Abstract

From 2002 to 2010, the GSO plans to conduct the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey every 2 years (in the years ending with even numbers) in order to monitor systematically living standards of Vietnam population's classes and at the same time, to monitor and assess the implementation of the Comprehensive Poverty Alleviation and Growth Strategy defined in the Country Strategy Paper approved by the Government Prime Minister. In addition, this survey also contributes to the evaluation of results of realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Socio-Economic Development Goals set out by Vietnamese Government.

The VHLSS 2004 includes topics which reflect the population's living standards: demographic characteristics, education background, professional/ technical level, income, expenditures, use of health services, employment status, housing, amenity as possession, property, goods, electricity, water and sanitation conditions. In addition, this survey includes two new topics: “Agricultural, forestry and fishery land” and “Non-agricultural, forestry and fishery sectors” for more in-depth analysis. Technical assistance was provided by experts of the UN Statistics Division and the World Bank in designing questionnaires for the 2 new contents and sampling.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Community
• Consumption expenditure item/product

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Survey sample was selected, based on the Population and Housing Census 1999. The sample size included 45,900 households representative of the whole country, urban and rural area and 64 provinces. Survey sample was divided into 2 types: 36,720 households surveyed on income and 9,180 households surveyed on income and expenditures. The survey sample was sub-divided into 2 minor samples for data collection in 2 stages: the first in May 2004 and the second in September 2004.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

VHLSS 2004 questionnaires are developed based on the VHLSS 2002 questionnaires to ensure the comparability between two surveys. These are some changes in households and commune questionnaires. The major changes in the VHLSS 2004 household questionnaire are -- two additional new modules for long household questionnaire that are found in section 9 (additional section) and section 10 (non-farm self employment activities).

The questionnaires are structured as follows:

• Section 1: Demographic characteristics (Roster)

• Section 2: Education and vocational training

• Section 3: Health and health care

• Section 4: Income

• Section 5: Expenditure

• Section 6: Fixed assets and consumer durables

• Section 7: Housing, water and sanitation

• Section 8: Participation in the poverty alleviation and hunger eradication programme and credit

• Section 9: Agriculture, forestry and aquaculture (expanded)

• Section 10: Business other than agriculture, forestry and aquaculture (expanded)

The commune questionnaire consists of 10 sections:

• Section 0: Survey information

• Section 1: Demographic characteristics and general situation of the commune

• Section 2: General economic status and assistance programmes

• Section 3: Opportunity for non-farm employment

• Section 4: Agriculture and land

• Section 5: Infrastructure

• Section 6: Education

• Section 7: Health

• Section 8: Public security and social issues

• Section 9: Credit and saving

In 2021, there were over 16.7 million households in rural areas of Vietnam. By comparison, the number of households in urban areas was much lower in the same year. In total, there were over 27 million households in Vietnam that year.

Abstract

In the implementation of the Party and State policy “Doi moi”, the General Statistical Office (GSO) has conducted many household living standards survey to collect information on the living standards of all social societies to serve policy-making and socio-economic development planning.

From 2002 to 2010, VHLSS are to be conducted (in every two- year) to monitor systematically the living standard of Vietnam's societies and at the same time, to exercise the monitoring and assessment of the implementation of the Comprehensive Poverty Alleviation and Growth Strategy defined in Country Strategy Paper approved by the Government Prime Minister. In addition, these surveys also serve the evaluation of realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Socio-economic Development Goals set out by Vietnamese Government.

The 2002 VHLSS included all the keynote contents reflecting the living standards of the population and the basic socio-economic condition of communes/wards that might affect the living standards of the local people. As regards households, it collected data in relation to demographic characteristics of the household members, the education background, professional/ technical level of each member, income, expenditures, use of medical facilities of all kinds, employment, housing and amenity as possession, personal effects, utilities (power and water supply), sanitation and participation in the poverty alleviation programme.

As regards communes/wards, it collected a wide rage of information related to demography, nationality, infrastructure, farming, production promotion conditions, non-farming activity and law and order.

Household questionnaires and communes/wards questionnaires of the 2002 VHLSS were designed more scientifically to ensure feasibility. They had been, in fact, piloted in Bac Ninh, Binh Dinh and Dong Nai provinces prior to the actual survey.

