In 2022, the highest and lowest rates of economic inactivity were in the combined Pakistani and Bangladeshi (33%) and white 'other’ (15%) ethnic groups.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The aims of this project were to:understand the demographic changes that United Kingdom local ethnic populations are presently experiencing and are likely to experience in the remainder of the 21st century understand the impact that international migration is having on the size and ethnic composition of UK local populationsunderstand the role that differences in fertility between the UK's ethnic groups plays in shaping current and future trendsunderstand the role that mortality differences between ethnic groups is playing in the changing demography of the UK's local populationsunderstand how the ethnic diversity of UK local populations is changing and likely to change in the futuredeliver the projections as a resource for use by social science in the UKbuild capacity in the analysis of demographic change through the development of young and middle career researcherstap into the best practice internationally to benefit the UK social science community.To achieve the project aims, the objectives were to:build projections of the populations of ethnic groups for UK local areasuse the population projection model to explore alternative futures.The project built a model for projecting the ethnic group populations of UK Local Authorities (LAs), which handles 352 LAs, 16 ethnic groups, 102 ages and 2 sexes. To drive the projections, estimates of the components of ethnic change were prepared for 2001-7. A new method produced UK estimates of ethnic life expectancy, ranging from 82 years for Chinese women to 77 for Pakistani. A future 2% decline in mortality per annum was assumed. Ethnic fertility estimates showed that only Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis had total fertility rates above replacement. Small declines in fertility were forecast. New estimates of the local distribution of immigration were made, using administrative data, because of concerns about official figures. The ethnicity of both immigrants and emigrants for local areas was projected. Estimates were constructed of the ethnic group probabilities for internal in- and out-migration for LAs using 2001 Census data. These probabilities were assumed constant in the future, as migration was stable between 2001 and 2008. Five projections were produced. Two benchmark projections, using constant inputs from 2001-2, forecast the UK population would be 62 and 56 million in 2051.The official projection reports 77 million. The Trend projection, aligned to ONS assumptions projected 78 million for 2051. Using revised assumptions 80 million was projected in a fourth projection. When the model for emigration was changed the projected population was only 71 million. All projections showed ageing and dispersion of ethnic minorities. By 2051 the UK will have a larger, more diverse and integrated population. For further information about the project, see documentation and the What happens when international migrants settle? Ethnic group population trends and projections for UK local areas under alternative scenarios ESRC award page.

In 2015 a team of researchers based in Greece, Italy, Turkey and Malta undertook interviews with refugees and migrants as well as stakeholders and observed events of the so-called ‘migration crisis’ as they unfolded.

The dataset deposited here includes information on semi-structured interviews with a total of 500 refugees and migrants, 440 of whom had crossed the Mediterranean by boat in 2015 to Greece (215 interviews), Italy (205 interviews) and Malta (20 interviews) together with a further 60 respondents who had moved to Turkey and were considering making the onward journey to Europe. These countries reflected the key locations of the crisis.

The initial analysis of the dataset has meant that it has been coded to record who was on the move, the journeys that they made and the routes that they took. This enables an examination of the relationship between micro-level characteristics and the geographies of migration that were recorded.

Specifically the dataset here includes:

1. Methodological note - a description of the project, the approach to the fieldwork and the analysis undertaken

2. Individuals - data on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the interviewees.

3. Routes - data on the routes taken by our interviewees and the duration taken to travel along them.

4. Journeys - data setting out the individual stops and journeys recorded from each interviewee, travel method between them and duration of travel. This has been prepared for insertion into GIS Mapping software.

   In the first six months of 2015 more than 100,000 migrants crossed the Mediterranean, arriving at the shores of southern Europe in search of protection or a better life. In the same period more than 1,800 people lost their lives, drowning as overloaded and often unseaworthy boats sank into the sea. Although the crisis is in many ways nothing new, these scenes have captured the public and media imagination and have challenged the ability of European States to respond appropriately. Recent months have seen increasingly heated discussions at the national and EU level about whether rescues at sea are a vital humanitarian intervention or simply encourage others to attempt the crossing, and whether those who arrive can be dealt with through mandatory or voluntary relocation quotas. Many of these discussions are underpinned by assumptions about why it is that migrants make the journey to Europe in the first place.

In this context the research aims to better understand the dynamics of migration in the Mediterranean region by providing the first large-scale, systematic and comparative study of the backgrounds, experiences, aspirations and routes of migrants in four European countries (Italy, Greece, Malta and Turkey) gathered from 550 migrants who have recently arrived and 100 stakeholders. The research pushes the theoretical and conceptual boundaries of migration studies, encouraging critical reflexive dialogue and practice by opening new and inclusive spaces for questioning and challenging established ways of categorising and thinking about with the Mediterranean migration crisis. In so doing it will create opportunities for increased policy dialogue and academic collaboration between the case study countries - and across the EU more generally - around the evidence gathered.

