According to latest figures, the Chinese population decreased by 1.39 million to around 1.408 billion people in 2024. After decades of rapid growth, China arrived at the turning point of its demographic development in 2022, which was earlier than expected. The annual population decrease is estimated to remain at moderate levels until around 2030 but to accelerate thereafter. Population development in China China had for a long time been the country with the largest population worldwide, but according to UN estimates, it has been overtaken by India in 2023. As the population in India is still growing, the country is very likely to remain being home of the largest population on earth in the near future. Due to several mechanisms put into place by the Chinese government as well as changing circumstances in the working and social environment of the Chinese people, population growth has subsided over the past decades, displaying an annual population growth rate of -0.1 percent in 2024. Nevertheless, compared to the world population in total, China held a share of about 18 percent of the overall global population in 2022. China's aging population In terms of demographic developments, the birth control efforts of the Chinese government had considerable effects on the demographic pyramid in China. Upon closer examination of the age distribution, a clear trend of an aging population becomes visible. In order to curb the negative effects of an aging population, the Chinese government abolished the one-child policy in 2015, which had been in effect since 1979, and introduced a three-child policy in May 2021. However, many Chinese parents nowadays are reluctant to have a second or third child, as is the case in most of the developed countries in the world. The number of births in China varied in the years following the abolishment of the one-child policy, but did not increase considerably. Among the reasons most prominent for parents not having more children are the rising living costs and costs for child care, growing work pressure, a growing trend towards self-realization and individualism, and changing social behaviors.

The "Major Cities" layer is derived from the "World Cities" dataset provided by ArcGIS Data and Maps group as part of the global data layers made available for public use. "Major cities" layer specifically contains National and Provincial capitals that have the highest population within their respective country. Cities were filtered based on the STATUS (“National capital”, “National and provincial capital”, “Provincial capital”, “National capital and provincial capital enclave”, and “Other”). Majority of these cities within larger countries have been filtered at the highest levels of POP_CLASS (“5,000,000 and greater” and “1,000,000 to 4,999,999”). However, China for example, was filtered with cities over 11 million people due to many highly populated cities. Population approximations are sourced from US Census and UN Data. Credits: ESRI, CIA World Factbook, GMI, NIMA, UN Data, UN Habitat, US Census Bureau Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material at this site do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The "Major Cities" layer is derived from the "World Cities" dataset provided by ArcGIS Data and Maps group as part of the global data layers made available for public use.

"Major cities" layer specifically contains National and Provincial capitals that have the highest population within their respective country. Cities were filtered based on the STATUS (“National capital”, “National and provincial capital”, “Provincial capital”, “National capital and provincial capital enclave”, and “Other”). Majority of these cities within larger countries have been filtered at the highest levels of POP_CLASS (“5,000,000 and greater” and “1,000,000 to 4,999,999”). However, China for example, was filtered with cities over 11 million people due to many highly populated cities. Population approximations are sourced from US Census and UN Data.

Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material at this site do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Data publication: 2021-03-12

Citation:

Credits: ESRI, CIA World Factbook, GMI, NIMA, UN Data, UN Habitat, US Census Bureau

Contact points:

Resource Contact: ESRI - ArcGIS Data and Maps

Metadata Contact: Justeen De Ocampo

Resource constraints:

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC- SA 3.0 IGO)

Online resources:

World Cities layer from ArcGIS Data & Maps

ArcGIS Data and Maps group background and available datasets.

Abstract

In 1983 Sri Lanka participated in the 1983 World Program of Industrial Statistics by carrying out a Census of Industry, on a nation-wide scale. The earliest attempt made at seeking information from the industrial sector was in the “Census of Agriculture and Industries”, that was taken in conjunction with the Population Census of 1946. With the steady increase in industrial activities in Sri Lanka and the growing recognition of the importance of industrial statistics for purposes of planning, a systematic attempt was made to collect data on industrial production through the Census of Industry 1952. This covered Mining and quarrying, Manufacturing, Electricity and Gas and also Construction. The Census of 1952 was confined only to the factory type of establishments which had not less than 5 paid employees, employed a capital of not less than Rs 3000 and used mechanical power in any of its production processes. Among the major agro-based export industries, coconut and oil milling were covered in the 1952 census, while tea factories and rubber mills were excluded, and brought instead within the scope of the Census of Agriculture.
The next Census of industry was conducted in 1964, the scope and coverage of which was similar to that of the 1952 census. The frame for this Census was based on list of buildings prepared for the Census of population 1963. However there was considerable difficulty in identifying the buildings in which industrial activities were carried out. As a result the list of industrial establishments complied on this basis did not provide a satisfactory frame to determine the overall magnitude of “factory establishments” in the industrial sector. The results as analyzed from the limited number of census returns received could thus not yield a sufficiently realistic picture of the level and structure of industrial activity in the country.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage.