Survey sample were selected, based on the Population and Housing Census 1999. The sample size included 75.000 households representative of the whole country, urban and rural area and 61 provinces. Survey samples were sub-divided into 4 minor samples for the quarterly surveys in 2002 for more thorough data collection in anticipation of the harvests that might somehow get in the way. To provide information on assessment of the living standards in 2001-2002, GSO developed and released the detailed results of the 2002 VHLSS, including relevant statistics and initial analysis. Expenditure related data were synthesized from samples of 30.000 households; others, from samples of 45.000 households.

To bring out the changes in the living standards, the 2002 VHLSS results were compared with the results obtained from other living standards surveys, e.g. the 1992-1993 living standards survey (1993 VLSS), the 1993 rich-poor status survey (1993 RPSS), the 1997-1998 living standards surveys (1998 VLSS), the Multipurpose household surveys throughout 1994 to 1997 and 1999 (MHPS)

The data on demography, labor, and employment ect… were collected from the 2002 VHLSS, not replace all the data already released from the surveys conducted in this area, but to shed more light on and make more on insightful analyses of the factors affecting the living standards.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Community
• Consumption expenditure item/product

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Vietnam household living standard survey 2002 was selected, based on the Population and Housing Census 1999. The sample size included 75.000 households representative of the whole country, urban and rural area and 61 provinces. Survey samples were sub-divided into 4 minor samples for the quarterly surveys in 2002 for more thorough data collection in anticipation of the harvests that might somehow get in the way.

Survey sample were designed by 2 samples: one big sample (45,000 households) which mostly concentrated on income of households to assess living standard for national, regional and provincial levels ; one smaller sample (30,000 households) with both information about income and expenditure to evaluate intensive living standard at central and provincial levels. Following are detail contents :

• Implementing survey in 2002 with income and expenditure questionnaire of 30,000 household sample (Income and expenditure survey). This sample was divided into 4 smaller ones, with 7,500 households of each which conducted in first month of four quarters in 2002 respectively. The 30,000 household sample showed estimations at national and regional levels for 2001-2002.

• In the first six months of 2002, survey was implemented on all sections, except for expenditure section (in Income and expenditure survey) for 45,000 household sample (Income survey). This sample was divided into 2 small samples with 22,500 households of each and conducted in quarter I, II/2002 respectively. Survey of 45,000 household sample combined with 15,000 households of Income and expenditure survey (30,000 household sample) which conducted in the first month in quarter I, II/2002 to establish one 60,000 household sample that showed estimations for national, regional and provincial levels for 2001.

The detail is shown as following:

Collecting data perriod Income and expenditure survey Income survey Total Total 30,000 45,000 75,000

Divided into : QI/2002 7,500 22,500 30,000 QII/2002 7,500 22,500 30,000 QIII/2002 7,500 7,500 QIV/2002 7,500 7,500

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

VLSS 2002 used 3 questionnaires: - Short household questionnaire (excluded most of consumption expenditure information) - Long household questionnaire (including detail consumption expenditure information) - Commune questionnaire

The household questionnaire contains 9 sections each of which covered a separate aspects of household activity. Here are sections: 1. Household Roster 2. Education 3. Employment 4. Health 5. Income and Household Production 6. Expenditure (collected only for long questionnaire) 7. Durable Good and Asset 8. Housing 9. Participation in Poverty Reduction Programs

The commune questionnaire includes 9 sections and was administered by the team leader and completed with the help of village chiefs, teachers, government officials and health care workers. The questionnaire was administered in both rural and urban areas but some section was only collected in rural area such as non-farm employment opportunities and infrastructure and transportation. Here are commune questionnaire sections: 0. Survey Information 1. Main Characteristics of The Commune/ Ward 2. General Economic Conditions and Aid Programs 3. Non-Farm Employment Opportunities 4. Agriculture 5. Physical Infrastructure and Transportation 6. Education 7. Health 8. Public Disorder and Other Social Affairs

In 2021, the share of households with two to four persons in Vietnam was 65 percent. This was the most popular size of household across the country. In the same year, over 11 percent of households across the country were single households.

Vietnam HSS: Household Size (HS): Whole Country data was reported at 3.800 Person in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.810 Person for 2014. Vietnam HSS: Household Size (HS): Whole Country data is updated yearly, averaging 4.005 Person from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2016, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.440 Person in 2002 and a record low of 3.800 Person in 2016. Vietnam HSS: Household Size (HS): Whole Country data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Statistics Office. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Vietnam – Table VN.H021: Household Living Standard Survey (HSS): Household Size .