The research is underpinned by a number of urgent research questions which inform the collection and analysis of the data: 1. What are the underlying factors shaping migration from countries of origin and how do the characteristics and backgrounds of migrants shape the response to structural issues? 2. What are the opportunity structures that shape, inform or constrain migrant journeys to Europe? 3. What are the differences between the Central Mediterranean (principally from Libya to Italy and Malta) and Eastern (Turkey to Greece) Mediterranean routes? 4. To what extent are migrant journeys to Europe, or particular countries within Europe, shaped or even determined by non-state actors (agents, facilitators and civil society)? 5. What are the impacts of policies intended to deter or prevent migrants from crossing the Mediterranean?

The research will be delivered by a team of leading UK migration scholars from the Universities of Coventry, Oxford, Birmingham and Sussex working in collaboration with academic partners in the case study countries and supported by experts from international, governmental and non-governmental organisations. The team has established relationships with local civil society organisations that will facilitate access to research participants and provide advice and information on policy or other developments which could impact on the delivery of the project.

The research will benefit a wide range of academic, governmental, international and civil society organisations and inform the development of strategic, political and policy responses to the migration crisis in the Mediterranean. This impact will be secured through a three-stage stage process involving: the production of evidence in formats accessible to a range of audiences; a clearly articulated process for securing impact involving dissemination events and outreach activities to connect the evidence with audiences that influence and inform the policy making process and; the development of cross-national networks of researchers, policy makers and practitioners to drive longer term policy change. These will create feedback loops and opportunities for further research.

IntroductionMigrant women who speak languages other than English in the UK face elevated risks of adverse birth outcomes and experience significant maternal health disparities, conditions exacerbated by persistent inadequacies in interpreting service availability, quality, and costs. While video-mediated interpreting has been proposed as a solution, little is known about the systemic barriers that might limit its effectiveness in real-world settings.MethodsThis study employed a transformative mixed-methods approach to investigate systemic barriers in maternity interpreting services, focusing on interpreter retention, service availability, and video-mediated interpreting implementation, specifically LanguageLine Solutions' interpreter-on-wheels (IOW). Data were collected in the UK between 2019 and 2022 from seven key stakeholder groups: Migrant women (n = 24), support workers (n = 10), maternity care professionals (n = 46), interpreters (n = 159), bilingual health advocates (n = 7), language service providers (n = 6) and a commissioner. Semi-structured interviews, surveys, focus groups, ethnographic observations and service provider data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and descriptive statistics.ResultsThe analysis revealed three interconnected systemic barriers forming a vicious circle in interpreting service provision: (1) Constrained user agency, where migrant women prioritised basic access to any interpreting support over preferences for service quality due to systematic service failures; (2) interpreter workforce sustainability crisis, with nearly 60.4% of interpreters having decreased or stopped healthcare interpreting assignments due to poor remuneration and better opportunities elsewhere; (3) infrastructure implementation failures, with interpreter-on-wheels implementation hampered by unreliable infrastructure, achieving only 11% utilisation despite its potential benefits.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate how interpreting service challenges form an interconnected system where workforce issues, technical infrastructure, and institutional practices mutually reinforce one another, creating a vicious circle that perpetuates service inadequacies. This study advances understanding of the systemic nature of interpreting service challenges in maternity care for migrant women and highlights the need for coordinated interventions that address multiple interconnected barriers simultaneously, rather than isolated technological solutions.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The purpose of this survey was to investigate non-Maltese peoples' contacts with and knowledge of Maltese living in London, to provide some estimates of the general distribution of the attitudes towards Maltese and the Maltese community. The main items on which information was sought were the extent of respondents' contact with Maltese people, their knowledge and acceptance of the Maltese `bad name', their judgment on whether or not it should be regarded as a collectively responsible group. Main Topics: Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions Visits to Malta (reasons), knowledge of Maltese people in London, estimated Maltese population in Greater London, whether Maltese community considered 'close-knit', whether Maltese are easily recognisable, whether respondent would classify the Maltese as white, coloured or somewhere in-between. Respondents asked to guess at the reactions of a law-abiding, Maltese person to: unwarranted suspicion from the police, hearing a friend is under suspicion. Opinion of the Maltese bad reputation, opinion about reasons for Maltese crime (whose fault), suggested preventive action. Degree of responsibility the Maltese community should exercise over its members, suggested methods of control for use within the Maltese community. Whether Maltese immigrants are treated fairly, whether Britain helps Malta enough, whether immigration into UK should be encouraged, opinion on Maltese assimilation into British society. Background Variables Age, place of birth, marital status, number of children, length of residence in London. Present and previous occupation, length of service, age finished full-time education, any military service (specify), religion, political support.