Analysis unit

Industrial establishments - Defined as the unit directed by a single owning or controlling entity that is engaged in the production of the most homogeneous group of goods and services, usually at one location but sometimes over a wider area, for which separate records are available(eg. plant, factory, mill, mine, workshop etc) In cases where industrial enterprises were engaged in the production of more than one homogeneous group of goods and services in different locations, separate returns were generally obtained for each such product group and location. In cases where establishments operated by a single owner or enterprise was located within the area of one GS Division or Ward, these several units could furnish a single return and this would be reckoned as one establishment. Ancillary units including warehouses, garages repair shops electric plants which primarily served the needs of a single establishment, if they were in the same site within the same GS division , or Ward were treated as part of the main establishment. Otherwise these were treated as separate establishments but classified to the same industry as the parent establishment.

Universe

The census covered establishments engaged primarily in the activities of Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing and the production and distribution of Electricity, Gas and water which correspond to major divisions 2,3 and 4 respectively of the UN classification of ISIC and represented the industrial sector specified for census coverage. The final census was conducted in two phases (Nov - Dec 1983 and Feb - Mar 1984) and involved the canvassing of the required data by the method of direct personal visits to approximately 40,000 establishments, which covered (a) all establishments 'engaging 5 or more persons' and (b) a representative sample of establishments in the small -scale sector viz. units engaging less than 5 persons.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample was a nationally representative probability sample drawn from the directory of industrial establishments. It was decided to select a total sample of 25000 establishments. The census estimates of all the variables were required at district level by ISIC, three digit categories. Each district was subdivided into AGA Division, MC areas and UC areas. Within each such area, establishments were classified according to ISIC three digit categories which constitute the basic stratum. The sample was allocated sequentially to districts, AGA, MC or UC and ISIC three digit categories proportional to the number of establishments . The sample was selected systematically.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Depending on the manner in which large and small-scale business undertakings maintained their business records, it was decided to use the following two types of census questionnaires for the canvassing of data at the final enumeration.

Questionnaire CI/2S - the short form for enumeration of selected sample small scale establishments, where less detailed information was canvassed on the basic range of items specified by the UN for the 1983 World Program of Industrial Censuses. This is the questionnaire which is valid for the present study.

Special Remarks : Questionnaire CI/2L - the long form for enumeration of medium and large scale establishments, where detailed information was sought on the full range of items recommended by the UN for the 1983 World Program of Industrial Censuses.

Response rate

A total of 37,754 establishments furnished satisfactory returns (returns reckoned for tabulation of primary results) and this yielded an overall all-island response rate of 88.3% with the corresponding rates '5 and over persons engaged' category and for the 'under 5 persons ' category being 83.1% and 93.4% respectively.

