset to include relevant data for detection algorithm development. This dataset is limited to data collected during flights 4, 5, 6 and 7 from our 2019 surveys.

A supervised learning task involves constructing a mapping from an input data space (normally described by several features) to an output space. A set of training examples---examples with known output values---is used by a learning algorithm to generate a model. This model is intended to approximate the mapping between the inputs and outputs. This model can be used to generate predicted outputs for inputs that have not been seen before. Within supervised learning, one type of task is a classification learning task, in which each output consists of one or more classes to which the corresponding input belongs. For example, we may have data consisting of observations of sunspots. In a classification learning task, our goal may be to learn to classify sunspots into one of several types. Each example may correspond to one candidate sunspot with various measurements or just an image. A learning algorithm would use the supplied examples to generate a model that approximates the mapping between each supplied set of measurements and the type of sunspot. This model can then be used to classify previously unseen sunspots based on the candidate's measurements. In this chapter, we explain several basic classification algorithms.

Advances in neuroimaging, genomic, motion tracking, eye-tracking and many other technology-based data collection methods have led to a torrent of high dimensional datasets, which commonly have a small number of samples because of the intrinsic high cost of data collection involving human participants. High dimensional data with a small number of samples is of critical importance for identifying biomarkers and conducting feasibility and pilot work, however it can lead to biased machine learning (ML) performance estimates. Our review of studies which have applied ML to predict autistic from non-autistic individuals showed that small sample size is associated with higher reported classification accuracy. Thus, we have investigated whether this bias could be caused by the use of validation methods which do not sufficiently control overfitting. Our simulations show that K-fold Cross-Validation (CV) produces strongly biased performance estimates with small sample sizes, and the bias is still evident with sample size of 1000. Nested CV and train/test split approaches produce robust and unbiased performance estimates regardless of sample size. We also show that feature selection if performed on pooled training and testing data is contributing to bias considerably more than parameter tuning. In addition, the contribution to bias by data dimensionality, hyper-parameter space and number of CV folds was explored, and validation methods were compared with discriminable data. The results suggest how to design robust testing methodologies when working with small datasets and how to interpret the results of other studies based on what validation method was used.

Databases of physics events have been used in various fusion research applications, including the development of scaling laws and disruption avoidance algorithms, yet they can be time-consuming and tedious to construct. This paper presents a novel application of the label spreading semi-supervised learning algorithm to accelerate this process by detecting distinct events in a large dataset of discharges, given few manually labeled examples. A high detection accuracy (>85%) for H-L back transitions and initially rotating locked modes is demonstrated on a dataset of hundreds of discharges from DIII-D with manually identified events for which only 3 discharges are initially labeled by the user. Lower yet reasonable performance (~75%) is also demonstrated for the core radiative collapse, an event with a much lower prevalence in the dataset. Additionally, analysis of the performance sensitivity indicates that the same set of algorithmic parameters is optimal for each event. This suggests that the method can be applied to detect a variety of other events not included in this paper, given that the event is well described by a set of 0D signals robustly available on many discharges. Procedures for analysis of new events are demonstrated, showing automatic event detection with increasing fidelity as the user strategically adds manually labeled examples. Detections on Alcator C-Mod and EAST are also shown, demonstrating the potential for this to be used on a multi-tokamak dataset.