Background: The incidence of mental illness has risen since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The number of healthcare workers (HCWs) needing mental health support has increased significantly. Objective: This secondary analysis of qualitative data explored the coping strategies of migrant HCWs living in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our aim was to identify the coping strategies used by migrant HCWs, and how they could be explored post-pandemic as support mechanisms of an increasingly diverse workforce. Method: As part of the United Kingdom Research study into Ethnicity And COVID-19 outcomes among Healthcare workers (UK-REACH), we conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus groups with clinical and non-clinical HCWs across the UK, on Microsoft Teams, from December 2020 to July 2021. We conducted a thematic analysis using Braun and Clarke’s framework to explore the lived experiences of HCWs born overseas and living in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. The key themes that emerged were described using Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping. Results: The emerging themes include stressors (situation triggering stress), appraisal (situation acknowledged as a source of stress), emotion-focused coping (family and social support and religious beliefs), problem-focused coping (engaging in self-care, seeking and receiving professional support), and coping strategy outcomes. The participants described the short-term benefit of the coping strategies as a shift in focus from COVID-19, which reduced their anxiety and stress levels. However, the long-term impact is unknown. Conclusion: We found that some migrant HCWs struggled with their mental health and used various coping strategies during the pandemic. With an increasingly diverse healthcare workforce, it will be beneficial to explore how coping strategies (family and social support networks, religion, self-care, and professional support) could be used in the future and how occupational policies and infrastructure can be adapted to support these communities. Migrant (non-UK-born) HCWs used various coping strategies to sustain their mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.The study conceptualized the coping mechanisms that enabled participants to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, using Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model of stress and coping.Future research should explore whether short-term gains due to coping during the pandemic were maintained in the long term. Migrant (non-UK-born) HCWs used various coping strategies to sustain their mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study conceptualized the coping mechanisms that enabled participants to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, using Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model of stress and coping. Future research should explore whether short-term gains due to coping during the pandemic were maintained in the long term.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.BackgroundThe British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey series began in 1983. The series is designed to produce annual measures of attitudinal movements to complement large-scale government surveys that deal largely with facts and behaviour patterns, and the data on party political attitudes produced by opinion polls. One of the BSA's main purposes is to allow the monitoring of patterns of continuity and change, and the examination of the relative rates at which attitudes, in respect of a range of social issues, change over time. Some questions are asked regularly, others less often. Funding for BSA comes from a number of sources (including government departments, the Economic and Social Research Council and other research foundations), but the final responsibility for the coverage and wording of the annual questionnaires rests with NatCen Social Research (formerly Social and Community Planning Research). The BSA has been conducted every year since 1983, except in 1988 and 1992 when core funding was devoted to the British Election Study (BES).Further information about the series and links to publications may be found on the NatCen Social Research British Social Attitudes webpage. The BSA 2019 report, including Key Findings, is available from on the NatCen BSA website: Curtice, J., Hudson, N., and Montagu, I. (eds.) (2020) British Social Attitudes: the 37th report, London: The National Centre for Social Research. Main Topics:Each year, the BSA interview questionnaire contains a number of 'core' questions, which are repeated in most years. In addition, a wide range of background and classificatory questions is included. The remainder of the questionnaire is devoted to a series of questions (modules) on a range of social, economic, political and moral issues - some are asked regularly, others less often. Cross-indexes of those questions asked more than once appear in the reports. In 2019 the main survey covered the following: political party identification, welfare, health, Brexit, political trust, prejudice, immigration, equalities, gender, unpaid care, income, retirement and pensions, vaping, and social inequalities (the ISSP module). Multi-stage stratified random sample See documentation for each BSA year for full details. 2019 ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ACCESS TO PUBLIC SE... ADULTS AGE BRITISH POLITICAL P... BUSINESS OWNERSHIP CARE OF DEPENDANTS CARE STANDARDS CAREGIVERS CARS CENSORSHIP CENTRAL GOVERNMENT CHARITABLE ORGANIZA... CHILD BENEFITS CHILDREN CITIZENSHIP CIVIL AND POLITICAL... CONSERVATIVE PARTY ... COST OF LIVING CULTURAL IDENTITY DEATH PENALTY DEBILITATIVE ILLNESS DECENTRALIZED GOVER... DEMENTIA DEVELOPMENT PLANNING DISABILITIES DISCRIMINATION ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC INDICATORS EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND EDUCATIONAL FEES ELDERLY EMPLOYEES EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT HISTORY EQUALITY BEFORE THE... ETHICS OF SCIENCE ETHNIC GROUPS EU REFERENDUM 2016 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION MEMB... FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FATHER S OCCUPATION FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES FLEXIBLE WORKING TIME FULL TIME EMPLOYMENT GENDER GENDER ROLE GOVERNMENT POLICY GOVERNMENT ROLE Great Britain HEALTH HEALTH SERVICES HIGHER EDUCATION HOME OWNERSHIP HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS HOSPITAL SERVICES HOURS OF WORK HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING CONSTRUCTION HOUSING POLICY HOUSING TENURE IMMIGRATION INCOME INTERNATIONAL RELAT... INTERNET USE LABOUR PARTY GREAT ... LIFE SATISFACTION LIVING CONDITIONS MARITAL STATUS NATIONAL IDENTITY NATIONALITY NEWSPAPER READERSHIP OCCUPATIONAL QUALIF... OCCUPATIONS PART TIME EMPLOYMENT PATRIOTISM PENSIONS POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE POLITICAL ATTITUDES POLITICAL EXTREMISM POLITICAL INTEREST POLITICS POVERTY PREJUDICE PRIVATE SECTOR PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT QUALIFICATIONS QUALITY OF LIFE RELIGION RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION RELIGIOUS ATTENDANCE RETIREMENT SATISFACTION WITH S... SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH SELF EMPLOYED SEXUAL IDENTITY SOCIAL ATTITUDES SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL HOUSING SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL ISSUES SOCIAL SECURITY BEN... SOCIAL SUPPORT SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIAL WELFARE PHIL... SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS SPOUSE S ECONOMIC A... SPOUSE S EMPLOYMENT SPOUSES STANDARD OF LIVING STATE HEALTH SERVICES STATE RESPONSIBILITY SUPERVISORY STATUS Social behaviour an... Social conditions a... TELEVISION VIEWING TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP TRADE UNIONS TRANSPORT TRUST TRUST IN GOVERNMENT TRUST IN OFFICIAL S... VAPING WELL BEING SOCIETY WORKING CONDITIONS