The GRID3 settlement extents characterizes building density into three (3) classes: built-up areas (bua_extents), small settlement areas (ssa_extents), and hamlets (hamlet_extents) (Inuwa 2014). These three classes of settlement agglomerations are presented below:Built-up areas (BUAs) are generally areas of urbanization with moderately-to-densely-spaced buildings and a visible grid of streets and blocks. Built-up areas are characterized as polygons containing 13 or more buildings across an area greater than or equal to 400,000 square meters. Small settlements (SSAs) are settled areas of permanently inhabited structures and compounds of roughly a few hundred to a few thousand inhabitants. The housing pattern in SSAs is an assemblage of family compounds adjoining other similar habitations. Small settlement areas are characterized as polygons containing 50 or more buildings across an area less than 400,000 square meters. Hamlets are collections of several compounds or sleeping houses in isolation from small settlements or urban areas. Hamlets are characterized as polygons containing between 1 and 49 buildings across an area less than 400,000 square meters.For full methodological details please explore the data release statement available for download here.Population AttributesThe associated population estimates for the Settlement Extents datasets are derived from two WorldPop high resolution data sources. The WorldPop Top-down constrained population estimates 2020 (Population) uses, for each country, the highest admin level official population totals of the 2000 and 2010 census rounds, that are publicly available and can be mapped to associated boundaries, and projects them to 2020. These projected values then disaggregated statistically to 100x100m resolution using a set of detailed geospatial datasets to disaggregate them to grid cell-based counts. The estimates are constrained to settlements based on the satellite-derived building footprint data from Maxar/ecopia for the 51 African countries, and based on a built settlement growth model of WorldPop for the remaining countries. The Population Counts / Constrained Individual countries 2020 UN adjusted (100m resolution) population estimates (Pop_UN_adj) recognizes that the United Nations produce their own estimates of national population totals. WorldPop, in order to provide flexibility to users, adjusted the number of people per pixel of its top-down constrained population estimates nationally to match the corresponding official United Nations population estimates (i.e. 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects). "Population Counts / Constrained Individual countries 2020 (100m resolution)" & "Population Counts / Constrained Individual countries 2020 UN adjusted (100m resolution)" derived from WorldPop.orgThe GRID3 population estimates (pop_wp1_2) are based on the most recent and best available data of that country and were calculated using the random forest-based dasymetric mapping approach, using the random forest algorithm, to produce a gridded population density data set. This weighting layer was subsequently used to dasymetrically disaggregate population counts from district level totals into grid cells, based on those grid cells which were deemed “settled”. District level population totals from the 2017 Census were downloaded from INE’s website (https://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017). Please, read the relevant data documentation on the WorldPop open Data Repository (https://wopr.worldpop.org/?MOZ/Population).For more information about WorldPop's methods, see:● WorldPop: Methods for Gridded Population Estimate Datasets● WorldPop: Top-down estimation modelling: Constrained vs Unconstrained Suggested Data Set Citation: Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University and Novel-T. 2021. GRID3 Burkina Faso Settlement Extents, Version 01.01. Palisades, NY: Geo-Referenced Infrastructure and Demographic Data for Development (GRID3). https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-d023-ws42 . Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR

Abstract

The Census of industry 2004 covered establishments engaged in the economic activities of

1. Mining & quarrying
2. Manufacturing
3. Generation and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water

Three questionnaires Long Form, Short Form and M&Q Form were used to canvess Large and Medium scale industrial establishments, Small scale establishments and Mining and Quarrying establisdhments respectively.

The final Census was conducted during October - November 2004 by posting the questionnaires to approximately 9000 large and medium scale industrial (person engaged 10 and more) establishments and by personally visiting approximately 21000 establishments which is a representative sample of small scale industries (persons engaged less than 10).

The Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) usually conducts Census of Industry once in ten years in order to have a full coverage of industrial establishments within the territorial boundary of Sri Lanka. The earliest attempt made at seeking information from the industrial sector was in the "Census of Agriculture and Industries", which was conducted in conjunction with the Population Census in 1946. With the steady increase in industrial activities in Sri Lanka and the growing recognition of the importance of industrial statistics for the purposes of planning, a systematic attempt was made to collect data on industrial production through the Census of Industry in 1952.

This covered Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing, Electricity and Gas and also Construction. The Census of Industry, 1952 was confined only to the factory type of establishments, i.e. industrial establishments which had not less than 5 paid employees and which had employed a capital of not less than Rs. 3,000 and used mechanical power in any of its production processes. Among the major agro-based export industries, coconut and oil milling were covered in the 1952 census, while tea factories and rubber mills were excluded, and brought instead within the scope of the Census of Agriculture.

The next Census of Industry was conducted in 1964, the scope and coverage of which was similar to that of the 1952 census. The frame for this census was based on a list of buildings prepared for the Census of Population 1963. However, there was considerable difficulty in identifying the buildings in which industrial activities were carried out. As a result the list of industrial establishments compiled on this basis did not provide a satisfactory frame to determine the overall magnitude of "factory establishments" in the industrial sector. The results as analyzed from the limited number of census returns received, could thus prove to be inadequate for depicting a sufficiently realistic picture of the level and structure of industrial activity in the country.