Abstract

The household registration system known as ho khau has been a part of the fabric of life in Vietnam for over 50 years. The system was used as an instrument of public security, economic planning, and control of migration, at a time when the state played a stronger role in direct management of the economy and the life of its citizens. Although the system has become less rigid over time, concerns persist that ho khau limits the rights and access to public services of those who lack permanent registration in their place of residence. Due largely to data constraints, however, previous discussions about the system have relied largely on anecdotal or partial information.

Drawing from historical roots as well as the similar model of China’s hukou, the ho khau system was established in Vietnam in 1964. The 1964 law established the basic parameters of the system: every citizen was to be registered as a resident in one and only household at the place of permanent residence, and movements could take place only with the permission of authorities. Controlling migration to cities was part of the system’s early motivation, and the system’s ties to rationing, public services, and employment made it an effective check on unsanctioned migration. Transfer of one’s ho khau from one place to another was possible in principle but challenging in practice.

The force of the system has diminished since the launch of Doi Moi as well as a series of reforms starting in 2006. Most critically, it is no longer necessary to obtain permission from the local authorities in the place of departure to register in a new location. Additionally, obtaining temporary registration status in a new location is no longer difficult. However, in recent years the direction of policy changes regarding ho khau has been varied. A 2013 law explicitly recognized the authority of local authorities to set their own policies regarding registration, and some cities have tightened the requirements for obtaining permanent status.

Understanding of the system has been hampered by the fact that those without permanent registration have not appeared in most conventional sources of socioeconomic data. To gather data for this project, a survey of 5000 respondents in five provinces was done in June-July 2015. The samples are representative of the population in 5 provinces – Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Noi, Da Nang, Binh Duong and Dak Nong. Those five provinces/cities are among the provinces with the highest rate of migration as estimated using data from Population Census 2009.

Geographic coverage

5 provinces – Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Noi, Da Nang, Binh Duong and Dak Nong.

Analysis unit

Household

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling for the Household Registration Survey was conducted in two stages. The two stages were selection of 250 enumeration areas (50 EAs in each of 5 provinces) and then selection of 20 households in each selected EA, resulting in a total sample size of 5000 households. The EAs were selected using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) method based on the square number of migrants in each EA, with the aim to increase the probability of being selected for EAs with higher number of migrants. “Migrants” were defined using the census data as those who lived in a different province five years previous to the census. The 2009 Population Census data was used as the sample frame for the selection of EAs. To make sure the sampling frame was accurate and up to date, EA leaders of the sampled EAs were asked to collection information of all households regardless of registration status at their ward a month before the actual fieldwork. Information collected include name of head of household, address, gender, age of household’s head, household phone number, residence registration status of household, and place of their registration 5 years ago. All households on the resulting lists were found to have either temporary or permanent registration in their current place of residence.

Using these lists, selection of survey households was stratified at the EA level to ensure a substantial surveyed population of households without permanent registration. In each EA random selection was conducted of 12 households with temporary registration status and 8 households with permanent registration status. For EAs where the number of temporary registration households was less than 12, all of the temporary registration households were selected and additional permanent registration households were selected to ensure that each EA had 20 survey households. Sampling weights were calculated taking into the account the selection rules for the first and second stages of the survey.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was mostly adapted from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS), and the Urban Poverty Survey (UPS) with appropriate adjustment and supplement of a number of questions to follow closely the objectives of this survey. The household questionnaire consists of a set of questions on the following contents:

• Demographic characteristics of household members with emphasis on their residence status in terms of both administrative management (permanent/temporary residence book) and real residential situation. • Education of household members. Beside information on education level, the respondents are asked whether a household member attend school as “trai-tuyen” , how much “trai-tuyen” fee/enrolment fee, and difficulty in attending schools without permanent residence status. • Health and health care, collecting information on medical status and health insurance card of household members. • Labour and employment, asking household member’s employment status in the last 30 days; their most and second-most time-consuming employment during the last 30 days; and whether they had been asked about residence status when looking for job. • Assets and housing conditions. This section collects information on household’s living conditions such as assets, housing types and areas, electricity, water and energy. • Income and expenditure of households. • Social inclusion and protection. The respondents are asked whether their household members participate in social organizations, activities, services, contribution; whether they benefit from any social project/policy; do they have any loans within the last 12 months; and to provide information about five of their friends at their residential area. • Knowledge on the Law of Residence, current regulations on conditions for obtaining permanent residence, experience dealing with residence issues, and opinion on current household registration system of the respondents.