Bats play crucial ecological roles and provide valuable ecosystem services, yet many populations face serious threats from various ecological disturbances. The North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat) aims to assess status and trends of bat populations while developing innovative and community-driven conservation solutions using its unique data and technology infrastructure. To support scalability and transparency in the NABat acoustic data pipeline, we developed a fully-automated machine-learning algorithm. This dataset includes audio files of bat echolocation calls that were considered to develop V1.0 of the NABat machine-learning algorithm, however the test set (i.e., holdout dataset) has been excluded from this release. These recordings were collected by various bat monitoring partners across North America using ultrasonic acoustic recorders for stationary acoustic and mobile acoustic surveys. For more information on how these surveys may be conducted, see Chapters 4 and 5 of “A Plan for the North American Bat Monitoring Program” (https://doi.org/10.2737/SRS-GTR-208). These data were then post-processed by bat monitoring partners to remove noise files (or those that do not contain recognizable bat calls) and apply a species label to each file. There is undoubtedly variation in the steps that monitoring partners take to apply a species label, but the steps documented in “A Guide to Processing Bat Acoustic Data for the North American Bat Monitoring Program” (https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181068) include first processing with an automated classifier and then manually reviewing to confirm or downgrade the suggested species label. Once a manual ID label was applied, audio files of bat acoustic recordings were submitted to the NABat database in Waveform Audio File format. From these available files in the NABat database, we considered files from 35 classes (34 species and a noise class). Files for 4 species were excluded due to low sample size (Corynorhinus rafinesquii, N=3; Eumops floridanus, N =3; Lasiurus xanthinus, N = 4; Nyctinomops femorosaccus, N =11). From this pool, files were randomly selected until files for each species/grid cell combination were exhausted or the number of recordings reach 1250. The dataset was then randomly split into training, validation, and test sets (i.e., holdout dataset). This data release includes all files considered for training and validation, including files that had been excluded from model development and testing due to low sample size for a given species or because the threshold for species/grid cell combinations had been met. The test set (i.e., holdout dataset) is not included. Audio files are grouped by species, as indicated by the four-letter species code in the name of each folder. Definitions for each four-letter code, including Family, Genus, Species, and Common name, are also included as a dataset in this release.

The v1 dataset includes AIA/HMI observations 2010-2018 and v2 includes AIA/HMI observations 2010-2020 in all 10 wavebands (94A, 131A, 171A, 193A, 211A, 304A, 335A, 1600A, 1700A, 4500A), with 512x512 resolution and 6 minutes cadence; HMI vector magnetic field observations in Bx, By, and Bz components, with 512x512 resolution and 12 minutes cadence; The EVE observations in 39 wavelengths from 2010-05-01 to 2014-05-26, with 10 seconds cadence.

The SalmonScan dataset is a collection of images of salmon fish, including healthy fish and infected fish. The dataset consists of two classes of images:

Fresh salmon 🐟 Infected Salmon 🐠

This dataset is ideal for various computer vision tasks in machine learning and deep learning applications. Whether you are a researcher, developer, or student, the SalmonScan dataset offers a rich and diverse data source to support your projects and experiments.

So, dive in and explore the fascinating world of salmon health and disease!

The SalmonScan dataset (raw) consists of 24 fresh fish and 91 infected fish. [Due to server cleaning in the past, some raw datasets have been deleted]

The SalmonScan dataset (augmented) consists of approximately 1,208 images of salmon fish, classified into two classes:

• Fresh salmon (healthy fish with no visible signs of disease), 456 images
• Infected Salmon containing disease, 752 images

Each class contains a representative and diverse collection of images, capturing a range of different perspectives, scales, and lighting conditions. The images have been carefully curated to ensure that they are of high quality and suitable for use in a variety of computer vision tasks.

Data Preprocessing

The input images were preprocessed to enhance their quality and suitability for further analysis. The following steps were taken:

Resizing 📏: All the images were resized to a uniform size of 600 pixels in width and 250 pixels in height to ensure compatibility with the learning algorithm. Image Augmentation 📸: To overcome the small amount of images, various image augmentation techniques were applied to the input images. These included: Horizontal Flip ↩️: The images were horizontally flipped to create additional samples. Vertical Flip ⬆️: The images were vertically flipped to create additional samples. Rotation 🔄: The images were rotated to create additional samples. Cropping 🪓: A portion of the image was randomly cropped to create additional samples. Gaussian Noise 🌌: Gaussian noise was added to the images to create additional samples. Shearing 🌆: The images were sheared to create additional samples. Contrast Adjustment (Gamma) ⚖️: The gamma correction was applied to the images to adjust their contrast. Contrast Adjustment (Sigmoid) ⚖️: The sigmoid function was applied to the images to adjust their contrast.