The Census of Industry conducted by the Department of Census & Statistics in 1983 in accordance with the United Nations program was the last Census of Industry. The 1983 Census of Industry, consisted of two stages and in the first stage, information relating to industries included in the pre-listing schedule F1, in which all buildings were listed in the Census of Population and Housing in 1981, was copied into a separate form and updated depending on the nature of Industry and the number of employees engaged.

In 1983 Sri Lanka participated in the 1983 world programmed Industrial Statistics by carrying out a Census of Industry, on a nation - wide scale. The DCS was supposed to have undertaken the Census of Industry in 1993, but had to postpone until 2003 due to the prolonged unrest prevailed in certain areas of the country.

The Census of Industry held in 2004 is the sixth of its kind in a series of Industrial Censuses conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics for over nearly six decades. It covers establishments engaged in the activities of Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing and the Generation and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Revision - 3 of the United Nations (UN).

Geographic coverage

National Coverage.

The target population for this questionnaire was the Mining and Quarrying establishments in Sri Lanka.

Analysis unit

A questionnaire has to be completed for each establishment (plant, factory, mill, mine, workshop etc.) or jointly for a group of establishments on one site or several sites in the same Grama Niladhari division or ward under one accounting system.

A qualified establishment has its own manufacturing facility its own accounting and a distinct management and location

Ancillary units including administrative offices, warehouses. such as garages, repair shops(which primarily serve the production units) should be treated as part of the establishment.

Industrial establishments - Defined as the unit directed by a single owning or controlling entity that is engaged in the production of the most homogeneous group of goods and services, usually at one location but sometimes over a wider area, for which separate records are available(eg. plant, factory, mill, mine, workshop etc)

In cases where industrial enterprises were engaged in the production of more than one homogeneous group of goods and services in different locations, separate returns were generally obtained for each such product group and location. In cases where establishments operated by a single owner or enterprise was located within the area of one GS Division or Ward, these several units could furnish a single return and this would be reckoned as one establishment.

Ancillary units including warehouses, garages repair shops electric plants which primarily served the needs of a single establishment, if they were in the same site within the same GS division , or Ward were treated as part of the main establishment. Otherwise these were treated as separate establishments but classified to the same industry as the parent establishment.

Universe

The census covered establishments engaged primarily in the activities of Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing and the production and distribution of Electricity, Gas and water which correspond to major divisions 2,3 and 4 respectively of the UN classification of ISIC and represented the industrial sector specified for census coverage.

The questionnaire (called Mining and Quarrying Form) to which this data set belongs was administered to the Mining and Quarrying establishments which belongs to the Large and Medium scale or the Small scale category.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In October-November 2003, DCS conducted a listing operation of Census of Industry prior to the canvass of detailed information on establishments. The census registry was based mainly on notations made during door-to-door canvassing in mid 2000 for the Census of Population and Housing. List of Establishments by Grama Niladhari Divisions were sent in latter part of 2003 to each Grama Niladhari with a request to be updated for industrial establishments (mostly newer ones) that were lacking in 2001, the closures of older ones and for some changes on establishments. The updated list of all industrial establishments was employed as the sampling frame. The whole frame was divided into two groups as establishments with less than 10 persons engaged (Small establishments) and establishments with 10 and more persons engaged (Medium and Large establishments). The small establishments that had less than 10 persons engaged was further divided into two groups as establishments with less than 30 same type of industries (ISIC 4 digits level) and establishments with 30 and more same type of industries (ISIC 4 digits level) in each district.

A total of 30,913establishments were selected. Those 9,950 establishments that have 10 and more persons engaged were selected with certainty. The small establishments with less than 30 same kind of industries were selected with certainty totaling 9089 while others (i.e. establishment with 30 and more same kind of industries) were selected by using the stratified simple random sample design. In general, strata were defined by the kind of industries at ISIC 4 digits level and district groups In absence of any other auxiliary variables in the list frame that could be used in the sample allocation and selection, sample sizes across strata were determined using proportional allocation. That is, if Nh is the population size in stratum h and N IS the population size, the first iteration sample size nh in stratum h is derived by

Nh=Nh x11874/ N

Sampling deviation

The non-response weight is the ratio the sample size to the total respondents. The establishments that were considered as non-respondents are those who refused to participate in the Census. The following are considered with frame problems:
those establishments that cannot be located, those that were closed (they should not be included in the sampling frame), those that are out-of-scope (the ISIC classification was not specified correctly) and those that were duplicates and mergers.