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The purpose of this survey was to study non-white people aged 15 and over, whose families originate from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, or the East Indies, with reference to their housing, employment and educational characteristics, their awareness and experience of racial discrimination. Comparative data were also collected for white men aged 16 and over, using the same questionnaire but with questions omitted when not applicable. Main Topics: Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions Immigration: reasons; advantages of Britain/previous country; whether definite job arranged prior to arrival. Residence: number of rooms occupied; whether house was multi-occupied; amenities (whether shared); number of addresses in past five years. Tenure: 1. If owned: whether singly or jointly; mortgage/loan details; leasehold/freehold (date of expiry). 2. If rented: rent and rates details; council/private ownership; race of landlord. Council house tenants were asked how they obtained their housing. Reasons for leaving previous residence: A. Personal experience of mortgage/loan refusal, type of organisation which refused, year of application. B. Personal experience of refusal of rented accommodation, number of refusals, details of last refusal. In both A and B, respondents were asked to give the organisation's reasons for refusal and their personal opinion of reasons, with an explanation. Details of housing and financial facilities provided by the Council, entitlement/receipt of rent rebates and/or allowances, whether respondent has made an application to the council (length of time on waiting list). Occupation: hours worked per week, position, responsibility, qualifications, nature of firm, number of employees, source of information about job, promotion prospects, job satisfaction. In addition, respondents were asked whether they had visited the employment exchange or were receiving/had received benefits since 1964. Respondents were asked to relate experiences of unfair treatment with regard to promotion or application for jobs, and whether they thought there were firms giving equal opportunities to Asians and whites. Whether respondent believed employers discriminated against them - reasons. Details of previous refusals. Trade union membership and existence of unions at workplace. Whether unemployed women had ever considered working (reasons). Working women with children were asked about child care facilities (hours, cost, satisfaction, etc.) Asian women were asked whether religion or family custom restricted their lives in terms of work, going out, company. Desired change was explored. All respondents asked whether situation in Britain had improved for Asians over past five years - reasons. Knowledge of government bodies on race relations/Race Relations Board and its functions/Community Relations Commission and its functions was tested. Whether voted at previous general election. Whether on voting list. Background Variables Age, sex, place of birth, previous countries of residence, date of arrival in Britain, age on arrival in Britain. Number of persons in household, household status. Age finished full-time education, examination and qualification details, further study, school attended by children. Employment status, income, ownership of consumer durables. Residence: type, age, external conditions. Fluency in English, language of interview. Sampling area. Religion, church/mosque/temple attendance.