Cleaning operations

Managing and Cleaning the Data

Data were managed and cleaned each day immediately upon being received, which occurred at the same time as the fieldwork surveys. At the end of each workday, the survey teams were required to review all of the interviews conducted and transfer collected data to the server. The data received by the main server were downloaded and monitored by MDRI staff.

At this stage, MDRI assigned a technical team to work on the data. First, the team listened to interview records and used an application to detect enumerators’ errors. In this way, MDRI quickly identified and corrected the mistakes of the interviewers. Then the technical team proceeded with data cleaning by questionnaire, based on the following quantity and quality checking criteria.

• Quantity checking criteria: The number of questionnaires must be matched with the completed interviews and the questionnaires assigned to each individual in the field. According to the plan, each survey team conducted 20 household questionnaires in each village. All questionnaires were checked to ensure that they contained all essential information, and duplicated entries were eliminated. • Quality checking criteria: Our staff performed a thorough examination of the practicality and logic of the data. If there was any suspicious or inconsistent information, the data management team re – listened to the records or contacted the respondents and survey teams for clarification via phone call. Necessary revisions would then be made.

Data cleaning was implemented by the following stages: 1. Identification of illogical values; 2. Software – based detection of errors for clarification and revision; 3. Information re-checking with respondents and/or enumerators via phone or through looking at the records; 4. Development and implementation of errors correction algorithms; The list of detected and adjusted errors is attached in Annex 6.

Outlier detection methods The data team applied a popular non - parametric method for outlier detection, which can be done with the following procedure: 1. Identify the first quartile Q1 (the 25th percentile data point) 2. Identify the third quartile Q3 (the 75th percentile data point) 3. Identify the inter-quartile range(IQR): IQR=Q3-Q1 4. Calculate lower limits (L) and upper limits (U) by the following formulas: o L=Q1-1.5*IQR o U=Q3+1.5*IQR 5. Detect outliers by the rule: An observation is an outlier if it lies below the lower bound or beyond the upper bound (i.e. less than L or greater than U)

Data Structure The completed dataset for the “Household registration survey 2015” includes 9 files in STATA format (.dta): • hrs_maindata: Information on the households, including: assets, housing, income, expenditures, social inclusion and social protection issues, household registration procedures • hrs_muc1: Basic information on the

Key information about Vietnam Household Income per Capita

• Vietnam Annual Household Income per Capita reached 2,502.524 USD in Dec 2023, compared with the previous value of 2,409.689 USD in Dec 2022.
• Vietnam Annual Household Income per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Dec 1994 to Dec 2023, with an averaged value of 1,023.278 USD.
• The data reached an all-time high of 2,502.524 USD in Dec 2023 and a record low of 183.956 USD in Dec 1994.
• In the latest reports, Retail Sales of Vietnam grew 8.086 % YoY in Nov 2024.

CEIC converts Annual Household Income per Capita into USD. Annual Household Income per Capita is calculated from Monthly Average Household Income per Capita multiplied by 12. General Statistical Office provides Average Household Income per Capita in local currency. State Bank of Vietnam average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions.

In 2021, the share of households with two to four persons in urban areas in Vietnam was above 66 percent. In rural areas, the same household size accounted for 64.4 percent of the total rural households. This was the most popular size of households across the country, followed by five persons or more households.

Abstract

The General Director, the General Statistics Office (GSO), issued Decision Number 308/QD-TCTK dated 5nd April 2006 on Conducting the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey in 2006 (VHLSS 2006) in order to collect necessary information for monitoring, supervising and evaluating the implementation of the “Comprehensive Strategy for Growth and Poverty Alleviation” approved by the Government Prime Minister. The survey was conducted nation-wide, involving a sample scale of 45,945 households (36,756 households for income survey, 9,189 households for income and expenditure survey) in 3,063 communes/wards, representative for whole country, 8 regions, urban/ rural area and provinces. Organizationally, the survey was conducted to collect information in 2 rounds, 2006 and by direct interviews with headed households and key commune officials.