Of the small establishments with 30 and more same kind of industries in the sampling frame, 10.9% should not have been included. This is rather a big percentage of the such small establishments and therefore, requires an adjustment factor to be incorporated in the weight. To illustrate, if Nh is the population size for stratum hand nh is the corresponding sample size, then the corresponding selection probability Ph is

               Ph = nh/Nh

If given the stratum h, qlh is the proportion of establishments with frame problems (proportion of those that should not be included in the frame) and q2h is the proportion of establishments

This feature layer was created using Census 2016 data produced by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and Settlements boundary data (generalised to 20m) produced by Tailte Éireann. The layer represents Census 2016 theme 10.4, population aged 15+ by highest level of education completed. Attributes include a breakdown of population by highest level of education completed and sex (e.g. Upper secondary - males, primary education - females). Census 2016 theme 10 represents Education. The Census is carried out every five years by the CSO to determine an account of every person in Ireland. The results provide information on a range of themes, such as, population, housing and education. The data were sourced from the CSO. In order to distinguish between the urban and rural population for census analysis, the boundaries of distinct settlements need to be defined. This requires the creation of suburbs and extensions to existing cities and legal towns as well as delineating boundaries for settlements which are not legally defined (called Census towns). From 1971 to 2006, Census towns were defined as a cluster of fifty or more occupied dwellings where, within a radius of 800 metres there was a nucleus of thirty occupied dwellings (on both sides of a road, or twenty on one side of a road), along with a clearly defined urban centre e.g. a shop, a school, a place of worship or a community centre. Census town boundaries where extended over time where there was an occupied dwelling within 200 metres of the existing boundary. To avoid the agglomeration of adjacent towns caused by the inclusion of low density one off dwellings on the approach routes to towns, the 2011 criteria were tightened, in line with UN criteria. In Census 2011 a new Census town was defined as being a cluster with a minimum of 50 occupied dwellings, with a maximum distance between any dwelling and the building closest to it of 100 metres, and where there was evidence of an urban centre (shop, school etc). The proximity criteria for extending existing 2006 Census town boundaries was also amended to include all occupied dwellings within 100 metres of an existing building. Other information based on Tailte Éireann mapping and orthogonal photography was taken into account when extending boundaries. Boundary extensions were generally made to include the land parcel on which a dwelling was built or using other physical features such as roads, paths etc. Extensions to the environs and suburbs of legal towns and cities were also constructed using the 100 metre proximity rule applied to Census towns. For census reports, urban settlements are towns with a population of 1,500 or more, while settlements with a population of less than 1,500 are classified as rural.