Usage

To use the salmon scan dataset in your ML and DL projects, follow these steps:

• Clone or download the salmon scan dataset repository from GitHub.
• Use standard libraries such as numpy or pandas to convert the images into arrays, which can be input into a machine learning or deep learning model.
• Split the dataset into training, validation, and test sets as per your requirement.
• Preprocess the data as needed, such as resizing and normalizing the images.
• Train your ML/DL model using the preprocessed training data.
• Evaluate the model on the test set and make predictions on new, unseen data.

Values indicate percentages of the total number of detections classified.

This dataset is an exemplary data set for supervised machine learning. This data is given as an assignment in the machine learning course of Izmir University of Economics in 2020.

Machine Learning Market Outlook

The global machine learning market is projected to witness a remarkable growth trajectory, with the market size estimated to reach USD 21.17 billion in 2023 and anticipated to expand to USD 209.91 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 29.2% over the forecast period. This extraordinary growth is primarily propelled by the escalating demand for artificial intelligence-driven solutions across various industries. As businesses seek to leverage machine learning for improving operational efficiency, enhancing customer experience, and driving innovation, the market is poised to expand rapidly. Key factors contributing to this growth include advancements in data generation, increasing computational power, and the proliferation of big data analytics.

A pivotal growth factor for the machine learning market is the ongoing digital transformation across industries. Enterprises globally are increasingly adopting machine learning technologies to optimize their operations, streamline processes, and make data-driven decisions. The healthcare sector, for example, leverages machine learning for predictive analytics to improve patient outcomes, while the finance sector uses machine learning algorithms for fraud detection and risk assessment. The retail industry is also utilizing machine learning for personalized customer experiences and inventory management. The ability of machine learning to analyze vast amounts of data in real-time and provide actionable insights is fueling its adoption across various applications, thereby driving market growth.

Another significant growth driver is the increasing integration of machine learning with the Internet of Things (IoT). The convergence of these technologies enables the creation of smarter, more efficient systems that enhance operational performance and productivity. In manufacturing, for instance, IoT devices equipped with machine learning capabilities can predict equipment failures and optimize maintenance schedules, leading to reduced downtime and costs. Similarly, in the automotive industry, machine learning algorithms are employed in autonomous vehicles to process and analyze sensor data, improving navigation and safety. The synergistic relationship between machine learning and IoT is expected to further propel market expansion during the forecast period.

Moreover, the rising investments in AI research and development by both public and private sectors are accelerating the advancement and adoption of machine learning technologies. Governments worldwide are recognizing the potential of AI and machine learning to transform industries, leading to increased funding for research initiatives and innovation centers. Companies are also investing heavily in developing cutting-edge machine learning solutions to maintain a competitive edge. This robust investment landscape is fostering an environment conducive to technological breakthroughs, thereby contributing to the growth of the machine learning market.

Supervised Learning, a subset of machine learning, plays a crucial role in the advancement of AI-driven solutions. It involves training algorithms on a labeled dataset, allowing the model to learn and make predictions or decisions based on new, unseen data. This approach is particularly beneficial in applications where the desired output is known, such as in classification or regression tasks. For instance, in the healthcare sector, supervised learning algorithms are employed to analyze patient data and predict health outcomes, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy. Similarly, in finance, these algorithms are used for credit scoring and fraud detection, providing financial institutions with reliable tools for risk assessment. As the demand for precise and efficient AI applications grows, the significance of supervised learning in driving innovation and operational excellence across industries becomes increasingly evident.

From a regional perspective, North America holds a dominant position in the machine learning market due to the early adoption of advanced technologies and the presence of major technology companies. The region's strong focus on R&D and innovation, coupled with a well-established IT infrastructure, further supports market growth. In addition, Asia Pacific is emerging as a lucrative market for machine learning, driven by rapid industrialization, increasing digitalization, and government initiatives promoting AI adoption. The region is witnessing significant investments in AI technologies, particu

The dataset used in the paper is a collection of examples for the task of Bayesian machine learning.