Geographic coverage

The VHLSS 2006 was conducted nation-wide, involving a sample scale of 45,945 households (36,756 households for income survey, 9,189 households for income and expenditure survey) in 3,063 communes/wards, representative for whole country, 8 regions, urban/ rural area and provinces.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Communes

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents)

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Survey sample was selected, based on the Population and Housing Census 1999. The sample size included 45,900 households representative of the whole country, urban and rural area and 64 provinces. Survey sample was divided into 2 types: 36,720 households would be surveyed on income and 9,180 households would be surveyed on income and expenditures. The survey sample was sub-divided into 2 minor samples for data collection in 2 stages: the first in May 2006 and the second in September 2006.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

1. Income and Expenditure questionnaire
2. Income questionnaire
3. Commune questionnaire

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including: a) Office editing and coding b) During data entry c) Structure checking and completeness d) Secondary editing e) Structural checking of Stata data files Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the "Data processing guidelines" document provided as an external resource.

Key information about Vietnam Household Expenditure per Capita

• Vietnam Annual Household Expenditure per Capita reached 1,441.275 USD in Dec 2022, compared with the last update number of 1,495.320 USD in Dec 2020.
• Vietnam Annual Household Expenditure per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Dec 1999 to Dec 2022, with an averaged value of 852.175 USD.
• The data reached an all-time high of 1,495.320 USD in Dec 2020 and a record low of 190.201 USD in Dec 1999.
• In the latest reports, Retail Sales of Vietnam grew 9.000 % YoY in Jul 2023.

CEIC calculates Annual Household Expenditure per Capita from Monthly Average Household Expenditure per Capita multiplied by 12 and converts it into USD. General Statistics Office provides Average Household Expenditure per Capita in local currency. The State Bank of Vietnam average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions.

Vietnam HSS: Durable Goods Per 100 Household: Colour TV data was reported at 102.400 Piece in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 101.100 Piece for 2014. Vietnam HSS: Durable Goods Per 100 Household: Colour TV data is updated yearly, averaging 92.100 Piece from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2016, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 102.400 Piece in 2016 and a record low of 69.800 Piece in 2004. Vietnam HSS: Durable Goods Per 100 Household: Colour TV data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Statistics Office. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Vietnam – Table VN.H029: Household Living Standard Survey (HSS): Durable Goods.

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$) in Vietnam was reported at 235637302407 USD in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Vietnam - Household final consumption expenditure - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Vietnam HSS: HS: Household Head Gender: Female data was reported at 3.200 Person in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.240 Person for 2014. Vietnam HSS: HS: Household Head Gender: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 3.415 Person from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2016, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.710 Person in 2002 and a record low of 3.200 Person in 2016. Vietnam HSS: HS: Household Head Gender: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Statistics Office. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Vietnam – Table VN.H021: Household Living Standard Survey (HSS): Household Size .

Abstract

The VHLSS 2010 was conducted nationwide with a sample size of 69,360 households in 3,133 communes/wards which were representative at national, regional, urban, rural and provincial levels. The survey collected information during four periods, each period in one quarter from the second quarter to the forth quarter in 2010 and one period in the first quarter of 2011 through face-to-face interviews conducted by interviewers with household heads and key commune officials in communes containing sample enumeration areas.

The survey collected information to be a base for assessment of living standard, poverty and the gap between the rich and the poor serving for policy making, planning and national targeted programs of the party and the State in order to continuously improve the living standard of citizen across the country, in all regions and localities.

Geographic coverage

National coverage. The survey is respresentative at national, urban, rural and provincial levels.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Consumption expenditure item/ product

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire contains 11 sections: Section 1. Some basic demographic characteristics related to living standards Section 2. Education Section 3. Labour - Employment Section 4. Health and health care Section 5. Income Section 6. Consumption expenditure Section 7. Durable goods Section 8. Housing, electricity, water, sanitation facilities and use of Internet Section 9. Participation in poverty reduction programs Section 10. Business production activities Section 11. Commune general characteristics

The expenditure on household goods in Vietnam gradually increased in the past five years. From *** trillion Vietnamese dong in 2018, this figure was estimated at *** trillion Vietnamese dong in 2022. The household goods consumption in the country was forecast to continue increasing until 2024.