SETTLEMENT EXTENTS:The Nigeria Settlement Extents Version 01.02. database are polygons representing areas where there is likely a human settlement based on the presence of buildings detected in satellite imagery. Settlement extents are not meant to represent the boundaries of an administrative unit or locality. A single settlement extent may be made up of multiple localities, especially in urban areas. Each settlement extent has an associated population estimate. Provided is information on the common operational boundary that the extent fully resides within along with their associated place codes (PCodes)The data are in geodatabase format and consist of a single-feature class combining built-up areas (BUA), small settlement areas (SSA), and hamlets (hamlets). A built-up area (BUA) is generally an area of urbanisation with moderately-to-densely-spaced buildings and a visible grid of streets and blocks. Built up areas are characterized as polygons containing 13 or more buildings across an area greater than or equal to 400,000 square meters. A small settlement (SSA) is a settled area of permanently inhabited structures and compounds of roughly a few hundred to a few thousand inhabitants. The housing pattern in SSAs is an assemblage of family compounds adjoining other similar habitations. Small settlement areas are characterized as polygons containing 50 or more buildings across an area less than 400,000 square meters. A hamlet is a collection of several compounds or sleeping houses in isolation from small settlements or urban areas. Hamlets are characterized as polygons containing between 1 and 49 buildings across an area less than 400,000 square meters. Extent: Nigeria: Admin Level 0 Boundaries. The overall extent of the layer is limited to the overall extent of the building footprint data set and may not reflect the extent of official administrative boundaries. Coordinate system: GCS WGS 1984.For full methodological details please explore data release statement available for download here. POPULATION ATTRIBUTES:The associated population estimates for the Settlement Extents datasets are derived from two WorldPop high resolution data sources. (1) The WorldPop Top-down constrained population estimates 2020 (Population) uses, for each country, the highest admin level official population totals of the 2000 and 2010 census rounds, that are publicly available and can be mapped to associated boundaries, and projects them to 2020. These projected values then disaggregated statistically to 100x100m resolution using a set of detailed geospatial datasets to disaggregate them to grid cell-based counts. The estimates are constrained to settlements based on the satellite-derived building footprint data from Maxar/ecopia for the 51 African countries, and based on a built settlement growth model of WorldPop for the remaining countries.(2) The Population Counts / Constrained Individual countries 2020 UN adjusted (100m resolution) population estimates (Pop_UN_adj) recognises that the United Nations produce their own estimates of national population totals. WorldPop, in order to provide flexibility to users, adjusted the number of people per pixel of its top-down constrained population estimates nationally to match the corresponding official United Nations population estimates (i.e. 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects).(3) The GRID3 population estimates (gridded) are based on the most recent and best available data of that country and were calculated using a bespoke (so called bottom-up) statistical model. Please, read the relevant data documentation on the WorldPop open Data Repository (https://wopr.worldpop.org/?NGA/Population).For more information about WorldPop’s methods, see: https://www.worldpop.org/methods/populations and https://www.worldpop.org/methods/top_down_constrained_vs_unconstrained"Population Counts / Constrained Individual countries 2020 (100m resolution)" & "Population Counts / Constrained Individual countries 2020 UN adjusted (100m resolution)" derived from WorldPop.orgSuggested Data Set Citation: Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University and Novel-T. 2021. GRID3 Federal Republic of Nigeria Settlement Extents, Version 01.02. Palisades, NY: Geo-Referenced Infrastructure and Demographic Data for Development (GRID3). https://doi.org/10.7916/1tb8-bm49 Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR

The history of modern Brazil begins in the year 1500 when Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived with a small fleet and claimed the land for the Portuguese Empire. With the Treaty of Torsedillas in 1494, Spain and Portugal agreed to split the New World peacefully, thus allowing Portugal to take control of the area with little competition from other European powers. As the Portuguese did not arrive with large numbers, and the indigenous population was overwhelmed with disease, large numbers of African slaves were transported across the Atlantic and forced to harvest or mine Brazil's wealth of natural resources. These slaves were forced to work in sugar, coffee and rubber plantations and gold and diamond mines, which helped fund Portuguese expansion across the globe. In modern history, transatlantic slavery brought more Africans to Brazil than any other country in the world. This combination of European, African and indigenous peoples set the foundation for what has become one of the most ethnically diverse countries across the globe.

Independence and Monarchy By the early eighteenth century, Portugal had established control over most of modern-day Brazil, and the population more than doubled in each half of the 1800s. The capital of the Portuguese empire was moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 (as Napoleon's forces moved closer towards Lisbon), making this the only time in European history where a capital was moved to another continent. The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was established in 1815, and when the Portuguese monarchy and capital returned to Lisbon in 1821, the King's son, Dom Pedro, remained in Brazil as regent. The following year, Dom Pedro declared Brazil's independence, and within three years, most other major powers (including Portugal) recognized the Empire of Brazil as an independent monarchy and formed economic relations with it; this was a much more peaceful transition to independence than many of the ex-Spanish colonies in the Americas. Under the reign of Dom Pedro II, Brazil's political stability remained relatively intact, and the economy grew through its exportation of raw materials and economic alliances with Portugal and Britain. Despite pressure from political opponents, Pedro II abolished slavery in 1850 (as part of a trade agreement with Britain), and Brazil remained a powerful, stable and progressive nation under Pedro II's leadership, in stark contrast to its South American neighbors. The booming economy also attracted millions of migrants from Europe and Asia around the turn of the twentieth century, which has had a profound impact on Brazil's demography and culture to this day.

The New Republic

Despite his popularity, King Pedro II was overthrown in a military coup in 1889, ending his 58 year reign and initiating six decades of political instability and economic difficulties. A series of military coups, failed attempts to restore stability, and the decline of Brazil's overseas influence contributed greatly to a weakened economy in the early 1900s. The 1930s saw the emergence of Getúlio Vargas, who ruled as a fascist dictator for two decades. Despite a growing economy and Brazil's alliance with the Allied Powers in the Second World War, the end of fascism in Europe weakened Vargas' position in Brazil, and he was eventually overthrown by the military, who then re-introduced democracy to Brazil in 1945. Vargas was then elected to power in 1951, and remained popular among the general public, however political opposition to his beliefs and methods led to his suicide in 1954. Further political instability ensued and a brutal, yet prosperous, military dictatorship took control in the 1960s and 1970s, but Brazil gradually returned to a democratic nation in the 1980s. Brazil's economic and political stability fluctuated over the subsequent four decades, and a corruption scandal in the 2010s saw the impeachment of President Dilma Rousseff. Despite all of this economic instability and political turmoil, Brazil is one of the world's largest economies and is sometimes seen as a potential superpower. The World Bank classifies it as a upper-middle income country and it has the largest share of global wealth in Latin America. It is the largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking), and sixth most populous country in the world, with a population of more than 210 million people.

The Vatican City, often called the Holy See, has the smallest population worldwide, with only 496 inhabitants. It is also the smallest country in the world by size. The islands Niue, Tuvalu, and Nauru followed in the next three positions. On the other hand, India is the most populated country in the world, with over 1.4 billion inhabitants.

At over four kilometers above sea level, Potosí, Bolivia is one of the highest cities in the world. According to census data from 2012, the population of Potosí was almost 176,000 people; a figure that is barely 16 thousand more than its estimated population four centuries before. It is estimated that the population of Potosí grew from 14 thousand in 1547, to 150 thousand by the turn of the 17th century (and some estimates suggest that it exceeded 200,000 in subsequent decades). With this explosion in population growth, Potosí quickly became the most populous city in the Americas, and was even larger than most European cities in the 17th century. This growth came following the discovery of silver deposits in 1545 in a nearby mountain, later named Cerro Rico ("Rich Hill"); this silver would provide a significant share of the Spanish crown's wealth during the 16th century, helping Spain grow to become the most powerful nation on earth at this time. Forced labor Following the defeat of the Incas in 1536, Spanish colonizers then subjugated the native populations of the Andes and put them to work. As it was impractical and expensive to transport African slaves to this region of the Andes, and the New Laws of 1542 prohibited the enslavement of indigenous Americans, the Spanish simply used violence and intimidation to force local populations to mine the silver at Potosí. The Incan tradition of Mit'a; where adult males were drafted to provide mandatory labor for the betterment of local infrastructure and facilities; was eventually appropriated by Spanish authorities as the legal basis of their demand for labor from local areas. It is estimated that one in every seven indigenous adult males was drafted from nearby communities to work in the mines of Potosí. Some reports suggest that the locals viewed this work as a death sentence, as the survival rate among drafted workers was fewer than 15 percent in some periods. There are further reports that forced laborers were expected to do the most strenuous tasks, which included carrying 25 or 45 kilogram sacks of silver along 300 meter shafts, as often as 25 times per day. The high death rate was not only due to over-intensive labor, accidents and injuries (cave-ins were common), but also malnutrition, disease and extreme temperatures and altitudes, as well as respiratory illnesses caused by the inhalation of dust, mercury and arsenic, among others.

"Valer un Potosí" Around the turn of the 17th century, the Spanish Americas produced almost all of the silver mined in the world. The Spanish crown claimed a significant share of this silver, and in some years, Potosí silver was responsible for a quarter of all Spanish revenues. This silver also played a significant part in the emergence of inter-continental trade, as a large portion of it was eventually used as currency for trade with China; some historians define this as the birth of the global economy. Eventually, the legend of Potosí grew, attracting thousands of voluntary workers from all over the Americas, as well as large numbers of Europeans in search of fortune. The silver deposits began to dry up in the mid-1600s, and the population dropped to just 60,000 by the end of the century, when silver output was just one third of its peak level. As time passed, the silver all but disappeared, and miners turned to other materials such as tin, zinc and copper (which continue to be procured today); however the legacy of Potosí's wealth continues and is used in the Spanish language when describing something of considerable value as being; "valer un Potosí" (worth a Potosí).