Vietnam: Household consumption, billion USD: The latest value from 2023 is 234.56 billion U.S. dollars, an increase from 224.8 billion U.S. dollars in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 380.52 billion U.S. dollars, based on data from 146 countries. Historically, the average for Vietnam from 1995 to 2023 is 93.66 billion U.S. dollars. The minimum value, 15.26 billion U.S. dollars, was reached in 1995 while the maximum of 234.56 billion U.S. dollars was recorded in 2023.

Vietnam HSS: HS: Quintile 1: Household Head Gender: Female data was reported at 2.800 Person in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.040 Person for 2014. Vietnam HSS: HS: Quintile 1: Household Head Gender: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 3.235 Person from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2016, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.650 Person in 2002 and a record low of 2.800 Person in 2016. Vietnam HSS: HS: Quintile 1: Household Head Gender: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Statistics Office. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Vietnam – Table VN.H021: Household Living Standard Survey (HSS): Household Size .

Abstract

The principal objective of the VNLSS is to collect basic data reflescting the actual living standard of the population. These data then be used for evaluating socio-economic development and formulationg policies to improve living standard. Followings are the main goals by the year of 2000. - Reduce the population growth rate less than 2 % peryear - Reduce the infant mortaility (under 5 years old) 0,81% (1990) to 0,55%; and from 0,46% (1990) to 0,3% (under one year old) - Reduce the mortality rate of women concerning the pregnancy and maternity - Reduce the malnutrition of children under 5years old from 51,5% at present to 40% in 1995 and under 30% by the year of 2000. Heavy malnutrition should not be existed by the year of 2000. - Population can access to safe water resources from 43% (1990) to 82% of which 40% to 80% in rural areas. Population use sanitary latrine from 22% (1990) to 65% of which in rural areas from 15% to 60% - 90 percent of children complete the endeavor universal first level education before the age of 15, and the rest should complete the third grade. By the year of 2000 no children at the age of 15 will be illiterate - Improve the cultural, spiritual life of the children, to ensure that 30% of communes (by the year of 1995) and 50% of communes (by the year of 2000) have entertaining place for children

The main information collected by the survey includes: - Household income and expenditures - Health and education - Employment and other productive and activities - Demographic characteristics and migration - Housing conditions

In addition, the information gatherd is intended to improve planning of economic and social policies in Vietnam and to assist in evaluating the impact of the policies. It should enable decision makers to: - indentify target groups for government assistance - Construct models of socio-economic development policies, both overall and on individuals groups - Analyze the impact of decisions available and of the current economic situation on living condition of household

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Community

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design The sample covers 4800 households from all areas of Viet Nam. The sample design was self-weighted, which means that each household in Viet Nam had the same probability of being selected. The overall sampling frame was stratified into two groups urban and rural, with sampling was carried out separately in each group (strata). About 20% of Vietnamese households live in urban areas, so the sample stratification ensures that 20% of selected households also come from urban areas. Within urban and rural areas, two lists of all communes was drawn up (one of urban communes and another of rural ones), province by province, in "serpentine" order. 2 The selection of communes within each list was done to ensure that they were spread out evenly among all provinces in Viet Nam.

The VNLSS sample design is the following. Within each province in Viet Nam, rural areas can be broken down into districts, and districts in turn are divided into communes (Xa). Urban areas in all provinces consist of centers/towns, which are divided into quarters (Quai), and then divided further into communes (Phuong). The number of communes in all of Viet Nam, both urban and rural, is about 10,000, and the average population in each is about 6,500. As explained in Section 4, each survey team covers 32 households in 4 weeks, 16 households in one area, and 16 in another area. For convenience all 32 households (i.e. both sets of 16 household) were selected from the same commune. This implied that 150 communes needed to be randomly selected (32x150=4800), 30 in urban areas and 120 in urban areas. Within urban areas communes can be further divided into clusters (Cum), two of which were selected from which to draw two "workloads" of 16 households (16 from each of the two clusters). The same was done in rural areas, where each commune is divided into several villages (Thon). The average size of urban clusters and rural villages is somewhat less than 1000 households.