In 1800, it is estimated that approximately 9.4 million people lived in the region of modern-day South Korea (and 13.8 million on the entire peninsula). The population of this region would remain fairly constant through much of the 19th century, but would begin to grow gradually starting in the mid-1800s, as the fall of the Joseon dynasty and pressure from the U.S. and Japan would end centuries of Korean isolationism. Following the opening of the country to foreign trade, the Korean peninsula would begin to modernize, and by the start of the 20th century, it would have a population of just over ten million. The Korean peninsula was then annexed by Japan in 1910, whose regime implemented industrialization and modernization policies that saw the population of South Korea rising from just under ten million in 1900, to over fifteen million by the start of the Second World War in 1939.

The Korean War Like most regions, the end of the Second World War coincided with a baby boom, that helped see South Korea's population grow by almost two million between 1945 and 1950. However, this boom would stop suddenly in the early 1950s, due to disruption caused by the Korean War. After WWII, the peninsula was split along the 38th parallel, with governments on both sides claiming to be the legitimate rulers of all Korea. Five years of tensions then culminated in North Korea's invasion of the South in June 1950, in the first major conflict of the Cold War. In September, the UN-backed South then repelled the Soviet- and Chinese-backed Northern army, and the frontlines would then fluctuate on either side of the 38th parallel throughout the next three years. The war came to an end in July, 1953, and had an estimated death toll of three million fatalities. The majority of fatalities were civilians on both sides, although the North suffered a disproportionate amount due to extensive bombing campaigns of the U.S. Unlike North Korea, the South's total population did not fall during the war.

Post-war South Korea Between the war's end and the late 1980s, the South's total population more than doubled. In these decades, South Korea was generally viewed as a nominal democracy under authoritarian and military leadership; it was not until 1988 when South Korea transitioned into a stable democracy, and grew its international presence. Much of South Korea's rapid socio-economic growth in the late 20th century was based on the West German model, and was greatly assisted by Japanese and U.S. investment. Today, South Korea is considered one of the world's wealthiest and most developed nations, ranking highly in terms of GDP, human development and life expectancy; it is home to some of the most valuable brands in the world, such as Samsung and Hyundai; and has a growing international cultural presence in music and cinema. In the past decades, South Korea's population growth has somewhat slowed, however it remains one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with total population of more than 51 million people.

The age distribution of China's population by five-year age groups in 2023 demonstrates that there are more females than males in the population for all age groups below 60 to 64 years. The largest gender difference exists for the younger age groups born between 2000 and 2010 when the one-child policy had been enforced most strictly.

As of the year 2024, the population of the capital city of India, Delhi was over 33 million people. This was a 2.63 percent growth from last year. The historical trends show that the population doubled between 1990 and 2010. However, the population growth rate in the last three years has been the lowest since the recorded period starting in 1960. The UN estimated that the population was expected to reach around 35 million by 2030. Reasons for population growth   As per the Delhi Economic Survey, migration added over 200 thousand people to Delhi’s population in 2022. The estimates showed relative stability in natural population growth for a long time before the pandemic. The numbers suggest a sharp decrease in birth rates from 2020 onwards and a corresponding increase in death rates in 2021 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The net natural addition or the remaining growth is attributed to migration. These estimates are based on trends published by the Civil Registration System. National Capital Region (NCR) Usually, population estimates for Delhi represent the urban agglomeration of Delhi, which includes Delhi and some of its adjacent suburban areas. The National Capital Region or NCR is one of the largest urban agglomerations in the world. It is an example of inter-state regional planning and development, centred around the National Capital Territory of Delhi, and covering certain districts of neighbouring states Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Noida, Gurugram, and Ghaziabad are some of the key cities of NCR. Over the past decade, NCR has emerged as a key economic centre in India.