The VNLSS sample was drawn in three stages. Because the General Statistical Office in Hanoi knows the current population of each commune in Viet Nam (but not of each cluster or village within each commune), 150 communes were selected out of the 10,000 in all of Viet Nam with the probability of selection proportional to their population size. At the second stage, information was gathered from the 150 selected communes on the population of each cluster (in urban areas) or villages (in rural areas), and two clusters or villages were randomly drawn with probability proportional to their population size. Finally, the third stage involved random selection of 20 households (16 for the sample plus four "extras" to serve as replacements if some of the 16 "originals" could not be interviewed) within each cluster or village from a list of all households within each cluster or village. Note that the first stage of the sample is based on information from the 1989 Census, but the second and third stages use updated information available from the communes. The first and second stage samples were drawn in Hanoi, while the third stage was drawn in the field (see Section 4.3 below for more details).

Implementation

The attached map shows the commune number and approximate location of the 150 communes selected in Viet Nam. Of the 150 communes chosen, one was in a very remote and inaccessible area near the Chinese border and was replaced by another not quite as inaccessible. The actual interview schedule went smoothly. In one instance (commune 68) one of the selected villages was replaced because when the survey team arrived in the village it discovered that most of the adults were away from the village and thus could not be interviewed. In each cluster or village interviews were completed for 16 households, thus the 4800 household target sample was fully achieved. About 3% of the households (155) were replaced; the main reason for replacement was that their occupants were not at home. Only four households refused to participate. Community questionnaires were completed for all 120 rural communes. Price questionnaires were completed for 118 of 120 communes (the exceptions were communes 62 and 63), and comparable price data were collected from existing sources for all 30 urban areas.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

The household questionnaire contains modules (sections) to collect data on household demographic structure, education, health, employment, migration, housing conditions, fertility, agricultural activities, household non-agricultural businesses, food expenditures, non-food expenditures, remittances and other income sources, savings and loans, and anthropometric (height and weight) measures.

For some sections (survey information, housing, and respondents for second round) the individual designated by the household members as the household head provided responses. For some others (agro-pastoral activities, non-farm self employment, food expenditures, non-food expenditures) a member identified as most knowledgeable provided responses. Identification codes for respondents of different sections indicate who provided the information. In sections where the information collected pertains to individuals (education, health, employment, migration, and fertility) each member of the household was asked to respond for himself or herself, except that parents were allowed to respond for younger children. In the case of the employment and fertility sections it is possible that the information was not provided by the relevant person; variables in these sections indicate when this is the case. The household questionnaire was completed in two interviews two weeks apart: Sections 0-8, were conducted in the first interview, sections 9-14 were conducted in the second interview, and section 15 was administered in both interviews. The survey was designed so that more sensitive issues such as credit and savings were discussed near the end. The content of each module is briefly described below.

I. FIRST INTERVIEW

Section 0 SURVEY INFORMATION 0A HOUSEHOLD HEAD AND RESPONDENT INFORMATION 0B SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS 0C OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS

The date of the interview, the religion, ethnic group of the household head, the language used by the respondent and other technical information related to the interview are noted. Section 0B summarizes the results of the survey visits, i.e. whether a section was completed on the first visit or the second visit. Section 0C, not entered into the computer, contains remarks of the interviewer and the supervisor. Since the data in Section 0C are retained only on the questionnaires, researchers cannot gain access to them without checking the original questionnaires at the General Statistical Office in Hanoi.

Section 1 HOUSEHOLD MEMBERSHIP 1A HOUSEHOLD ROSTER 1B INFORMATION ON PARENTS OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS 1C CHILDREN RESIDING ELSEWHERE

The roster in Section 1A lists the age, sex, marital status and relation to household head of all people who spent the previous night in that household and for household members who are temporarily away from home. The household head is listed first and receives the personal id code 1. Household members were defined to include "all the people who normally live and eat their meals together in this dwelling. Those who were absent more than nine of the last twelve months were excluded, except for the head of the household and infants less than three months old. A lunar calendar is provided in the

The household consumption of households in Vietnam had an estimated year-on-year growth of *** percent in 2022. The year-on-year consumption change of Vietnamese households were slower in both 2020 and 2021, with possible impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic. Forecast data shows positive change in household expenditures in succeeding years.

In 2019, the value of household consumption on interior products in Vietnam amounted to **** trillion Vietnamese dong, making it the category with the highest consumption value. In 2024, interior products were forecasted to have a consumption value of **** trillion Vietnamese dong among Vietnamese households.